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Hämoglobin-A1c (HbA1c) ist ein Hämoglobin (Hb)-Subtypus, der durch nicht-enzymatische Glykierung des N-terminalen Valinrestes der Hämoglobin-beta-Kette entsteht. Das gemessene Verhältnis von HbA1c zum Gesamt-Hämoglobin (5-20 % bei Diabetikern) repräsentiert den Mittelwert der Blutglucosekonzentration über einen zweimonatigen Zeitraum und stellt zur Beurteilung der diabetischen Stoffwechsellage eine Ergänzung zur Akutkontrolle der Glukosekonzentration dar.<br /> Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, einen amperometrischen Biosensor für die Bestimmung des medizinisch relevanten Parameters HbA1c zu entwickeln. Durch Selektion geeigneter Bioerkennungselemente und deren Immobilisierung unter Erhalt der Bindungsfunktion für die Zielmoleküle Hämoglobin bzw. HbA1c wurden spezifische, hochaffine und regenerationsstabile Sensoroberflächen geschaffen. Für die Entwicklung des HbA1c-Biosensors wurden zwei Konzepte - Enzymsensor und Immunosensor - miteinander verglichen. <br /> Die enzymatische Umsetzung von HbA1c erfolgte mit der Fructosylamin Oxidase (FAO) aus Pichia pastoris N 1-1 unter Freisetzung von H2O2, welches sowohl optisch über eine Indikatorreaktion als auch elektrochemisch nach Einschluss der FAO in PVA-SbQ und Fixierung des Immobilisats vor einer H2O2-Elektrode nachgewiesen wurde. Die Kalibration des Enzymsensors mit der HbA1c-Modellsubstanz Fructosyl-Valin ergab Nachweisgrenzen, die ausserhalb des physiologisch relevanten HbA1c-Konzentrationsbereich lagen. Aus der Umsetzung von glykierten Peptiden mit einer nicht HbA1c analogen Aminosäurensequenz, z.B. Fructosyl-Valin-Glycin wurde zudem eine geringe HbA1c-Spezifität abgeleitet.<br /> Für den Immunosensor wurden zwei heterogene Immunoassay-Formate unter Verwendung von hochaffinen und spezifischen Antikörpern in Kombination mit Glucose Oxidase (GOD) als Markerenzym zum Nachweis von HbA1c untersucht. Beim indirekt-kompetitiven Immunoassay wurde anstelle des kompletten HbA1c-Moleküls das glykierte Pentapeptid Fructosyl-Valin-Histidin-Leucin-Threonin-Prolin (glkPP) als Kompetitor und Affinitätsligand immobilisiert und so eine regenerierfähige Oberfläche geschaffen. Beim Sandwich-Immunoassay wurde im ersten Schritt Gesamt-Hämoglobin an die mit Haptoglobin (Hp) modifizierte Festphase angereichert und im zweiten Schritt der gebundene HbA1c-Anteil nachgewiesen. <br /> Für die Konstruktion des HbA1c-Immunosensors wurden Affinitätsmatrizen durch Modifizierung von Cellulose-Dialysemembranen mit glkPP bzw. Hp hergestellt. Grundlegend studiert wurde die Aktivierung der Cellulose-Membranen mit 1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazol (CDI) und 1-Cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridintetrafluoroborat (CDAP) als Aktivierungsagenzien. Eine gerichtete Immobilisierung der Liganden wurde realisiert, indem glkPP über dessen C-Terminus (einzige Carboxylatgruppe) und Hp über dessen periodat-oxidiertem Kohlenhydratrest an die amino- oder hydrazidfunktionalisierte Membranen kovalent gekoppelt wurden. <br /> Mit dem Einsatz der glkPP- und Hp-modifizierten Membranen in der elektrochemischen Messzelle war erstmalig der biosensorische Nachweis von HbA1c möglich. Als Transduktor diente eine Pt-Elektrode, an der das von der GOD generierte H2O2 umgesetzt und ein mit der HbA1c-Konzentration korrelierendes Stromsignal erzeugt wurde. Die Immunosensoren zeigten Ansprechzeiten von 3 s. Mit dem Immunosensor auf Basis des indirekt-kompetitiven Testprinzips wurde eine Kalibrationskurve für HbA1c im Bereich von 0,25-30 &#181;g/ml (3,9-465 nM, CV 3-9 %) mit Assayzeiten von 60 min und mit dem Immunosensor im Sandwich-Format eine Kalibrationskurve im Bereich von 0,5-5 &#181;g/ml (7,8-78 nM; 5-50 % HbA1c vom Gesamt-Hb, CV 6-10 %, 3 h) aufgenommen. / Hemoglobin-A1c (HbA1c) is a hemoglobin subtype formed by non-enzymatic reaction of glucose with the N-terminus of the beta-polypeptide chains. As it reflects the glycemic status of