The first eight chapters of this thesis describe a study of the magnetic effects of drilling on bore cores of sedimentary rocks. Extensive rock and palaeo- magnetic methods were used to investigate such effects in three collections of bore cores from the North Sea and Sellafield, U.K., and Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. It is evident that a drilling imposed remanent magnetisation (DIRM) resides in the North Sea and Prudhoe Bay bore cores which is characterised by symmetries in its intensity and direction relative to the core axis. Such DIRM correlated well with the theoretically modelled magnetic field at one end of a steel drill barrel. The DIRM intensity distribution also appeared to be correlated with variation in the radial remanence susceptibility (i.e. the capacity of remanence acquisition) in the North Sea and Prudhoe Bay cores and magnetic susceptibility in the North Sea cores. Simulation experiments of shock impact conducted on bore core materials suggests that shock/vibration of the drill barrel is the major process that is responsible for the radial variation in core magnetic properties. Titanomagnetite (including magnetite) and pyrrhotite are the major carriers of DIRM but there is no DIRM identified in bore cores in which hematite is the only ferromagnetic mineral. Chapter 9 describes a novel attempt in using fractal geometry to statistically depict the geomagnetic field reversal sequence. A fractal distribution is shown to occur for longer geomagnetic polarity intervals (> 0.28 Ma) in terms of a power law relationship between interval length and cumulative number for the last 158 Ma. A simulation study indicates that the deviation from the power law at shorter intervals (< 0.28 Ma) is caused by missing of short intervals due to the limit of resolving power. This is strongly supported by a fractal model (i.e. a Cantor set) introduced for relating the shortest polarity interval, the transition time and the fractal dimension. Normal and reversed polarity intervals have similar fractal dimensions, suggesting that there is no, statistically, fundamental difference between the two magnetic polarity states.

Yes / This paper aims to deepen and advance our understanding of the de-facto accountability processes and practices within Muslim non-governmental organisations (NGOs). We employ a three-fold accountability framework of felt, imposed and adaptive accountability, supported by insight from the Islamic perspective to elucidate our empirical findings. We adopt this framework because it enables us to localise the notions of accountability, allowing a more complete understanding of the de-facto nature of Muslim NGO accountability to emerge within the context of religious ideals and between accountabilities that are externally imposed and those that are internally generated.

In an effort to determine consumer opinions concerning a proposed standard for upholstered furniture, a consumer survey was conducted in June, 1977. One-hundred-three women completed a self-administered questionnaire. Information collected by the questionnaire included background information, consumer opinions, and experiences with fire. Since no significant relationships were found among variables, the data were analyzed by the use of frequency counts. The sample of women respondents was found to be composed mainly of middle aged, middle class women. Education of the sample was fairly high, nearly the entire sample had at least a high school education. Approximately half of the sample was employed either full-time or part-time. Consumer knowledge revealed by the questionnaire was that most respondents had some awareness of at least one flammability standard for textile products. Generally, most felt that the flame resistant quality in texti1e products was important. Responsbi1ity for protecting consumers from flammable upholstered furniture was placed on fabric manufacturers, furniture manufacturers or the government. The sample also generally responded that the government should pass laws to protect consumers or educate the public about the hazards of flammable upholstered furniture. Although most respondents did not feel it was consumers' responsibility to protect themselves against flammable upholstered furniture, most were willing to pay extra for the protection when buying upholstered furniture. Yet very few were willing to pay the amount estimated to be the added cost of making upholstered furniture flame resistant. Results of this research indicate that middle class, middle income, fairly well educated women are in favor of a flammability standard for upholstered furniture, but are not willing to pay the entire added cost of this protection. Although most of them were aware of flammability standards, most needed to be better educated as to which products have standards regarding flame resistance and which do not. / Master of Science

