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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Etude du comportement d'additifs polymères épaississants dans les huiles moteur / Study of thickening bahavior of polymer additives in engine oils

Dorenge, Justine 02 July 2018 (has links)
La réduction de la consommation en carburant des voitures est une préoccupation importante. L'objectif est de réduire les frottements entre pièces mobiles du moteur à travers la formulation du lubrifiant.Un lubrifiant est composé d'une huile de base et d'additifs afin d'ajuster les propriétés de l'huile moteur. En particulier, des polymères sont utilisés pour limiter la perte de viscosité avec la température afin de protéger au mieux les pièces du moteur. Le fonctionnement de ce type d'additifs, appelés améliorants de viscosité (AVI), est basé sur le gonflement avec la température des chaines polymères. Le paramètre le plus important à prendre en compte dans la formulation d'un lubrifiant est sa viscosité ainsi que sa dépendance en température. Le but de ce travail a été d'étudier l'influence de polymères AVI récemment commercialisés afin de sélectionner le plus efficace dans le cadre d'une application moteur, tout en éclaircissant les mécanismes d'action en jeu à l'échelle moléculaire dans ce type de systèmes. Les propriétés rhéologiques de poly(alkyle méthacrylates) en solution ont été étudiées à l'aide de tests standards dans le but de comprendre l'influence des lubrifiants sous pression et dans des conditions confinées. La dégradation de ce type de polymère a également été considérée à travers un test standard afin de vérifier si les performances du polymère sont conservées dans le temps. Les comportements en dégradation et en tribologie ont pu être rationalisés par des considérations de volume occupé par le polymère. / The reduction of car fuel consumption is one of the biggest concerns for oil companies. It involves the reduction of friction between moving parts through the formulation of lubricants.A lubricant is composed of base oil and several additives used to improve the properties of engine oils. Polymeric compounds are used to limit the decrease of viscosity with temperatures to efficiently protect the motor. This type of additives, called Viscosity Index Improver (VII), is based on the swelling of polymer chains with temperature. The most important parameter in the lubricant formulation is the viscosity and its dependance on temperature. The aim of the work was to study the influence of recently developed families of VII additives in different base oils in ordrer to select the most efficient type of polymer for engine lubricant uses, by understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible of the VII behavior. Various polyalkylmethacrylates were investigated to establishing the rheological properties of the solutions, namely as a function of temperature (dependence of intrinsic viscosity). For a given base oil, the efficiency of a VII varies with its chemical structure, its molecular weight and its concentration. Then, tribological properties were investigated using standard tests with the aim to obtain an overview of the lubricant's behavior under pressure. We also considered the degradation of this kind of polymers in a representative test in order to check the performance's durability. Degradation and tribological behaviors were rationalized in terms of volume occupied by polymer chains.
2

Cetano skaičių didinančio priedo įtaka rapsų aliejumi veikiančio dyzelinio variklio darbo ir deginių emisijos rodikliams / The effect of the cetane number improving additive on the performance and emission of the exhaust of diesel engine operating on rapeseed oil

