Law Wai Keung. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-108). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.v / 摘要 --- p.viii / Acknowledgement --- p.x / List of Abbreviations --- p.i / Index of tables --- p.xiv / Index of figures --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Literature review --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Immunosuppression in Organ Transplantation --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- Mechanism of Graft Rejection --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conventional immunosuppressive drugs --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Corticosteriod --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Azathioprine --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Polyclonal antilymphocyte globulin and OKT3 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Cyclosporine A (CsA) --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Mechanisms of CsA --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Pharmacokinetics of CsA --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Absorption --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Distribution --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Metabolism and elimination --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.2.4 --- Toxicity --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Therapeutic drug monitoring of CsA --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- CsA trough monitoring --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Full AUC monitoring --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- Limited sampling strategy --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.3.4 --- Two-hour post dose CsA level monitoring --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Conventional techniques of measuring cyclosporine concentration --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.4.1 --- High performance liquid chromatography --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.4.2 --- Non-specific immunoassays --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.4.3 --- Specific radioimmunoassays --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.4.4 --- Specific fluorescent polarization immunoassay --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.4.5 --- Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.4.6 --- Cloned enzyme donor immunoassay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.4.7 --- Summary for conventional techniques --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for CsA measurement --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Main components of MS --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Specific interfaces to LC --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Mass analyzer --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- Electron multiplier --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Sample preparation for LC-MS/MS for CsA measurement --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Liquid-liquid extraction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Solid phase extraction --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Column switching --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.2.4 --- Dilute and shoot --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- LC-MS/MS for CsA measurement --- p.40 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.42 / Chapter 3. --- Aim of study --- p.43 / Chapter 4. --- Materials and methods --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Materials --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Chemicals --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Equipment --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Reagent preparation for CsA analysis --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methods --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Immunoassay --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Operation of tandem mass spectrometer --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Optimization of cone voltage --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Optimization of collision energy --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Optimization of LC-MS/MS --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Deproteinization procedures of whole blood --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Optimization of mobile phase flow rate --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Optimization of source temperature --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- Optimization of the drying gas flow rate --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Matrix interference on MS/MS response --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Analytical performance of CsA on LC-MS/MS --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Linearity study --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Precision performance --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Accuracy performance --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.5.4 --- The lowest detection limit of the CsA analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.5.5 --- Correlation study of the CsA analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- CsA pharmacokinetic studies in Chinese patients --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Determining the time point of CsA correlating better with AUC --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Patient and method --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Intra-individual variability of CO, C1 and C2" --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Patient and method --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 5. --- Results and discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1 --- Optimization of MS parameters --- p.5 9 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Optimization of cone voltage --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Optimization of collision energy --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization of LC-MS/MS --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Optimization of mobile phase flow rate --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Optimization of ion source temperature and drying gas flow rate --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3 --- Matrix interference on MS/MS response --- p.69 / Chapter 5.4 --- Analytical performances of CsA on LC-MS/MS method --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Linearity --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Precision performance --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Accuracy performance --- p.72 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- The lowest limit of detection --- p.73 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Correlation study of the CsA analysis --- p.80 / Chapter 5.5 --- The correlation between CsA at different point and AUCo-6 --- p.84 / Chapter 5.6 --- "Intra-individual variability of CO, C1 and C2" --- p.88 / Chapter 5.7 --- Therapeutic ranges of C2 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.8 --- Practical consideration for C2 measurement by LC-MS/MS method --- p.94 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.97 / References --- p.98

A doença do enxerto versus hospedeiro (DEVH) é uma grave complicação do transplante de órgãos sólidos, com alta mortalidade. Seu estudo tem sido limitado pela carência de modelos experimentais apropriados. Descreve-se um modelo de DEVH baseado no aumento do quimerismo, sua evolução clínica, histopatológica, do número das células quiméricas, do perfil das citocinas e da tolerância imunológica. Ratos Lewis (LEW) foram submetidos a transplante simultâneo de intestino delgado e medula óssea provenientes de ratos ACI (grupo de estudo - E) ou LEW (grupo controle - C), tratados com FK-506 (1 mg/Kg/dia) entre o 0 e 13o PO, e uma dose semanal daí por diante. Os ratos foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: E1- 6 ratos sacrificados no 120o PO. E2- 8 ratos após apresentarem sinais clínicos graves de DEVH entre o 189o e o 271o PO. Como controle, ratos LEW foram receptores dos mesmos tipos de enxertos provenientes de ratos LEW, submetidos à mesma imunossupressão e foram assim divididos: C1- 6 ratos sacrificados no 120o PO, C2- 5 ratos sacrificados entre o 223o e o 270o PO. A citometria de fluxo foi realizada para quantificar a porcentagem das células linfóides de ACI doadores no sangue periférico nos E1, E2 em 6 períodos: 30o PO, 65o PO, 95o PO, 120o PO, 160o PO, 200o PO. Os animais foram examinados 2 vezes por semana à procura de sinais de DEVH (rash cutâneo, perda de peso, de pelo e hiperqueratose). No sacrifício dos animais do grupo E1 e C1, foram colhidas amostras de língua (LI), de linfonodos cervicais (LC), intestino delgado do receptor e do enxerto para análise das citocinas IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Em todos os grupos foram também colhidas amostras destes órgãos para histopatologia e nos animais do grupo E2 linfonodos cervicais foram processados para análise da reatividade celular por meio da reação mista dos linfócitos (MLR). A evolução clínica e histopatológica foi graduada de 0 a 3 de acordo com a severidade dos sintomas e do infiltrado mononuclear das amostras. Os ratos dos grupos E1 e E2 iniciaram sinais da DEVH entre o 84o e 115o PO. Os ratos dos grupos C1 e C2 não apresentaram evidência de DEVH. Amostras de LI e LC dos ratos do grupo E1 apresentaram alterações histopatológicas grau 2 e do grupo E2 apresentaram alterações histopatológicas grau 3, respectivamente. Nenhuma alteração histopatológica foi encontrada nos ratos do grupo controle e em amostras do ID. Nenhuma alteração histopatológica foi encontrada no intestino delgado do receptor e do enxerto. O aumento da porcentagem de células do doador no sangue periférico do receptor foi progressivo chegando a 5,4±2.3% no 10o período, 21±4,6% no 3o período e 39,3±4% no 6o período. IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gma e TNF-alfa estiveram