diabetics over the preceding 8-12 weeks, the determination of HbA1c has become an established procedure in the management of diabetes mellitus. It is measured as the percentage of total hemoglobin. Up to 5 % HbA1c are considered as normal whereas in diabetic subjects it could be elevated from 5-20 %. In addition to amperometric biosensors for glucose self monitoring which have been successfully applied in diabetes management, biosensors for HbA1c would be an useful supplement for a comprehensive diabetes control. <br /> <br /> Objective of this work was to develop and compare amperometric biosensors for determination of HbA1c based on enzymatic and immunochemical methods. <br /> <br /> For the enzyme based HbA1c assay a novel fructosamine oxidase (FAO) derived from marine yeast Pichia pastoris, strain N1-1 was utilized. It recognizes and oxidatively degrades fructosyl-valine (FV) which corresponds to the glycated N-terminus of the beta-chain of HbA1c and therefore is regarded as a model compound for HbA1c. Hydrogen peroxide which is liberated by the FAO during FV conversion was indicated optically in a horseradish peroxidase (POD) coupled reaction and electrochemically. For the biosensor the FAO was embedded in polyvinyl alcohol-stylbazole (PVA-SbQ) and fixed it in front of a Pt-electrode. So far, the measuring range of FV did not cover the clinically relevant range of HbA1c. Low specificity was assumed since enzyme activity also was obtained with glycated peptides, e.g. fructosyl-valine-glycine, not corresponding to the glycated N-terminus of the hemoglobin-beta-chain.<br /> <br /> For the immunosensor two immunoassays formats - heterogeneous sandwich and heterogeneous competitive - were tested. The assays were designed as follows: The competitive immunoassay was based on the immobilized synthetic glycated pentapeptide fructosyl-valine-histidine-leucine-threonine-proline (glkPP) utilized as HbA1c analogue. The peptide has an amino acid sequence corresponding to the N-terminus of the hemoglobin beta-chains and is capable for competition together with the HbA1c of the sample for the amount of a glucose oxidase (GOD)-labelled anti-HbA1c antibody. In the sandwich-type assay haptoglobin (Hp), a natural hemoglobin binding molecule with antibody characteristic properties, was used as bioreceptor for enrichment of total hemoglobin onto the surface. In a subsequent step the HbA1c fraction was quantified by a GOD-labelled HbA1c specific antibody. <br /> <br /> Cellulose dialysis membrane was used as the solid support for immobilization of Hp and glkPP near the sensor surface. For activation of the membrane two reagents, 1,1&prime;-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and 1-cyano-4-dimethylamino pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP), were compared with respect to the degree of activation and coupling efficiency. Site-directed immobilization of Hp and glkPP was achieved by coupling Hp via its carbohydrate residue and glkPP via its C-terminus to the activated membrane using a bis-amine or bis-hydrazide spacer. <br /> <br /> The affinity membranes were placed in front of a modified Clark-type hydrogen peroxide electrode in an electrochemical measuring cell and HbA1c analysis was carried out within the stirred cell. Detection of the bound GOD-label was achieved by measurement of the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen peroxide at +600 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. The indication was done in only 3 s. For the competitive principle a typical inhibition curve with a linear range between 0,25-30 &#181;g/ml (3,9-465 nM, CV 3-9 %, 60 min per sample) HbA1c was obtained. Due to the high functional stability of the peptide multiple regeneration of the affinity surface was possible without loss of binding capacity. With the sandwich assay configuration the clinically relevant range could easily be covered (calibration curve: 5-50 % HbA1c corresponding to 7,8-78 nM, CV 6-10 %, 3 h per sample).