Tarvainis, Vytautas 16 June 2014 (has links)
Aleksandro Stulginskio Universitete, Transporto ir Jėgos Mašinų Inžinerijos Institute, atliktais tyrimais nustatyta, kad vieno cilindro tiesioginio įpurškimo dyzelinis variklis (,,Oruva“ F1L511) maitinamas pagerintu, 0,08; 0,12; 0,20vol% cetaninį skaičių (CS) didinančiu priedu, rapsų aliejumi (RA), gali efektyviai veikti ir išskirti mažesnę, kai kurių emisijos komponentų dalį. Dyzelinio variklio išvystytas didžiausias efektyvusis slėgis siekė 0,57MPa, varikliui veikiant 2000 min-1 sūkių dažniu. Variklio minimaliosios lyginamosios efektyviosios degalų sąnaudos sumažėjo nuo 272g/kWh iki 268g/kWh tai yra 1,5% panaudojus 0,12vol% cetaninį skaičių didinantį priedą rapsų aliejuje. Deginių dūmingumas sumažėjo 45% vidutinės (pe=0,4MPa) ir 40% didžiausios (pe=0,57MPa) apkrovos srityje atitinkamai panaudojus 0,12vol% ir 0,20vol% cetaninį skaičių didinantį priedą rapsų aliejuje. Bandymų metu didžiausias ƞe=0,364 variklio efektyvusis naudingumo koeficientas buvo pasiektas variklį maitinant 0,12vol% cetaninį skaičių didinančiu priedu apdorotu rapsų aliejumi ir jam išvysčius 5,3 kW efektyviąją galią. Tačiau mažesnės ir didesnės variklio išvystomos efektyviosios galios srityse aukštesnis variklio efektyvusis naudingumas buvo bazinio rapsų aliejaus naudojimo atveju. / Studies conducted at Aleksandas Stulginskis University (ASU) of Transport and Power Machinery Engineering Institute showed that a single-cylinder, air-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine (" Oruva " F1L511 ) can be with rapeseed oil treated with 0.08vol%, 0.12vol% and 0.20vol% the cetane number (CN) improving agent. Diesel engine developed the maximum effective pressure of 0.57MPa when running at 2000 rpm speed. Using of 0.12vol% of the cetane number improving agent (2-ethylheksyl-nitrate) to rapeseed oil the brake specific fuel consumption reduced in the range 272 g/kWh to 268 g/kWh, i.e. 1.5% when running at moderate (pe=0.38MPa) load and 2000 rpm speed. As a result of 0.12vol% the smoke opacity decreased by 45% at moderate (pe=0.4MPa) and 40% at maximum (pe=0.57MPa) load. During the tests, the highest ƞe=0.364 effective efficiency engine was when running on rapeseed oil treated with 0.12vol% cetane improving agent developed at the power output of 5.3 kW.
3

Avaliação da substituição parcial da farinha de trigo nas propriedades de pães do tipo francês / Evaluation of the partial substitution of wheat flour in the properties of French-type breads

Alcântara, Rafael Grassi de 25 April 2017 (has links)
O pão francês é um produto consumido diariamente, composto majoritariamente por farinha de trigo. A utilização da farinha de trigo pode ser questionada em relação ao seu baixo valor nutricional e alto preço, devido à dependência do Brasil pela importação do trigo. São escassos os estudos que visam à fabricação de pães do tipo francês com diferentes farinhas, sendo um mercado a ser explorado. Assim, o objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o efeito da adição das farinhas de milho (FM), de arroz (FA) e de banana verde (FB), em substituição parcial à farinha de trigo, na produção de pães do tipo francês. Para isso foram utilizados três planejamentos fatoriais 2², onde a concentração da farinha substituta (FM, FA ou FB) e a concentração do melhorador químico foram as variáveis independentes. Os pães foram avaliados tecnologicamente, em relação ao conteúdo de água, perda de água durante o assamento, volume específico, perfil de textura, porosidade do miolo, cor do miolo e da crosta, assim como a força máxima de cisalhamento. Através da análise de variância (ANOVA) com um nível de confiança de 95% verificou-se a significância e preditividade das respostas estudadas. Dessa forma, pode-se observar que para os pães produzidos com farinha de milho apresentaram significância e preditividade os modelos gerados para as respostas volume específico do pão assado, elasticidade, força de cisalhamento, parâmetro de cor a* do miolo, e L*, a*, e b* da crosta. Para os pães produzidos com farinha de arroz apenas os modelos gerados para as respostas perda de água, volume específico, fração vazia, densidade celular e força de cisalhamento foram significativos e preditivos. Já para a farinha de banana verde os modelos gerados para as respostas perda de água durante o assamento, força de cisalhamento, fração vazia do miolo, área média celular, perímetro médio celular, parâmetros de cor L*, a* e b* do miolo e da crosta dos pães foram significativos e preditivos. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que a produção de pães do tipo francês a partir da substituição da farinha de trigo pelas FM, FA e FB é tecnicamente viável, verificado através das diversas caracterizações dos produtos, demostrando a importância do presente estudo, e definição de perspectivas para a continuação da pesquisa. / French-type bread is a product consumed daily, composed mostly of wheat flour. The use of wheat flour could be questioned in relation to its nutritional value and high price, due to the Brazil´s dependence on wheat imports. There are few studies that investigate the production of french-type bread with different flours, being a market to be widely explored. Thus, the aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of the addition of maize (FM), rice (FA) and green banana (FB) flour, in partial substitution to wheat flour in the production of french-type bread. For this purpose, three factorial designs 2² were used, where the concentration of the substitute flour (FM, FA or FB) and the concentration of the baking improver were the independent variables. The loaves were evaluated technologically in relation to the water content, loss of water during the roasting, specific volume, texture profile, crumb porosity, crust and crumb color, as well as the maximum shear force. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a confidence level of 95% verified the significance and predictivity of the responses studied. In this way, it could be observed that for the breads produced with corn flour, the models generated for the specific bread volume, elasticity, shear force, color parameter a * of the crumb, and L*, a* and b* of the crust were significant and predictive. For breads produced with rice flour only the models generated for the responses water loss, specific volume, void fraction, cell density and shear force were significant and predictive. For the green banana flour, the models generated for the responses of water loss during baking, shear force, void fraction, mean cell area, mean cell perimeter, L *, a * and b * color parameters of the crumb and crust were significant and predictive. Thus, it could be concluded that the production of French-type breads from the substitution of wheat flour by FM, FA and FB is technically feasible, verified through the various characterizations of the products, demonstrating the importance of the present study, and definition the perspectives for further research.
4