aumentados em língua e IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa em linfonodos cervicais. Os linfócitos de ratos do grupo E2 mostraram hiporreatividade aos de ratos ACI e hiperreatividade aos de ratos PVG (terceira parte) denotando tolerância imunológica. Neste modelo experimental há uma inexorável evolução imunológica para DEVH; existe correlação direta entre o aumento do quimerismo em sangue periférico e da expressão de citocinas em língua e linfonodos cervicais e a severidade da DEVH, além da indução de tolerância imunológica do rato do grupo E2 quimérico ao rato ACI normal. / Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been a major concern after small bowel transplantation (SBTX) and the lack of suitable experimental models has limited the study of GVHD after solid organ transplantation. Here we describe a re1evant experimental model of GVHD after fully allogeneic SBTX based on chimerism augmentation, its clinical and histophatological evolution, cytokine involvement, responsible donor cell and immunologic tolerance analysis. LEW rat recipients received orthotopic SBTX and simultaneous donor bone marrow cell infusion (250x106), from ACI rats (experimental group - E) or LEW (control group C). FK-506 was administered dayly at a dose of 1 mg/kg on day 0 to 13, then continued as a weekly injection of same dose until the experimental end point. The recipients were divided in the following groups: E1 - 6 rats sacrificed at 120° POD. E2 - 8 rats sacrificed with critical GVHD between DPO 189 to 271. LEW recipient of LEW grafts, under the same immunossupression were used as control and divided as: C1 - 6 rats sacrificed at POD 120; C2- 5 rats sacrificed between 223 and 270 POD the number of donor cell in the recipient circulation was determined by flowcytometry in 6 pos-operative time: 30, 65, 95, 120, 160, 200. The rats were analyzed twice a week for body weigh and searching for signs of GVHD (cutaneous rush, hiperkeratosis and loss of hair and body weigh). At the sacrificed, samples from tongue (TG), cervical lymph node (CLN), donor (SBD) and recipient (SBR) small bowel were taken from all animals for histophatology and from E1 and C1l animals for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa cytokines analysis using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Samples from cervical lynph nodes of 5 animals from group E2 were used for mixed lymphocyte reaction for tolerance analysis. The clinical and histophatological evolution of the disease were evaluated from degree 0 to 3 according to the severity. GVHD in E1 and E2 animals started between 84 and 115 POD. Histophatological analysis of TG and CLN showed that E1 animals present GVHD grade 2 and E2 animals grade 3. The increase of donors cells in the recipient circulation was progressive and account for 5.4± 2.3% at POD 30, 21.4±4.6% at POD 95 and 39.3±4% at POD 200. IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa were upregulated in CLN and IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa were upregulated in TG when compared with the respective controls. The lymphocytes from E2 group showed hyporeactivety to lymphocytes of normal ACI and hypereactivety to those of PVG, meaning tolerance. No cytokines alteration was noted in SBD neither SBR. Animals from group C1 and C2 did not present any sign of disease. This result show that GVHD is a inexoravel evolution under the experimental conditions of this study and the evolution of the disease is near correlated with the augmentation of the donor cells in the recipient circulation and upregulation of cytokines gene expression in target organs. Tolerance to the same donor strain lynphocytes was also noted.

A doença do enxerto versus hospedeiro (DEVH) é uma grave complicação do transplante de órgãos sólidos, com alta mortalidade. Seu estudo tem sido limitado pela carência de modelos experimentais apropriados. Descreve-se um modelo de DEVH baseado no aumento do quimerismo, sua evolução clínica, histopatológica, do número das células quiméricas, do perfil das citocinas e da tolerância imunológica. Ratos Lewis (LEW) foram submetidos a transplante simultâneo de intestino delgado e medula óssea provenientes de ratos ACI (grupo de estudo - E) ou LEW (grupo controle - C), tratados com FK-506 (1 mg/Kg/dia) entre o 0 e 13o PO, e uma dose semanal daí por diante. Os ratos foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: E1- 6 ratos sacrificados no 120o PO. E2- 8 ratos após apresentarem sinais clínicos graves de DEVH entre o 189o e o 271o PO. Como controle, ratos LEW foram receptores dos mesmos tipos de enxertos provenientes de ratos LEW, submetidos à mesma imunossupressão e foram assim divididos: C1- 6 ratos sacrificados no 120o PO, C2- 5 ratos sacrificados entre o 223o e o 270o PO. A citometria de fluxo foi realizada para quantificar a porcentagem das células linfóides de ACI doadores no sangue periférico nos E1, E2 em 6 períodos: 30o PO, 65o PO, 95o PO, 120o PO, 160o PO, 200o PO. Os animais foram examinados 2 vezes por semana à procura de sinais de DEVH (rash cutâneo, perda de peso, de