A instabilidade do joelho resultante da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial apresenta-se como sendo uma das principais causas de dor, em membro pélvico, manifestada por animais da espécie canina. Tal instabilidade pode gerar alterações como o desenvolvimento de osteoartrose e lesão de menisco, principalmente o medial. Com o intuito de restabelecer a estabilidade da articulação, muitas técnicas vêm sendo desenvolvidas de forma que as alterações provenientes de tal afecção sejam minimizadas. Com uma dimensão similar de variedades estão os materiais utilizados em diferentes técnicas ou até mesmo para o mesmo tipo de procedimento. A técnica ideal, bem como o material de escolha ainda são muito discutidos dentre os autores pesquisados. O presente trabalho avaliou a biomecânica das técnicas de sutura fabelo-tibial lateral (SFTL) e a técnica de imbricação do retináculo modificada (SFTLM), em joelhos de cadáveres de cães, na estabilização do joelho com ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial, utilizando-se fio de náilon monofilamento leader line (60 libras). Foram avaliados rigidez articular e deslocamento craniais e caudais da tíbia em relação aos côndilos do fêmur, proporcionados pelo tipo de material e técnicas cirúrgicas, sendo os resultados obtidos comparados com os resultados do joelho íntegro e entre si. A análise estatística encontrou diferença na gaveta cranial de todos os grupos (ligamento cruzado cranial íntegro (LCCr), ligamento cruzado cranial rompido (RLCCr), SFTL e SFTLM) e na comparação da gaveta caudal entre o grupo RLCCr e SFTLM e entre o grupo SFTL e SFTLM. Outras diferenças foram encontradas na rigidez cranial dos grupos LCCr, RLCCr e reconstruído, não sendo observado diferença entre a rigidez de SFTL e SFTLM. As duas técnicas testadas diminuem a instabilidade do joelho, sendo a SFTLM mais efetiva em tal promoção, porém tal técnica influencia de forma mais evidente na biomecânica do ligamento cruzado caudal, sendo importante a avaliação de tal interferência a longo prazo. Estas duas técnicas extra-capsulares testadas, apesar de diminuirem significativamente a translação cranial da tíbia em relação ao fêmur, não restauram a rigidez articular quando comparadas com a biomecânica do joelho íntegro. / Knee instability resulting from an insufficient cranial cruciate ligament is the major cause of hind limb lameness in dogs. This instability can result in osteoarthrosis and medial meniscal injury. Many surgical techniques have been developed to restore knee stability and to reduce degenerative joint desease. There is a similarly huge variability in materials utilized for different or the same techniques. An ideal technique and material arent established yet. This study analyzed the biomechanics of the lateral fabellar suture technique (SFTL) and the modified retinacular imbrication technique (SFTLM) in stabilizing cadaveric cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifles with 60 lb nylon leader line. Articular cranio-caudal stiffness and tibial translation were evaluated and compared between different techniques and with the intact knee. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences between all groups (intact cranial cruciate ligament (LCCr), ruptured cranial cruciate ligament (RLCCr), SFTL and SFTLM) in the cranial tibial translation. In the caudal tibial translation a significant statistical difference was seen between RLCCr and SFTLM groups and between reconstructed ones. Other differences were found in the cranial stiffness between LCCr, RLCCr and reconstructed groups, but not between SFTL and SFTLM. Both techniques tested reduced joint instability but SFTLM was more efficient, although it affected the caudal cruciate ligament biomechanics more evidently when compared with the SFTL technique. This long-term evaluation of the caudal influence induced by SFTLM will be important. Despite of the reduction in the tibial cranial translation by these two different extra capsular techniques, none have maintained normal stifle stiffness.

A la croisée de la sociologie des relations interethniques et des minorités et de la sociologie urbaine, cette thèse étudie dans leurs dimensions sociales et spatiales les recompositions, expansions et contractions des frontières entre groupes placés en situation minoritaire. Elle s’appuie sur les résultats d’une enquête qualitative, ethnographique et comparative menée au sein de trois marchés de la périphérie de Nice où se concentrent des individus minorisés et marginalisés. D’une part, elle analyse les rapports sociaux qui se jouent dans le fonctionnement et l’appropriation de ces espaces urbains marchands par des acteurs en situation minoritaire. Elle montre quels sont les effets concrets de telles appropriations sur le partage de l’espace, leurs relations, mais aussi les liens entre eux et leur environnement. D’autre part, elle décrit les formes d’expression publique des identités telles qu’elles se donnent à voir dans les interactions marchandes et non marchandes en cherchant à comprendre comment ces espaces de commerce orientent la façon dont les relations interethniques s’organisent dans la coprésence. En mettant en évidence l’intersection des différentes formes de domination en actes au sein de ces espaces, la thèse montre ainsi les variations de l’expérience minoritaire. / Combining the sociological study of interethnic relations and minorities and urban sociology, this thesis focuses on the reconfigurations, expansions and contractions of the boundaries between groups placed in a minority situation. This thesis draws on the results of qualitative, ethnographic and comparative investigation carried out in three marketplaces located on the outskirts of Nice where these minority groups and marginalized people are concentrated. First, this thesis studies the social relations at stakes in the functioning and appropriation of these marketplaces by minority groups. It allows to understand how this appropriation appears in the sharing of space, their relation and the links between them and their environment. Secondly, the thesis describes the various forms identities are expressed during market and non-market interactions, trying to understand how these commercial spaces orientate the way interethnic relations are organized in co-presence. By highlighting the intersection of the different forms of domination in action within these spaces, the thesis thus explores the multiplicity of minority experience.