Legionella pneumophila peut causer une pneumonie fatale chez l’Homme dite maladie des légionnaires. L. pneumophila peut résister aux stress environnementaux en entrant dans un état VBNC (Viable mais non cultivable). La détection de L. pneumophila dans les milieux environnementaux est basée sur l’utilisation de méthodes normalisées : la culture (AFNOR T90-431, ISO 11731) et la PCR (AFNOR T90-471, ISO 12869). Mais, la culture ne détecte pas les formes VBNC et la PCR ne peut pas différencier les formes viables des mortes de la bactérie. Le premier objectif de notre étude était l’élaboration d’un immunocapteur pour la détection de L. pneumophila dans les échantillons artificiels. Notre immunocapteur a été obtenu par l’immobilisation d’un anticorps monoclonal anti-L. pneumophila (MAb) sur une électrode d’indium-tin oxyde (ITO), par la méthode de monocouches auto-assemblées d’époxysilane. Dans le second objectif, l’orientation des Mabs a été étudiée pour réduire la concentration à utiliser sans affecter sa sensibilité. Les Mabs ont été immobilisés sur l’ITO à l’aide des SAMs d’aminosilane pour la détection des formes VBNC. Les deux immunocapteurs ont été caractérisés par la mouillabilité (mesure de l’angle de contact), microscopie à force atomique (AFM), microscopie confocale à balayage laser (CLSM) et spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique (EIS). Une limite de détection de 10 bactéries a été déterminée dans les échantillons artificiels. La performance de l’immunocapteur ITO-APTES a été évaluée sur des échantillons réels. Les deux méthodes de l’électrochimie et la culture ont été comparées, et les résultats suggèrent une sensibilité plus élevée par la méthode électrochimique. / Legionella pneumophila, may cause a fatal pneumonia in humans named Legionnaires’ disease. The strategies of L. pneumophila to resist to stressful environmental conditions include the ability to enter into a VBNC (Viable But Not ulturable) state. Detection of L. pneumophila in environmental samples benefit from the use of standardized methods: culture (AFNOR T90-431, ISO 11731) and PCR (AFNOR T90-471, ISO 12869). Culture is hampered by its inability to detect VBNC forms. PCR cannot discriminate between live and dead bacteria. The first objective of our study was the elaboration of an immunosensor for the detection of L. pneumophila in artificial samples. Our immunosensor was obtained by immobilization of a onoclonal anti-L. pneumophila antibody (MAb), on an indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode – by Self Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) method using an epoxysilane. In the second objective, orientation of antibodies was studied for redusing the concentration of MAb used without affecting its sensitivity. Anti-L. pneumophila antibodies were immobilized into an ITO electrode modified by SAMs of aminosilane for the detection of VBNC. Tow immunosensors elaborated were characterized by wettability (contact angle measurement), atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A detection limit of 10 bacteria was observed on artificial samples. The performance of the last immunosensor ITO-aminosilane electrode was evaluated in term of the bacteria detection in environmental samples. Electrochemical and culture methods were compared, and results suggest that the electochemical methods is more sensitive.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:38:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CRISTIANE A ERDMANN.pdf: 1781032 bytes, checksum: 803e9255fa555b2e79d98e8d126018f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work prepared an imunosensor for Chagas disease. This sensor was onstructed by immobilizing the antigen (AG) of Chagas disease under an LbL film between the polyvinyl sulfonate (PVS) and silver nanoparticles incorporated in an inorganic matrix, 3-n-propilpiridíneo silsesquioxane chloride(Ag-SiPy+Cl-) using ITO as the electrochemical probe. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized through chemical reduction using NaBH4 and AgNO3. DLS measurements showed that the suspension of Ag-SiPy+Clconsisted of particles on the order of 20 nm. UV-Vis spectra confirmed the growth of bilayers through the LbL technique using PVS and the suspension Ag-SiPy+Cl- by means of bands at 200 and 260 nm which is referring to the SiPy+Cl- and a band near 400 nm which is referring to the silver nanoparticles. This growth was also demonstrated by AFM technique, which showed that the increase in the number of bilayers leads to an increase in surface roughness and film thickness. The modified films with AG were submitted to the technique electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and