Nesta dissertação, investimos na depreensão e no cotejo dos ethé das instâncias dos enunciadores e dos atores do enunciado de duas totalidades fílmicas: o subgênero drama político, O último rei da Escócia, dirigido pelo norte-americano, Kevin MacDonald, em 2006, e o documentário-verdade, General Idi Amin Dada: um autorretrato, dirigido pelo francês Barbet Schroeder, em 1974, na perspectiva da Semiótica francesa. Os enunciadores correspondem ao simulacro de sujeito dos cineastas, em conjunção com roteiristas, operadores de iluminação e de som; e os atores do enunciado correspondem ao simulacro de sujeito de Idi Amin Dada nos filmes. Entende-se o ethos na visada da Semiótica narrativa e discursiva, como um modo recorrente de fazer e ser, depreensível por meio de um percurso gerativo de sentido. As ações dos sujeitos ligadas ao fazer oscilam devido à influência das grandezas, intensidade e extensidade, que os aspectualizam, por meio do olhar do observador, representado pelos espectadores, cujas percepções são temporalizadas, controladas pelo andamento, princípios advindos da Semiótica tensiva. Os ethé dos enunciadores estão diretamente relacionados aos recursos fílmicos: tipos de plano, enquadramentos, tipos de ângulo, movimentos de câmara, iluminação, efeitos sonoros. Todos esses elementos também participam da composição dos ethé dos atores, acrescidos dos elementos corporais, como: gestos, expressão facial, olhar e forma de se mover no espaço. Pautando-nos nos trabalhos de Yuri Lotman (1978), Greimas e Courtès (1979; 2008), Elizabeth Harkot-de-La-Taille (2004; 2008), Norma Discini de Campos (2009; 2006) e Fiorin (2008), analisamos os recursos fílmicos e gestuais, cujas significações erigem da combinação do plano do conteúdo e do plano da expressão, submetidos à percepção dos espectadores. Para tanto, elencamos três cenas emblemáticas de cada filme. Primeiramente, nós as cotejamos separadamente em cada obra, a fim de verificar a possibilidade de convergência ou divergência entre o ethos do enunciador e o do ator do enunciado. Em seguida, cotejamos os dois filmes, a fim de verificar o grau de convergência ou divergência entre os ethé dos enunciadores e entre atores com os estilos dos subgêneros. / In this dissertation, we observe and compare the ethos of the enunciators and the actors of enunciation of two movie subgenres: the political drama The last king of Scotland, directed by the North American filmmaker Kevin McDonald (2006), and the documentary General Idi Amin Dada: a selfportrait (1974), directed by the French filmmaker Barbet Schroeder, from the perspective of French Semiotics. The enunciators correspond to the simulacrum of the subjects responsible for the movie: filmmakers, screen players, sound editor, photography etc; and the actors of the enunciation correspond to the subject Idi Amin Dada. Ethos in the perspective of narrative and discursive semiotics is understood as resulting from repetitive ways of doing and being, which are recognized in the generative process of meaning. The actions of the actors, which are related to the way of doing, vary according to the influence of two valencies: intensity and extensity, which aspectualize them through the viewers gaze, represented by the spectators, whose perceptions are time-measured and controlled by the pacing, principle derived from tensive Semiotics. The ethos of the enunciators is apprehended from the filmic elements: types of plan, framing, angle, camera movements, lighting, sound effects and body elements: gestures, facial expression, gaze and movement in space. Based on the works of Yuri Lotman (1978), Greimas and Courtès (1979), Elizabeth Harkot de-La-Taille (2004), Norma Discini de Campos (2009; 2006), Fiorin (2004; 2008), we perform an analysis of filmic and gestural features of three emblematic scenes in each movie, whose meanings come from the combination of the content and the expression plan submitted to the perception of viewers. Firstly, we compare them separately in order to verify the possibility of convergence or divergence between the ethos of the enunciator and the actor. Then we compare both films in order to verify the degree of convergence or divergence between the ethos of enunciators and the style of each subgenre.