A basin analysis was conducted at the Conway Flat coast (Marlborough Fault Zone, South Island, New Zealand) to investigate the interaction of regional and local structure in a transpressional plate boundary and its control on basin formation. A multi-tiered approach has been employed involving: (i) detailed analysis of sedimentary deposits; (ii) geomorphic mapping of terraces, fault traces and lineaments; (iii) dating of deposits by 14C and OSL and (iv) the integration of data to form a basin-synthesis in a sequence stratigraphy framework. A complex thrust fault zone (the Hawkswood Thrust Fault Zone), originating at the hinge of the thrust-cored Hawkswood anticline, is interpreted to be a result of west-dipping thrust faults joining at depth with the Hundalee Fault and propagating eastwards. The faults uplift and dissect alluvial fans to form terraces along the Conway Flat coast that provide the necessary relief to form the fan deltas. These terrace/fan surfaces are ~9 km long and ~3 km wide, composite features, with their upper parts representing sub-aerial alluvial fans. These grade into delta plains of Quaternary Gilbert-style fan deltas. Uplift and incision have created excellent 3D views of the underlying Gilbert-style fan delta complexes from topsets to prodelta deposits. Erosive contacts between the Medina, Rafa, Ngaroma and modern Conway fan delta deposits, coupled with changes in terrace elevations allow an understanding of the development of multiple inset terraces along the Conway Flat coast. These terraces are divided into five stages of evolution based on variations in sedimentary facies and geomorphic mapping: Stage I involves the uplift of the Hawkswood Range and subsequent increased sedimentation rate such that alluvial fans prograded to the sea to form the Medina fan delta Terrace. Stage II began with a period of incision, from lowering sea level or changes in the uplift and sedimentation rate and continued with the deposition of the Dawn and Upham fan deltas. Stage III starts with the incision of the Rafa Terrace and deposition of aggradational terraces in the upper reaches. Stage IV initiated by a period of incision followed by deposition of estuarine facies at ~8ka and Stage V began with a period of incision and continues today with the infilling of the incised valley by the modern fan delta of the Conway River and its continued progradation. New dates from within the Gilbert-type fan deltas along the Conway Flat coast are presented, using OSL and 14C dating techniques. Faulting at the Conway Flat coast began ~ 94 ka, based on the development of the Medina Terrace fan delta with uplift rates ~1.38~1.42 m/ka. The interplay of tectonics and sea level fluctuations continued as the ~79 ka Rafa Terrace fan deltas were created, with uplift rates calculated at ~1.39 m/ka. Detailed 14C ages from paleoforest (~8.4-~6.4 ka) in the Ngaroma Terrace and from the mouths of smaller streams have established uplift rates during the Holocene ~1-3 m/ka, depending on sea level.

Le groupe socioprofessionnel des agriculteurs a connu depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale un changement socio-économique important. Le point de départ de cette thèse – à l’articulation des démarches hypothético-déductive et empirico-inductive – est de se demander s’il ne reste pas des traces, plus ou moins nettes, de la culture paysanne dans la configuration des valeurs du monde agricole contemporain. Peut-on parler de la fin de la culture paysanne comme certains chercheurs parlent de la fin de la classe ouvrière ? L’enquête de terrain se fonde sur l’approche qualitative de données recueillies par entretiens semi-directifs et libres ainsi que par des observations directes et participantes et des films sociologiques. Leur analyse a reposé sur l’élaboration, au préalable, d’un référent culturel commun construit à partir d’un syncrétisme des valeurs anciennes et nouvelles, permettant de construire le référent culturel « agripaysan » et confirmant ainsi l’hypothèse d’un syncrétisme des valeurs. A l’intérieur du référent culturel commun au corpus étudié, les valeurs ont été caractérisées en trois groupes : les « valeurs identitaires et distinctives », les « valeurs nécessaires » et les « valeurs extraprofessionnelles ». L’analyse des données a également mis en évidence une appropriation différenciée du référent culturel « agripaysan » qui est explicitée à l’aide d’une typologie en trois idéaux-types : paysan-agriculteur, chef d’entreprise-paysan et agri-manager. Plus largement, cette thèse interroge la culture en tant que mode de vie d’un groupe et s’inscrit, à la fois, dans la sociologie des modes de vie et dans la sociologie du travail, sans oublier la sociologie rurale. / The Farmers socioprofessional group has gone through a significant socio-economical change since the Second World War. The starting point of this thesis – in the hinge of an hypothetical-deductive and empirical-inductive approach – is to wonder whether or not some more or less distinct traces of the peasant culture romain in the layout of the contemporary agricultural world values. Shall we declare the end of the peasant culture just like some researchers do about the end of the warking class ? The field survey is based on a qualitative approach of the data gathered via partially guided and free interviews as well as direct and participating observations along with sociological films. Their analysis was beforehand based on the drafting of a common, cultural referent created from the syncretism (merge) of the old and new values, allowing to build the cultural referend « farmo-peasant » and therefore confirming the theory of a syncretism of the values. The values within this cultural referent similar to the studied corpus have been characterized into three groups : the « distinctive and identity values », the « necessary values » and the « extraprofessional values ». The analysis of the data also highlighted a differentiated appropriation of the cultural referent « farmo-peasant » clarified thanks to its classification into three ideal models : peasant-cultivator, company manager-peasant and farmer-owner. Widely, this thesis examines the culture as a way of life for a group which at the same time falls in with the sociology of the ways of life, the work sociology and without forgetting the rural sociology.