showed a pronounced change in impedance in the presence of the antibody (AB) of Chagas disease, indicating that this type of film can be used in a device for the diagnosis of Chagas. Were made tests with different dilutions the samples contaminated with antibody (AB) of Chagas disease and the imunosensor proposed was more sensitive compared to the laboratory test for the qualitative and semi-quantitative of Chagas disease (Gold analyzes Diagnostic Ltd.) / Neste presente trabalho preparou-se um imunosensor para doença de Chagas.Este sensor foi construído por meio da imobilização do Antígeno (AG) da doença de chagas sob um filme LbL entre o sulfonato de polivinil (PVS) e nanopartículas de prata incorporadas na matriz inorgânica cloreto de 3-npropilpiridíneo silsesquioxano (Ag-SiPy+Cl-) usando como transdutor eletroquímico o ITO. As nanopartículas de prata foram sintetizadas via redução química, com o uso de NaBH4 e AgNO3. Medidas de DLS mostraram que a suspensão de Ag-SiPy+Cl- era composta por partículas na ordem de 20 nm. Espectros de UV-Vis comprovaram o crescimento das bicamadas por meio da técnica LbL como uso do PVS e da suspensão Ag-SiPy+Cl-, por meio das bandas em 200 e 260 nm referentes ao SiPy+Cl- e uma banda próxima a 400 nm referente a nanopartículas de prata. Este crescimento também foi comprovado por meio da técnica de AFM, que mostrou que o aumento no número de bicamadas leva ao aumento na rugosidade e espessura do filme.Os filmes modificados com O AG forma submetidos à técnica de impedância eletroquímica e mostraram uma mudança de impedância pronunciada quando na presença do anticorpo (AB) da doença de Chagas, indicando que este tipo de filme pode ser utilizado num dispositivo para o diagnóstico da doença de Chagas. Foram feitos testes com diferentes diluições das amostras contaminadas com o AB da doença de Chagas e o imunosensor proposto mostrou-se mais sensível em relação ao teste laboratorial para determinação qualitativa e semi-quantitativa da doença de Chagas (Gold Analisa Diagnóstica Ltda).

The object of this thesis research was to develop and characterize a new type of acoustic biosensor - a ZnO-based laterally excited thickness shear mode (TSM) resonator in a solidly mounted configuration. The first specific aim of the research was to develop the theoretical underpinnings of the acoustic wave propagation in ZnO. Theoretical calculations were carried out by solving the piezoelectrically stiffened Christoffel equation to elucidate the acoustic modes that are excited through lateral excitation of a ZnO stack. A finite element model was developed to confirm the calculations and investigate the electric field orientation and density for various electrode configurations. A proof of concept study was also carried out using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance device to investigate the application of thickness shear mode resonators to cancer biomarker detection in complex media. The results helped to provide a firm foundation for the design of new gravimetric sensors with enhanced capabilities. The second specific aim was to design and fabricate arrays of multiple laterally excited TSM devices and fully characterize their electrical properties. The solidly mounted resonator configuration was developed for the ZnO-based devices through theoretical calculations and experimentation. A functional mirror comprised of W and SiO2 was implemented in development of the TSM resonators. The devices were fabricated and tested for values of interest such as Q, and electromechanical coupling (K2) as well as their ability to operate in liquids. The third specific aim was to investigate the optimal surface chemistry scheme for linking the antibody layer to the ZnO device surface. Crosslinking schemes involving organosilane molecules and a phosphonic acid were compared for immobilizing antibodies to the surface of the ZnO. Results indicate that the thiol-terminated organosilane provides high antibody surface coverage and uniformity and is an excellent candidate for planar ZnO functionalization. The fourth and final specific aim was to investigate the sensitivity of the acoustic immunosensors to potential diagnostic biomarkers. Initial tests were performed in buffer spiked with varying concentrations of the purified target antigen to develop a dose-response curve for the detection of mesothelin-rFc. Subsequent tests were carried out in prostate cancer cell line conditioned medium for the detection of PSA. The results of the experiments establish the operation of the devices in complex media, and indicate that the acoustic sensors are sensitive enough for the detection of biomolecular targets at clinically relevant concentrations.

