Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-121). Also available in print.

A large and growing body of literature has been published on migration in China. This thesis has identified several challenges, namely, the destination-biased framework of migration, the neglect of heterogeneity of migrants, the relative dearth of research on the intersection of mobility and place attachment, and the suppression of the significance of the migrant subject. This research responds to these challenges by adopting a native-place perspective and a life-course/biographical approach and using mixed methods to explore the patterns and meanings of migration among educated young adults from peripheral China. The data come from a life-history questionnaire survey and biographical interviews with university and college graduates, who were born and raised in Chaohu and received higher education outside Chaohu. Firstly, it analyses educated young people’s migration pathways from home to university and onwards to current place of residence, and develops a four-fold typology of spatial mobility (Stick-in, Move-down, Move-up, and Re-entry) from migration trajectories data. Secondly, it explores how spatial mobility is implicated in the process of bonding with places by examining educated young adults’ place attachment and belonging. Four types of migrants (Translocals, Departers, Aliens, and Settlers) and three types of returnees (the Trapped, the Bonded, and the Rooted) are classified. Thirdly, through the lens of agency as a socially situated process, it explores how migration decision-making reflects socially structured patterns, how agency interplays with social structure, and how agency operates in a differentiated and dynamic way. Meanwhile, through its attention to migration aspirations, it further explores the potential for meaningful experiences of geographical mobility to change migrants’ subjectivities and considers the emotional dynamics involved in the intersection of identity with senses of place. This thesis contributes to the field of youth migration by providing a mapping of the spatial patterns for migration of educated young people and addressing the complexities and dynamics of spatial mobility with a case study. Also, the present work highlights the importance of a biographical approach that allows us to appreciate the significance of the migrant subject and to investigate the ongoing nature of migration processes

This thesis examines the influences on Irish identity articulation within Melbourne and Chicago during the nineteenth century. Bringing together ethnicity and religious devotion, this thesis argues that the foundational identities encouraged by religious orders within parish schools and societies were fundamental to the shape of nationalist politics that emerged in each city. While the imperial and republican contexts of Melbourne and Chicago presented specific opportunities and restrictions on Irish cultural and political identity articulation, the ethnic pluralism of the Catholic Church in each city influenced the networks established between Irish migrants across class, occupation, and gender. In turn, the Catholic parish structures of each city altered how Irish identity was articulated at a local and global level. While focusing on Irish Catholic identity, this thesis also examines the establishment of secular and ethnic Irish institutions utilised by middle-class culture brokers within Melbourne and Chicago to promote a civic Irish identity. It explores the ways that Irish migrants interpreted British imperial and American values to encourage diasporic Irish identities shaped by Irish and local contexts. Using comparison, this work identifies similarities between two cities previously dismissed as divergent and transnational links between Ireland, Australia and Chicago. Examining these societies over a fifty-year period allows for the interrogation of identity influencers over numerous generations, addressing the evolving shape of two cities and the Irish communities therein.

The thesis treats the controversy over the naturalization of foreign Protestants from the Restoration of Charles II to the accession of George III. Chapter I summarizes the law of nationality and naturalization, describes the procedures of naturalization and denization, and surveys the legislative history of the many bills for a general naturalization that were introduced from the Restoration to the 1750s. Chapters II, III, and IV treat the economic literature of the controversy over naturalization, and the theories of population that underlay it, in the period from 1660 to 1710. The nature, origins, and evolution of the arguments for the encouragement of immigration are described. Chapters V and VI tell the story of the migration of about 13,000 Germans who came to England in 1709 from the Rhenish Palatinate and other areas of the Rhine Valley. The Palatine migration offers a striking illustration of the pitfalls of the attempt to increase England's population by encouraging large-scale immigration. The influx of the Palatines provoked a sufficient outcry to dampen the naturalization movement, and Chapter VII treats the opposition to naturalization and the hostility to immigrants throughout the period. It presents many examples of opposition, particularly that of the City of London, and examines both attitudes to immigrants and the occasional outbreaks of open violence. Finally, Chapter VIII traces the development of theories of population and of the naturalization controversy through the 1750s, when the idea of encouraging immigration to increase England's population and trade finally disappeared, and the naturalization debate came to an end.