Prior to this exploratory study, issues of multiracial identity development and imposed identity had not been explored in great detail. This study sought to expand the current knowledge base by offering an examination of a) multiracial identity development for different bi/multiracial backgrounds, b) the influence of the perception of race on social interactions (imposed identity), and c) racial identification in the public and private spheres from the perspective of multi-racial individuals. A literature based survey was developed and piloted with an expert panel to increase face and content validity. For the larger study, participants were recruited using snowball and convenience sampling. Forty-five participants provided in-depth interviews and an additional 166 completed the online version of the survey. Respondents were primarily female (n = 132; 83%), 26-30 years old (n = 37; 23%), from the South (n = 57; 36%), unmarried (n = 106; 67%), childless (n = 97, 63%) and reported a yearly household income of over $95,001 (n = 36; 24%). Findings from this study support identity development literature as respondents indicated family members were most responsible for their perceptions of race, even in mixed-raced families. Respondents also indicated they had experienced imposed identity based on what others believed their race to be. Perceptions of power influenced whether or not respondents corrected others' mistaken assumptions. Additionally, respondents indicated their belief that, despite their variances in skin tone, we do not live in a color-blind society, despite widely spread claims that we live in a post-racial society. Further, respondents indicated racial cues (such as skin tone, hair texture, facial structure) are still used to categorize people according to race. Qualitative data provided specific examples of when and how multiracial respondents had experienced racism and/or benefitted from others' beliefs about their race based on skin tone alone. For example, one bi-racial respondent indicated he was placed in advanced classes in high school because he appeared as only Asian, while another indicated his race was questioned at a government agency because of how he looked, but had never experienced that problem when conducting the same business with his White mother present.

In South Africa, just as in a number of other countries around the world, the tax burden of individual taxpayers is a highly controversial issue that frequently arises as a topic of discussion. Studies and debates around the tax burden are often contradictory – to a large extent, this can be attributed to the lack of a comprehensive basis from which the tax burden of individual taxpayers in South Africa can be evaluated, especially from individual taxpayers’ point of view. The main objective in this study was to develop a conceptual framework for evaluating the tax burden of individual taxpayers in South Africa. In order to achieve this objective, it was essential to define, on the basis of a literature review, the construct of the imposed tax burden and the construct of the perceived tax burden. These definitions of the imposed and perceived tax burden, formulated on the basis of the literature, then served as a theoretical foundation for the development of the conceptual framework. The theoretical constructs underpinning the imposed tax burden were used to formulate a classification framework that provides criteria for classifying government imposts used by the South African government as sources of revenue to fund the public sector, according to their inherent characteristics, irrespective of the label given to a particular impost by the government. The results of this classification of government imposts in South Africa, combined with the theoretical constructs of the perceived tax burden derived from the literature, were used to formulate a conceptual framework for evaluating the tax burden of individual taxpayers in South Africa. The conceptual framework was then applied in a real-life context, using multiple households as case studies. The purpose of the case study research was to assess the validity of the theoretical constructs underpinning the conceptual framework in a real-life environment. The validity of these theoretical constructs was confirmed by the results of the data analysis in this study. Therefore, this study proposes a conceptual framework for evaluating the tax burden of individual taxpayers in South Africa, both objectively, in terms of the imposed tax burden, and subjectively, in terms of the perceived tax burden. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) är en psykisk sjukdom som drabbar föräldrar där barnet/barnen blir offer. Föräldrarna, ofta modern drivs av uppmärksamheten de får av sjukvården. Föräldrarna manipulerar sjukvårdspersonalen då de ofta blir indragna i misshandeln genom diverse behandlingar/ingrepp. Svårigheter med att påvisa misshandeln för allmänsjuksköterskan/sjukvårdspersonalen är svår då det sker i det tysta samt att kunskapen kring MSBP är liten. Vid all misstanke om att ett barn far illa har sjukvårdspersonalen anmälningsplikt och på så sätt kan barnens rättigheter enligt Barnkonventionen skyddas. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka faktorer som kan leda till tidig upptäckt av förälder med MSBP. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie baserad på case studies/case reports som innehåller narrativa berättelser som bygger på empiri och induktiv ansats. Litteraturstudien genomfördes utifrån Polit och Becks (2017) niostegsanalys.   Resultat: Fyra kategorier framkom. Vanliga symtom hos barnen, vanliga undersökningar av barnen, vanlig behandling av barnen samt beteenden hos barn respektive föräldrar. Slutsats: De faktorer som vårdpersonal ska vara uppmärksamma på är barns beteendeförändringar och förseningar i utvecklingen, föräldrar som för barnets talan, som ej lämnar barnets sida på sjukhuset samt vill ta och lämna in egna provmaterial från sitt barn. En annan faktor är familjer som frekvent söker vård för sitt barn eller varit inlagda trots att ingen sjukdom kunnat diagnostiseras eller bekräftats till följd av de diffusa symtomen som funnit hos barnen. Ytterligare en faktor är familjer som har haft många vårdkontakter och flyttar ofta. För att denna medvetenheten ska finnas behöver kunskap kring Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy spridas.