In this work was developed an electrochemical immunosensor that can detect label free specific antibody for visceral leishmaniasis using graphite electrode modified with poly(4-HPA) as a platform and DPV as electrochemical technique support. Therefore, investigations of main structural characteristics, thermal and electrochemical poly(4-HPA), obtained by electropolymerization of acid 4-HPA, were conducted using the following techniques: FTIR, UV-vis and Fluorescence. The FTIR spectra showed that the functional groups present in the monomer are preserved and that new groups are formed after electropolymerization, and the obtained polymer is 1,2,4,5-tetra-substituted, with strong evidences that these two new substituents are diphenyl ethers and ring-ring bonds, which justifies the increase in the extension of conjugation and the presence of new chromophore groups observed in UV-vis and Fluorescence studies. Thus, it was possible to discuss about the structure of poly(4-HPA), as well as propose the possible reaction mechanisms involved in its formation. These studies were of great importance in the search for a better understanding and discussion of the results. The thermal stability of the polymer, evaluated by TGA shows that the poly(4-HPA) presents a complex and heterogeneous structure and do not exhibits good thermal stability after 100 ° C. It was also investigated the growth of polymer in function of the number of potential scans. Through of this investigation it was possible obtained a profile for the increased electrochemical response of this material in relation to the time of electropolymerization, and such profile showed that the number of potential scans used in electrosynthesis is a good parameter to be used at the studies of this material. For the immunosensor development, the immobilization of the rK39 antigen, specific for visceral leishmaniasis, onto EG/poly(4-HPA) was confirmed through electrochemical studies. A electrochemical detection of IgG+ was conducted using CV and DPV techniques, using Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 and ruthenium hexamine II chloride as possible indicators of the formation of Antigen-Antibody complex. The Coomassie was efficient to indicate the surface modification of EG/poly(4-HPA) with rK39, however, did not show satisfactory sensitivity for IgG+, as well as selectivity for the non-complementary target (IgG-, negative control). However, the ruthenium hexamine II chloride, showed high efficiency to indicate the surface modification of EG/poly (4-HFA) with rK39 and good sensitivity for IgG+ and selectivity towards IgG-; enabling the development of the electrochemical immunosensor proposed in this work. / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um imunossensor eletroquímico capaz de detectar o anticorpo, livre de marcação, específico para leishmaniose visceral utilizando-se EG modificado com ácido poli(4-HFA) como plataforma e VPD como técnica eletroquímica suporte. Para isso, investigações das principais características estruturais, térmicas e eletroquímicas do ácido poli(4-HFA), obtido por eletropolimerização do ácido 4-HFA, foram conduzidas utilizando-se as técnicas FTIR, UV-vis e Fluorescência. Os espectros de FTIR mostraram que os grupos funcionais presentes no monômero são preservados e que novos grupos são formados após a eletropolimerização, e ainda, que o polímero obtido é tetra-1,2,4,5-substituído, com fortes indícios de que esses dois novos substituintes sejam éteres difenílicos e ligações anel-anel, justificando o aumento na extensão de conjugação e a presença de novos grupos cromóforos observados nos estudos de UV-vis e Fluorescência. Neste sentido, foi possível iniciar as discussões sobre a estrutura do ácido poli(4-HFA), bem como, dos possíveis mecanismos de reação envolvidos na sua formação, e estes estudos foram de grande importância na busca de uma melhor compreensão e discussão dos resultados obtidos. A estabilidade térmica do polímero, avaliada por TGA, mostrou que o ácido poli(4-HFA) apresenta estrutura heterogênea e complexa e que este não apresenta boa estabilidade térmica após 100 °C. Investigou-se também o crescimento do filme polimérico em função do número de varreduras de potencial. Com esta investigação foi possível traçar um perfil para o aumento da resposta eletroquímica desse material em função do tempo de eletropolimerização e, tal perfil, indicou que o número de varreduras potenciais utilizados na eletrossíntese é um bom parâmetro a ser empregado na condução dos estudos deste material. Para o desenvolvimento do imunossensor, a imobilização do antígeno rK39, específico para leishmaniose visceral, sob EG/poli(4-HFA) foi comprovada por meio dos estudos eletroquímicos. A detecção eletroquímica do IgG+ foi conduzida por meio das técnicas de VC e VPD utilizando Coomassie Brillant Blue G-250 e Cloreto de hexaaminrutênio II como possíveis indicadores da formação do complexo Ag-Ac. O Coomassie mostrou-se eficiente para indicar a modificação da superfície do EG/poli(4-HFA) com rK39, entretanto, não apresentou sensibilidade satisfatória para o IgG+, bem como, seletividade perante o alvo não complementar (IgG-, controle negativo). Já o Cloreto de hexaminrutênio II, além de apresentar alta eficiência para indicar a modificação da superfície do EG/poli(4-HFA) com rK39, também apresentou boa sensibilidade para o IgG+ e seletividade perante IgG-, possibilitando o desenvolvimento do imunossensor eletroquímico proposto neste trabalho. / Mestre em Química