Using data from the Leicestershire Growth Study, which was established in 1981, this thesis sets out to evaluate the growth of children in Leicestershire and to highlight any differences which may exist between those children indigenous to Great Britain and those whose families have emigrated from the subcontinent of India. The latter population can be subdivided further, i.e. peoples from the countries of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, the first group primarily, having either migrated from India directly to this country or having spent an interim period in East Africa, and into adherents of the Muslim, Hindu or Sikh faiths. Seven anthropometric parameters, selected to represent skeletal and soft tissue components of the body, and whose dimensions reflect best the changing patterns of growth with age and environmental factors, were measured on 3775 children aged from 3-10 years inclusive. There are distinct anthropometric differences between the indigenous population and that from the Indian subcontinent, with the indigenous population having greater skeletal dimensions, e.g. stature, head circumference, and differences in body composition, reflected in greater weight. These ethnic differences appear to have been exacerbated by religious factors which impinge upon both genotype and phenotype by imposition of their respective individual cultures:, involving such factors as dietary intake and marriage customs, resulting in the Indian Sikh children resembling more closely the indigenous population than do the Hindus and Muslims. Other environmental factors such as length of time of residence in this country, or period of time spent in East Africa appear to have had some impact upon growth, since the Indians in Leicestershire are taller and heavier than their counterparts still resident in India. Finally, it is recommended that some of the growth charts in current use in Great Britain be modified for use with certain groups of children from the Indian subcontinent.

Although immigrant entrepreneurship as a phenomenon is not new, most studies within the field of immigrant entrepreneurship have focused on immigrants moving from emerging economies to developed economies. Little research attention has been devoted to immigrant entrepreneurship with focus on immigrants from developed countries moving to other developed countries. There have neither been any comparative studies between the motives among DEIE and EEIE. To address this issue, this study analyzes the similarities and differences between IE’s from emerging/developed economies in terms of motives for engaging in self-employment, as well as challenges they face throughout the process. To answer these questions, a qualitative study was conducted with two IE groups originating from developed- and emerging economies, to analyze the IE’s motives for engaging in self-employment, and challenges they faced. The results of this study showed that there are more similarities than differences between the two IE groups in terms of push/pull motives. One distinct difference however, is that DEIE do not engage in entrepreneurial activities out of necessity, while EEIE in contrast show tendencies of both necessity and opportunity motives. This study also shows evidence which supports the home-country hypothesis, where self-employment tradition from the home-country influences the immigrants’ decision to continue the ‘tradition’ in the COR. The differences among the two IE groups is that the DEIE are more likely to originate from countries with a tradition of self-employment- subsequently being more probable to be influenced by the home-country to engage in self-employment activities as it is almost a ‘normal’ for them. There seems to be no distinction between the two groups in terms of how social networks are utilized but rather similarities, in terms of its importance in: marketing their businesses, financing the business, opportunity identification, validating the business idea, and opportunity identification. This study has also shown that there are more similarities than differences in terms of challenges faced by the two immigrant entrepreneur groups. The main challenges faced by both IE groups are: bureaucratic complexity; the language barrier, which hindered them from employment; and disregarded qualifications from the COO, which consequently hindered them from qualified employments. Furthermore, this study contributes to the overall understanding of the IE phenomenon, and has added further understanding of IE from developed economies.

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Life course and gender theorists emphasize the importance of contextual factors on human development and family life, including social structural positions, assignment of meaning to events, and cultural beliefs and practices. In addition, life course theorists punctuate the relevance of event timing on individual and familial growth and they seek to understand adaptive life patterns. Family scholars and gerontologists espouse the use of life course and gender theories to examine ethnic minorities' familial experiences. The present research examined relationships between immigrant post WWII mothers in mid and late life and adult daughters. Five contextual factors were examined: (1) perceptions of minority group status; (2) beliefs of having power, privilege, and prestige; (3) ethnic community involvement; (4) language and communication practices; and (5) expectations of women's relationships within families. In addition, the researcher considered the timing of mothers' immigration on relationship patterns. Twenty-two mothers and daughters participated in individual semi-structured interviews in which they discussed the associations among the contextual factors and challenging, fulfilling, and neutral relationship pathways. Thematic analysis of the mothers' and daughters' interview data and analysis of the investigator's research journal revealed that dimensions of communication, transitions and turning points, culture, and contact underscore relationship pathway. The findings from the present study contribute to theoretical perspectives, such as life course and gender theory, by illustrating the juxtaposition among factors such as generational position, culture, and gender. The implications of the research include the utility of using gender and life course perspectives jointly, the importance of considering how policies have direct and lingering affects on people's lives, the significance of social geography in ethnic minorities' lives, the need to attend to generational positions within immigrant families, and the usefulness of the research findings for support group settings and for counselors working with immigrant and ethnic minority group members. / Ph. D.

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An examination of contemporary Catholicism told through the stories of a priest undergoing a crisis of vocation, a young man alienated from his family, and an immigrant struggling to keep his family together. / Master of Fine Arts