pelo e hiperqueratose). No sacrifício dos animais do grupo E1 e C1, foram colhidas amostras de língua (LI), de linfonodos cervicais (LC), intestino delgado do receptor e do enxerto para análise das citocinas IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Em todos os grupos foram também colhidas amostras destes órgãos para histopatologia e nos animais do grupo E2 linfonodos cervicais foram processados para análise da reatividade celular por meio da reação mista dos linfócitos (MLR). A evolução clínica e histopatológica foi graduada de 0 a 3 de acordo com a severidade dos sintomas e do infiltrado mononuclear das amostras. Os ratos dos grupos E1 e E2 iniciaram sinais da DEVH entre o 84o e 115o PO. Os ratos dos grupos C1 e C2 não apresentaram evidência de DEVH. Amostras de LI e LC dos ratos do grupo E1 apresentaram alterações histopatológicas grau 2 e do grupo E2 apresentaram alterações histopatológicas grau 3, respectivamente. Nenhuma alteração histopatológica foi encontrada nos ratos do grupo controle e em amostras do ID. Nenhuma alteração histopatológica foi encontrada no intestino delgado do receptor e do enxerto. O aumento da porcentagem de células do doador no sangue periférico do receptor foi progressivo chegando a 5,4±2.3% no 10o período, 21±4,6% no 3o período e 39,3±4% no 6o período. IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gma e TNF-alfa estiveram aumentados em língua e IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa em linfonodos cervicais. Os linfócitos de ratos do grupo E2 mostraram hiporreatividade aos de ratos ACI e hiperreatividade aos de ratos PVG (terceira parte) denotando tolerância imunológica. Neste modelo experimental há uma inexorável evolução imunológica para DEVH; existe correlação direta entre o aumento do quimerismo em sangue periférico e da expressão de citocinas em língua e linfonodos cervicais e a severidade da DEVH, além da indução de tolerância imunológica do rato do grupo E2 quimérico ao rato ACI normal. / Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been a major concern after small bowel transplantation (SBTX) and the lack of suitable experimental models has limited the study of GVHD after solid organ transplantation. Here we describe a re1evant experimental model of GVHD after fully allogeneic SBTX based on chimerism augmentation, its clinical and histophatological evolution, cytokine involvement, responsible donor cell and immunologic tolerance analysis. LEW rat recipients received orthotopic SBTX and simultaneous donor bone marrow cell infusion (250x106), from ACI rats (experimental group - E) or LEW (control group C). FK-506 was administered dayly at a dose of 1 mg/kg on day 0 to 13, then continued as a weekly injection of same dose until the experimental end point. The recipients were divided in the following groups: E1 - 6 rats sacrificed at 120° POD. E2 - 8 rats sacrificed with critical GVHD between DPO 189 to 271. LEW recipient of LEW grafts, under the same immunossupression were used as control and divided as: C1 - 6 rats sacrificed at POD 120; C2- 5 rats sacrificed between 223 and 270 POD the number of donor cell in the recipient circulation was determined by flowcytometry in 6 pos-operative time: 30, 65, 95, 120, 160, 200. The rats were analyzed twice a week for body weigh and searching for signs of GVHD (cutaneous rush, hiperkeratosis and loss of hair and body weigh). At the sacrificed, samples from tongue (TG), cervical lymph node (CLN), donor (SBD) and recipient (SBR) small bowel were taken from all animals for histophatology and from E1 and C1l animals for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa cytokines analysis using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Samples from cervical lynph nodes of 5 animals from group E2 were used for mixed lymphocyte reaction for tolerance analysis. The clinical and histophatological evolution of the disease were evaluated from degree 0 to 3 according to the severity. GVHD in E1 and E2 animals started between 84 and 115 POD. Histophatological analysis of TG and CLN showed that E1 animals present GVHD grade 2 and E2 animals grade 3. The increase of donors cells in the recipient circulation was progressive and account for 5.4± 2.3% at POD 30, 21.4±4.6% at POD 95 and 39.3±4% at POD 200. IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa were upregulated in CLN and IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gama e TNF-alfa were upregulated in TG when compared with the respective controls. The lymphocytes from E2 group showed hyporeactivety to lymphocytes of normal ACI and hypereactivety to those of PVG, meaning tolerance. No cytokines alteration was noted in SBD neither SBR. Animals from group C1 and C2 did not present any sign of disease. This result show that GVHD is a inexoravel evolution under the experimental conditions of this study and the evolution of the disease is near correlated with the augmentation of the donor cells in the recipient circulation and upregulation of cytokines gene expression in target organs. Tolerance to the same donor strain lynphocytes was also noted.