En las últimas dos décadas, han surgido diferentes tecnologías acústicas para aplicaciones biosensoras como alternativas a tecnologías de detección bien establecidas ¿acústicas o ópticas¿ como son la Microbalanza de Cuarzo (QCM, por sus siglas en inglés) y la Resonancia de Plasmón de Superficie (SPR, de sus siglas en inglés). En la primera parte de este documento se revisan dichas tecnologías alternativas para aplicaciones en medio líquido. Como resultado de esta revisión, se determina que los dispositivos de onda acústica superficial Love (LW, de sus siglas en inglés) son los más prometedores y viables para conseguir el principal objetivo de esta Tesis, que es establecer una comparativa en las mismas condiciones entre inmnosensores desarrollados con la tecnología seleccionada en esta tesis y los inmunosensores desarrollados con QCMs de Alta Frecuencia Fundamental (HFF-QCM, por sus siglas en inglés). Después de esta revisión se presenta el estado del arte de los dispositivos LW en su aplicación como biosensores, así como una discusión de las tendencias y retos actuales de este tipo de sensores. Posteriormente se reúne la información más actualizada sobre aspectos de diseño, principios de operación y modelado de estos sensores. Algunos aspectos de diseño son estudiados y probados para establecer el diseño final de los dispositivos LW. Previamente a su fabricación, también se realizan simulaciones para modelar el comportamiento del dispositivo elegido previamente a su fabricación. Posteriormente, se describe la fabricación del dispositivo así como la celda de flujo diseñada para trabajar con el dispositivo en medios líquidos. Adicionalmente, un sistema electrónico de caracterización, previamente validado para sensores QCM, se adapta para sensores LW. Como resultados, se valida el sistema electrónico para caracterizar los sensores LW fabricados y montados en la celda de flujo y, finalmente, se desarrolla un inmunosensor para la detección del pesticida carbaril que se compara con otras tecnologías inmunosensoras. / In the last two decades, different acoustic technologies for biosensors applications have emerged as promising alternatives to other better established detection technologies ¿ acoustic or optic ones- such as traditional Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The alternative acoustic technologies for in liquid measurements are reviewed in this manuscript. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Love Mode or Love Wave (LW) sensors are determined to be the most promising and viable option to work with for achieving the main aim of this Thesis. Such aim is the development of a LW immunosensor for its comparison with the same application based on High Fundamental Frequency-QCM (HFF-QCM) sensors and under the same conditions. Consequently, the state-of-the-art of LW devices for biosensing is provided and a discussion about the current trends and future challenges of these sensors is presented. In order to start working with suitable LW devices, upto- date information regarding the design aspects, operation principles and modeling of such devices is gathered. Some design aspects are explored and tested to establish the design of the final LW device. Different simulations for modeling the chosen device behavior are carried out before its fabrication. Later, the device fabrication is described. Next, to start working with the fabricated device in liquid media, a flow cell is designed and implemented. In addition, an electronic characterization system, previously validated for QCM sensors, is adapted and tested for the fabricated LW device. As results, the adapted electronic characterization system is validated for LW devices mounted in the fabricated flow cell and, finally, a LW-based immunosensor for the determination of carbaryl pesticide was developed and compared with other immunosensor technologies. / Rocha Gaso, MI. (2013). Analysis, implementation and validation of a Love mode surface acoustic wave device for its application as sensor of biological processes in liquid media [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/32492 / Alfresco