This study was divided into four sections: the literature review; the mechanism by which a package defect becomes a leak; and the imposed pressures generated within a package during distribution; comparison of the threshold leak size to the critical leak size and their effect on loss of package sterility; and the relationships between microorganism characterisitics and the threshold leak size, and their effect on the critical leak size. Section II. The mechanism by which a package defect converts to a leaker in an effort to develop a relationship between the threshold leak size and loss of package sterility was studied. The threshold leak size is the hole size at which the onset of leakage occurs. The threshold pressure is that which is required to initiate a leak. Leak initiation was studied in terms of the interaction between three components: liquid attributes of liquid food products, defect size, and pressures required to initiate liquid flow. Liquid surface tension, viscosity, and density were obtained for sixteen liquids. The imposed pressures (Po) required to initiate flow through microtubes of IDs 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 20 or 50 m, were measured using 63 test cells filled with safranin red dye, tryptic soy broth, and distilled water with surface tensions of 18.69 mN/m, 44.09 mN/m, and 64.67 mN/m, respectively. Significant differences were found between observed threshold pressures for safranin red dye, tryptic soy broth, and distilled water (p < 0.05). Liquids with small surface tensions such as safranin red dye required significantly lower threshold imposed pressures than liquids with large surface tensions such as distilled water (p < 0.05). An equation was developed to quantify the relationship between liquid surface tension, threshold imposed pressure, and defect size. Observed threshold pressures were not significantly different (p > 0.05) than those predicted by the equation. Imposed pressures and vacuums generated within packages during random vibration and sweep resonance tests were measured for brick-style aseptic packages (250 ml), metal cans size 76.2-mm x 114.3-mm (425 ml), quart gable top packages (946 ml), one-half gallon gable top packages (1.89 L) and one-gallon milk jugs (4.25 L). Significant differences were found between packages for observed generated pressures during vibration testing (p < 0.05). An equation to calculate the threshold like size based on liquid surface tension and imposed pressure was established. Section III. The onset of liquid flow through a defect as a result of imposed positive pressures or vacuum were linked to the sterility loss of a package. Five-hundred sixty-three test cells, each with microtubes of 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 20 or 50 m, manufactured to simulate packages with defects, were biochallenged via an aerosol concentration of 106 cells/cm3 of Pseudomonas fragi Lacy-1052, under conditions of imposed positive pressure or vacuum of 20.7, 13.8, 6.9, 0, -6.9, -13.8, -20.7 kPa, respectively and temperatures of 4 , 25 and 37 C. A statistically significant relationship between loss of sterility due to microbial ingress in test cells and the initiation of liquid flow were found (p < 0.05). Microbial ingress was not found in test cells with microtube IDs of 2 m. Leak sizes critical to the sterility maintenance were found to be different based on the liquid surface tension, and imposed package pressures. The threshold leak size where the onset of liquid flow was initiated, and the critical leak size at which loss of sterility occured were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Section IV. The effects of microorganism size and motility, and the imposed pressure required to initiate liquid flow, on the leak size critical to the sterility of a package were measured. Pseudomonas fragi Lacy-1052, Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 49337, and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 29007 were employed to indicate loss of package sterility. One hundred twenty-six microtubes with interior diameters (I.D.s) of 5, 10, and 20 m and 7 mm in length were used as the manufactured defects. Forty-two solid microtubes were used as a control. An equation was used to calculate imposed pressures sufficient to initiate the flow of tryptic soy broth through all defects. No significant differences were found for loss of sterility as a result of microbial ingress into test cells with microtube ID sizes of 5, 10, and 20 m between the test organisms (p > 0.05). Interactions between the initiation of liquid flow as a result of imposed pressures, and the sterility loss of test cells were significant (p < 0.05). / Ph. D.

This study explored the emerging Self-Imposed Activity Limitation (SIAL) theory among community dwelling elders. This theory was examined using the proposed Aging Well Conceptual model which was guided by Baltes' Selection, Optimization with Compensation model, Markus and Nurius' Envisioned Possible Selves theory, Kuypers and Bengtson's Social Breakdown Syndrome model, Bandura's Self-Efficacy theory, and Rotter's Locus of Control theory. The objectives of this study were to explore the relationships among multiple variables in a hierarchical model and to examine the explanatory power of the SIAL variables in predicting elders' well-being.A correlational descriptive design with a causal modeling approach was used employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques. The Aging Well model was tested through a secondary analysis of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) database selecting respondents aged 65-74 years.Two research questions guided this study. Research question one, how well does the Aging Well model fit with empirical sample data, was explored. The Aging Well model statistically approximated the MIDUS data after theoretical and statistical modifications and explained 76% of the variance of elder's well-being. The mediating effects of SIAL variables were determined by nested alternative model testing. Research question two, are the proposition statements in the Aging Well model valid, and was demonstrated empirically by the expected patterns of correlation and covariance among most of the variables in the Aging Well model.SIAL as a composite factor had a large positive effect on elder's well-being. Elders' perceived constraints and perception of aging had no direct effect on well-being. The influences of these two factors on well-being were mediated by a common factor, SIAL. These findings supported the emerging SIAL theory by suggesting that the optimal use of SIAL would lead to adaptive outcomes promoting elders' well-being. In addition, SIAL mediated the effects of elders' sense of control and perception of aging on well-being. The full range of SIAL could not be examined due to limitations inherent in secondary data analysis.

