Three experiments were conducted to determine the AID and SID of protein and AA in pea protein isolate(PPI), distiller's dried grains with solubles derived from a blend of wheat and corn (wcDDGS) and corn. In addition, 2 experiments were conducted to estimate the requirements of digestible SAA (dSAA) and digestible lysine (dLYS)for 3-week old broilers to obtain optimum growth performance(BWG,FCR),and optimum yield performance(CY, BMY and TDY). For digestibility studies, day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were fed test diets from day 1-14. The test-diets were balanced for vitamins and minerals and contained chromic oxide (0.3%) as an indigestible marker. The protein and AA digestibilities were determined either by direct or indirect method. For requirement studies, day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were fed lysine- or SAA deficient basal diets balanced for all other AA, except for the AA under test, according to the ideal protein concept. All test diets were also balanced for vitamins and minerals and were kept isonoitrogenous and isocaloric within each assay. The average SID estimates (%)of AA were 92.4, 71.5 and 93.3 in PPI, wcDDGS and corn, respectively. Using regression analysis, the dietary dLYS requirement estimates(%) were 1.12 and 1.13 for BWG and FCR, respectively. The dietary dSAA requirement estimate was 0.81% for BWG while no significant response was observed for FCR. Both CY and BMY increased cubically with increasing levels of dLYS, whereas, CY didnot respond significantly and BMY increased linerally with the increasing levels of dSAA.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the AID and SID of protein and AA in pea protein isolate(PPI), distiller's dried grains with solubles derived from a blend of wheat and corn (wcDDGS) and corn. In addition, 2 experiments were conducted to estimate the requirements of digestible SAA (dSAA) and digestible lysine (dLYS)for 3-week old broilers to obtain optimum growth performance(BWG,FCR),and optimum yield performance(CY, BMY and TDY). For digestibility studies, day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were fed test diets from day 1-14. The test-diets were balanced for vitamins and minerals and contained chromic oxide (0.3%) as an indigestible marker. The protein and AA digestibilities were determined either by direct or indirect method. For requirement studies, day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were fed lysine- or SAA deficient basal diets balanced for all other AA, except for the AA under test, according to the ideal protein concept. All test diets were also balanced for vitamins and minerals and were kept isonoitrogenous and isocaloric within each assay. The average SID estimates (%)of AA were 92.4, 71.5 and 93.3 in PPI, wcDDGS and corn, respectively. Using regression analysis, the dietary dLYS requirement estimates(%) were 1.12 and 1.13 for BWG and FCR, respectively. The dietary dSAA requirement estimate was 0.81% for BWG while no significant response was observed for FCR. Both CY and BMY increased cubically with increasing levels of dLYS, whereas, CY didnot respond significantly and BMY increased linerally with the increasing levels of dSAA.

The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of exogenous enzymesupplementation to gestation-lactation diets on the digestibility of nutrients in mature swinefemales and the associated implications on energy metabolism during gestation and lactationphysiologic states. Three experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of commerciallyavailable enzyme products or pure enzymes on the digestibility of nutrients. Crossover designs intwo periods during gestation (early and late gestation) and lactation were studied to obtain anincreased number of observations from the surgically cannulated sows.Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of two enzyme products supplemented to a practicalcorn soybean meal diet fed to second parity crossbred sows. One of the enzyme productscontained both protease and cellulase activities, and the other xylanase activity, both productswere produced by microbial fermentation. No effects (P andgt; 0.10) were observed during eitherperiods during gestation. During lactation, effects of both enzyme products were observed fordigestibility of nutrients. Protease/cellulase supplementation increased ileal digestibility of grossenergy (P andlt; 0.09). Xylanase supplementation produced higher ileal digestibilities of dry matter,nitrogen and gross energy (P andlt; 0.02), improvements that were maintained for the total tractdigestibilities (P andlt; 0.05).Experiment 2 evaluated pure exogenous enzymes added to a practical corn soybean mealdiet fed to multiparous crossbred sows. Alpha-galactosidase and protease were supplementedeither alone or in combination to a control diet and compared to a non-supplemented diet duringperiods in gestation and lactation. The observed increases in ileal digestibilities in lactation inExperiment 1 for dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy were observed as tendencies (P andlt; 0.15)during lactation on Experiment 2.Experiment 3 evaluated a semipurified diet (with soybean meal as the only proteinsource) supplemented or not with an enzyme product containing protease and cellulase activitiesfrom microbial fermentation. Multiparous crossbred sows were fed the semipurified diet for twoperiods during gestation and two weeks during lactation. Effects of the enzyme product (P andlt;0.10) on nutrient digestibility were observed during gestation. Apparent digestibilities ofnitrogen were greater for the supplemented diet. In addition, there were observed tendencies (P andlt;0.15) for higher ileal digestibilities of dry matter and gross energy for the supplemented dietduring gestation. No effects (P andgt; 0.10) were observed during lactation period for any of theresponse variable tested. However, tendencies (P andlt; 0.15) of higher DM and GE total tractdigestibilities were observed in lactation for the supplemented diet.According to the results observed in the three experiments, the supplementation ofexogenous enzymes to gestation and lactation diets has the potential to increase the ilealdigestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy, especially during the lactation period.