La détection quantitative de cellule est généralement réalisée par cytométrie en flux en raison de sa haute sensibilité, cependant cette technique est difficile à mettre en oeuvre pour des analyses de routine ou des analyses au chevet du patient. Les méthodes électrochimiques et en particulier la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique ont gagné en popularité en raison de la possibilité de réaliser des analyses sans marquage et de miniaturiser les systèmes d'analyse pour une intégration sur puce. De plus, les avancées récentes dans le domaine des technologies de microfabrication ont permis de développer des électrodes micrométriques ayant de nombreux avantages tels que des hautes impédances dues à des courants très faibles ainsi que la possibilité de les intégrer dans des systèmes microfluidiques. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse se concentre sur la réalisation et l'optimisation de dispositifs microfluidiques contenant les systèmes d'électrodes pour le piégeage immunologique et le comptage impédimétrique de monocytes pro-inflammatoires, marqueurs d'une infection. Compte tenu de l'influence du taux de recouvrement de la surface sur la sensibilité, plusieurs géométries d'électrodes ont été testées. Les meilleures sensibilités et reproductibilités ont été obtenues dans le cas de microélectrodes interdigitées ayant de faibles espaces inter-électrodes (50 µm). D'autre part les études ont également permis de montrer dans ce cas, que la gamme de concentration cellulaire pour laquelle la sensibilité était maximale dépendait de la surface de l'électrode. Les électrodes de plus petites surfaces ont permis d'atteindre une limite de détection inférieure à 10 cellules/mL. De plus, compte tenu de la grande sensibilité des dispositifs ainsi réalisés, ces systèmes ont également été testés pour la caractérisation d'interaction récepteurs-ligands à partir de cellules entières. Ces études ont permis de mettre en évidence l'interaction de cellules CHO exprimant le récepteur A2a à des ligands c-di-AMP pour de très faibles concentrations cellulaires. / The quantitative detection of specific cells is usually carried out by flow cytometry due to its high sensitivity and reliability, however, this technique is not suited for routine screening and point-of-care diagnostics. Electrochemical methods, as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have gained interest mainly due to a label-free detection and their miniaturization capability required for integration on chip. Furthermore, recent advances in microfabrication based technologies have allowed to develop micron-sized electrodes whose main advantages over conventional electrodes are higher impedances due to smaller currents and the possibility of being integrated inside microfluidic channels. The aim of the present work was the realization and the optimization of microfluidic devices with improved sensitivity targeting the immuno-trapping and counting of pro-inflammatory monocytes as infection markers. Taking into account the influence of the surface coverage on the sensitivity, different geometries were tested. The best sensitivities and reproducibility were recorded in the case of interdigitated micro-electrodes with weak inter-electrodes gap (50 µm). Moreover, experiments carried out with different surfaces demonstrated that there was a threshold beyond which a surface is exploitable for a given slice of concentration. Such microfluidic devices allowed to reach a detection limit around 10 cells/mL. Furthermore, due to the high sensitivity recorded, the devices were also tested to detect ligand binding by cell receptors. These studies have allowed to demonstrate the interaction of CHO-A2a with c-di-AMP for low cell concentrations.

Составлен аналитический обзор литературы по иммуноанализу, применению наночастиц магнетита в иммуноанализе. Синтезированы наночастицы магнетита, аминированные наночастицы магнетита, конъюгаты наночастиц магнетита с антителами к вирусу кори. Зарегистрирован прямой аналитический электрохимический сигнал от аминированных наночастиц Fe3O4, конъюгатов наночастиц магнетита с антителами к вирусу кори. Проведен анализ модельных и реальных растворов с использованием схем конкурентного и неконкурентного гетерогенного иммуноанализа. / An analytical review of the literature on immunoassay, application of magnetite nanoparticles in immunoassay is made. Synthesized magnetite nanoparticles, aminated magnetite nanoparticles, magnetite nanoparticle conjugates with antibodies to measles virus. The analysis was performed using competitive and noncompetitive immunoassay schemes. A direct analytical signal from magnetic nanoparticles, aminated nanoparticles, magnetite nanoparticle conjugates with antibodies to measles virus, as well as from a magnetic tag in immunocomplex is registered.

An analytical review of the literature on immunoassay, the mobilization of biocomponents on the surface of the transducer by electrographing was done. Methods for the synthesis and immobilization of a linercium compound (paranitrobenzodiazonium chloride) for the realization of electrographing have been developed. The transducer for immunoassay is selected. The working conditions for carrying out the immunoassay are determined using the example of model systems. Metrological processing of results is carried out. / Составлен аналитический обзор литературы по иммуноанализу, иммобилизации биокомпонентов на поверхность трансдьюсера методом электрографтинга. Разработаны методики синтеза и иммобилизации линкерного соединения (хлорида паранитробензодиазония) для реализации электрографтинга. Выбран трансдьсер для иммуноанализа. Определены рабочие условия проведения иммуноанализа, на примере модельных систем. Проведена метрологическая обработка полученных результатов.