La problématique de ce travail consiste à s’interroger sur la définition de la peinture de guerre et sur son devenir après la guerre, sur l’histoire de la peinture de guerre en Iran, sur l’interprétation de la guerre par les artistes, sur les éventuelles commandes. Comment cette peinture a-t-elle commencé en Iran ? Quel est le point de vue des peintres iraniens sur la guerre et sur les peintures de guerre ? Ont-ils critiqué la guerre dans leurs peintures ? Y a-t-il des foyers pour la création de ce type d'œuvres en Iran qui ont commandé aux peintres et si oui à quel but ? Ce travail comporte quatre parties, sans compter l’introduction et la conclusion. La première partie est un regard sociologique sur la révolution islamique et sur la guerre Iran-Irak. Les raisons pour las quelles cette guerre est devenue un phénomène social, ainsi que les raisons par lesquelles les artistes iraniens ont employés cette guerre dans leurs œuvres. Ayant un regard sur la peinture contemporaine de l’Iran, l’axe principal de cette présente thèse est la présentation des onze peintres connus comme les peintres de la guerre, et l’analyse 112 œuvres représentant la guerre et ses significations. Enfin, la troisième partie concerne l’analyser les peintures par l’aspect esthétique et sociologique. / The definition of war painting and its future after the war, the history of war painting in Iran, the interpretation of the war by the artists are considered the complications of this work. How did war painting start in Iran ? What is the point of view of Iranian painters on the war and war painting? Have they criticized the war in their paintings ? When it comes to creation of such works in Iran, who ordered the painters and if so to what purpose? Are these works exhibited in museums, galleries, foreign countries or elsewhere yet ? This work consists of three parts, besides introduction and conclusion. The first part is a sociological perspective on the war in Iran. The main focus of the present thesis is the presentation of painters known as the war / Sacred Defense painters, and analysis of their work by the war and its meanings. In this section, we presented eleven painters and analyzed 112 paintings, from which some works are from four women painters. Finally, we presented the artistic centers producing the art of sacred defense. And we studied the topics in the works, the symbols used, and the styles discussed. we studied the sociological works representing the sacred defense and its support for artists with the social and political movements, the influence of the painting of the sacred defense and social issues, sacred defense painting "art for art" or "art for the people", etc.

Social pressure for sustainability has become a significant factor in Australian business. Made popular by a variety of diverse social movements that employ various tactics, sustainability is increasingly being debated in boardrooms and work areas of both large and small businesses. In this research, sustainability issues are treated as a set of a wider range of obligatory and externally imposed (OEI) issues that are increasingly confronting contemporary business. Of interest to this research is how senior managers deal with sustainability issues. While some businesses excel in dealing with OEI issues, others prevaricate. This research focuses on those businesses that appear to excel in resolving sustainability issues to explore how senior managers deal with sustainability issues. Such understanding is essential for contemporary practising senior managers, as it provides guidance for management behaviour that will enable sustainability and other OEI issues to be dealt with. The author's effort to understand how senior managers deal with sustainability issues has led to the first business context application of Harré's positioning theory. A social constructionist approach, positioning theory is concerned with ordinary conversations, and presumes that these are the building blocks of all other discursive phenomena. The resulting theory builds on positioning theory and provides a point of departure to conduct related research on other organizations that excel in dealing with OEI issues and those that prevaricate. With positioning theory it has been shown that, in dealing with sustainability issues, senior managers engage in a range of positioning of themselves and others. In doing so, power and knowledge have been considered in the light of Foucault's unique and penetrating concepts. This has led to the proposed augmentation of positioning theory to include a concept of social flux, which is put forward as an indication of social order or culture. Through this development, it has shown how senior managers confront opposition and reinforce support to enable them to achieve and preserve sustainability objectives. In practical terms, senior managers alter four components of the social order to align the culture with the issues that need to be dealt with. These components - rights, duties, morals and actions - are parameters that senior managers tune or level when they deal with sustainability issues. When the social order is appropriately tuned or levelled, it is aligned with the issues that need to be dealt with. That alignment enables issues to be resolved in a way appropriate for the organization.