Nesta dissertação, investimos na depreensão e no cotejo dos ethé das instâncias dos enunciadores e dos atores do enunciado de duas totalidades fílmicas: o subgênero drama político, O último rei da Escócia, dirigido pelo norte-americano, Kevin MacDonald, em 2006, e o documentário-verdade, General Idi Amin Dada: um autorretrato, dirigido pelo francês Barbet Schroeder, em 1974, na perspectiva da Semiótica francesa. Os enunciadores correspondem ao simulacro de sujeito dos cineastas, em conjunção com roteiristas, operadores de iluminação e de som; e os atores do enunciado correspondem ao simulacro de sujeito de Idi Amin Dada nos filmes. Entende-se o ethos na visada da Semiótica narrativa e discursiva, como um modo recorrente de fazer e ser, depreensível por meio de um percurso gerativo de sentido. As ações dos sujeitos ligadas ao fazer oscilam devido à influência das grandezas, intensidade e extensidade, que os aspectualizam, por meio do olhar do observador, representado pelos espectadores, cujas percepções são temporalizadas, controladas pelo andamento, princípios advindos da Semiótica tensiva. Os ethé dos enunciadores estão diretamente relacionados aos recursos fílmicos: tipos de plano, enquadramentos, tipos de ângulo, movimentos de câmara, iluminação, efeitos sonoros. Todos esses elementos também participam da composição dos ethé dos atores, acrescidos dos elementos corporais, como: gestos, expressão facial, olhar e forma de se mover no espaço. Pautando-nos nos trabalhos de Yuri Lotman (1978), Greimas e Courtès (1979; 2008), Elizabeth Harkot-de-La-Taille (2004; 2008), Norma Discini de Campos (2009; 2006) e Fiorin (2008), analisamos os recursos fílmicos e gestuais, cujas significações erigem da combinação do plano do conteúdo e do plano da expressão, submetidos à percepção dos espectadores. Para tanto, elencamos três cenas emblemáticas de cada filme. Primeiramente, nós as cotejamos separadamente em cada obra, a fim de verificar a possibilidade de convergência ou divergência entre o ethos do enunciador e o do ator do enunciado. Em seguida, cotejamos os dois filmes, a fim de verificar o grau de convergência ou divergência entre os ethé dos enunciadores e entre atores com os estilos dos subgêneros. / In this dissertation, we observe and compare the ethos of the enunciators and the actors of enunciation of two movie subgenres: the political drama The last king of Scotland, directed by the North American filmmaker Kevin McDonald (2006), and the documentary General Idi Amin Dada: a selfportrait (1974), directed by the French filmmaker Barbet Schroeder, from the perspective of French Semiotics. The enunciators correspond to the simulacrum of the subjects responsible for the movie: filmmakers, screen players, sound editor, photography etc; and the actors of the enunciation correspond to the subject Idi Amin Dada. Ethos in the perspective of narrative and discursive semiotics is understood as resulting from repetitive ways of doing and being, which are recognized in the generative process of meaning. The actions of the actors, which are related to the way of doing, vary according to the influence of two valencies: intensity and extensity, which aspectualize them through the viewers gaze, represented by the spectators, whose perceptions are time-measured and controlled by the pacing, principle derived from tensive Semiotics. The ethos of the enunciators is apprehended from the filmic elements: types of plan, framing, angle, camera movements, lighting, sound effects and body elements: gestures, facial expression, gaze and movement in space. Based on the works of Yuri Lotman (1978), Greimas and Courtès (1979), Elizabeth Harkot de-La-Taille (2004), Norma Discini de Campos (2009; 2006), Fiorin (2004; 2008), we perform an analysis of filmic and gestural features of three emblematic scenes in each movie, whose meanings come from the combination of the content and the expression plan submitted to the perception of viewers. Firstly, we compare them separately in order to verify the possibility of convergence or divergence between the ethos of the enunciator and the actor. Then we compare both films in order to verify the degree of convergence or divergence between the ethos of enunciators and the style of each subgenre.

Between 1966 and 1986 the Mengo neighborhood of Kampala, the capital of Uganda, was militarized. This dissertation examines how and why the urban dwellers of this neighborhood chose to stay in the city during this period of high insecurity. Successive governments turned several spaces and buildings in the city into army administration headquarters and barracks for soldiers. The army literally moved next door to city residents, leading to constant threats to people’s lives and their property. In order to examine Kampalans’ strategies for surviving in an insecure and dangerous urban environment, this dissertation relies on the oral histories of the men and women who lived through militarization. In so doing, I also examine how the African city of Kampala became resilient amid crisis. I argue that Kampalans relied on a set of practices and stances of defiance and subtle resistance, locally collectively known as Okujeema, to maintain their urban lives; they had inherited these strategies and modified them to suit their new challenges. From the beginning of military rule, many Kampala residents understood that the military meant to push them out of the city as a punishment for their political opposition and allegiance to the Buganda Kingdom. Okujeema is how Kampalans defined resilience and endurance. Residents displayed this trait when they resisted eviction orders, hid their property, and protected each other’s lives. They also insisted on earning a livelihood and enjoying leisure time in the midst of economic collapse. Kampala had long been a city of powerful women, a gender dynamic now challenged by the arriving soldiers. Not surprisingly, Okujeema therefore often took highly gendered forms as when traditional gender roles were inverted and women became protectors of men. All Kampalans, men and women, were urbanites, and they meant to retain that identity. The very notion of living in the city was an act of Okujeema during Kampala’s two decades of militarized crisis. / 2020-11-06T00:00:00Z

This dissertation is a social history of the Uganda Prisons Service in the late colonial and early post-colonial periods. Focusing particularly on prison officers, it advances four key arguments. Firstly, it argues that global visions of the prison were crucial in shaping the Service’s development, its institutional culture, and the professional identities of its personnel. From the late colonial period onwards, this vision was anchored on notions of penal welfarism, which positioned the prison as a centre of rehabilitation, staffed by professionals who possessed technical expertise. Secondly, the penal welfare model was combined with an emphasis on the prison’s role as a driver of economic development and a source of public revenue – features that were seen as compatible with penal modernity. Thirdly, this vision of the prison gave the Service a particular imaginative capital, which prison officers used as an important resource. It provided them with a common set of principles and norms through which to define their professional role. Senior officers adopted it with alacrity, pursuing further professionalization through engagement with transnational penal reform networks. Others summoned it as a source of claim-making, using it to call on the state to provide them with greater benefits and treat them as respectable public servants. Finally, visions of penal modernity and professionalism were contested throughout the periods under study, leading officers to engage in boundary work. Officers were regularly defining their role in relation to other spaces of incarceration, such as local government prisons and informal detention sites. With the take-over of Idi Amin in 1971 and the militarization of the state, prison officers’ professional identities were profoundly challenged, but also became particularly important, providing them with a conceptual boundary that at least partially demarcated them from Amin’s regime. Ultimately, the case of the Uganda Prisons Service reminds us of the importance of studying prisons beyond their coercive capacities, paying attention to how such institutions became the focal point of debates over modernity, authority, and professionalism. More broadly, this study challenges the narrative of failure that has dominated popular and scholarly portrayals of state institutions on the African continent, rejecting generic depictions of the postcolony as a site of chaos and disorder.