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Doglas_Lazzeri.pdf: 319692 bytes, checksum: ab1f14cee65939d583d1aaf7427d892d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aiming to determine the digestible isoleucine requirement for barrows from 15 to 30 kg, two experiments were conducted, being one of digestibility and another of performance. Ten crossbreed barrows with average initial weight of 15.00 ± 0.27 kg were used to determine the ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids from basal diet. The animals were housed individually in metabolic cages in a completely randomized design, with two treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a basal diet with 14.13% crude protein and 0.45% isoleucine, and a free protein diet. Forty crossbreed barrows with average initial weight of 15.00 ± 0.87 kg were used to determine the digestible isoleucine requirement. The animals were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0.45, 0.52, 0.59, 0.66 and 0.73% digestible isoleucine), four replicates and two animals per experimental unit. The coefficients of true ileal digestibility of essential amino acids were higher than the coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility and threonine, methionine+cystine and valine had the biggest increases. The true ileal digestibility of basal diet for lysine, threonine and tryptophan were higher than the true ileal digestible calculated amino acids. The same was not observed for true ileal digestibility of basal diet of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, methionine+cystine, phenylalanine and valine. The protein deposition rate had a quadratic effect (P<0.05) which the level of 0.600% digestible isoleucine had the highest protein deposition in carcasses of pigs. The daily isoleucine intake had quadratic effect (P<0.01), which level of 0.938% digestible isoleucine provided the higher intake. There was linear effect (P<0.01) on efficiency of isoleucine utilization for weight gain, with reduction on values of EIleUWG as levels of digestible isoleucine increased in rations. A quadratic effect (P=0.09) of digestible isoleucine levels on the final weight was observed, with better values for the level 0.599%. The level of 0.60% digestible isoleucine obtained in the present work provided a digestible isoleucine:lysine relation of 0.60. The daily requirement of digestible isoleucine was 5.86 g/day, providing 1.76g of digestible isoleucine/Mcal of metabolizable energy / Com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de isoleucina digestível para suínos machos castrados dos 15 aos 30 kg de peso vivo, foram realizados dois experimentos, um de digestibilidade e outro de desempenho. Para determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade ileal dos aminoácidos da ração basal, foram utilizados 10 suínos, machos castrados, mestiços, com peso médio inicial de 15,00±0,27 kg, alojados individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com dois tratamentos, cinco repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta basal, com 14,13% de proteína bruta e 0,450% de isoleucina, e uma dieta isenta de proteína. Na determinação da exigência de isoleucina digestível para suínos machos castrados, foram utilizados 40 suínos mestiços, com peso médio inicial de 15,00±0,87 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (0,45; 0,52; 0,59; 0,66 e 0,73% de isoleucina digestível), quatro repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os valores dos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira dos aminoácidos essenciais foram maiores do que os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente, sendo a treonina, a metionina + cistina e a valina os aminoácidos que apresentaram os maiores aumentos. Os valores de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira da dieta basal para lisina, treonina e triptofano foram superiores aos valores de aminoácidos digestíveis ileais verdadeiros calculados. O mesmo não foi observado para os valores de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira da dieta basal dos aminoácidos arginina, histidina, isoleucina, leucina, metionina, metionina + cistina, fenilalanina e valina. A taxa de deposição de proteína apresentou efeito quadrático (P<0,05), em que o nível de 0,600% de isoleucina digestível proporcionou a maior deposição de proteína na carcaça dos suínos. Houve efeito quadrático (P<0,01) dos níveis de isoleucina digestível sobre o consumo diário de isoleucina, com estimativas de melhor consumo para o nível de 0,938%. Foi observada diferença linear (P<0,01) apenas para a eficiência de utilização de isoleucina para ganho, em que o modelo linear apresentou redução nos valores de eficiência à medida que aumentaram os níveis de isoleucina digestível nas rações. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P=0,09) dos níveis de isoleucina digestível sobre o peso final, com melhores valores obtidos para o nível de 0,599%. O nível de 0,60% de isoleucina digestível, obtido no presente estudo, proporcionou uma relação isoleucina:lisina digestível de 0,60. A exigência diária de isoleucina digestível foi de 5,86 g/dia, proporcionando um consumo de 1,76 g de isoleucina digestível/Mcal de energia metabolizável