Avaliação da substituição parcial da farinha de trigo nas propriedades de pães do tipo francês / Evaluation of the partial substitution of wheat flour in the properties of French-type breads

Rafael Grassi de Alcântara 25 April 2017 (has links)
O pão francês é um produto consumido diariamente, composto majoritariamente por farinha de trigo. A utilização da farinha de trigo pode ser questionada em relação ao seu baixo valor nutricional e alto preço, devido à dependência do Brasil pela importação do trigo. São escassos os estudos que visam à fabricação de pães do tipo francês com diferentes farinhas, sendo um mercado a ser explorado. Assim, o objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o efeito da adição das farinhas de milho (FM), de arroz (FA) e de banana verde (FB), em substituição parcial à farinha de trigo, na produção de pães do tipo francês. Para isso foram utilizados três planejamentos fatoriais 2², onde a concentração da farinha substituta (FM, FA ou FB) e a concentração do melhorador químico foram as variáveis independentes. Os pães foram avaliados tecnologicamente, em relação ao conteúdo de água, perda de água durante o assamento, volume específico, perfil de textura, porosidade do miolo, cor do miolo e da crosta, assim como a força máxima de cisalhamento. Através da análise de variância (ANOVA) com um nível de confiança de 95% verificou-se a significância e preditividade das respostas estudadas. Dessa forma, pode-se observar que para os pães produzidos com farinha de milho apresentaram significância e preditividade os modelos gerados para as respostas volume específico do pão assado, elasticidade, força de cisalhamento, parâmetro de cor a* do miolo, e L*, a*, e b* da crosta. Para os pães produzidos com farinha de arroz apenas os modelos gerados para as respostas perda de água, volume específico, fração vazia, densidade celular e força de cisalhamento foram significativos e preditivos. Já para a farinha de banana verde os modelos gerados para as respostas perda de água durante o assamento, força de cisalhamento, fração vazia do miolo, área média celular, perímetro médio celular, parâmetros de cor L*, a* e b* do miolo e da crosta dos pães foram significativos e preditivos. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que a produção de pães do tipo francês a partir da substituição da farinha de trigo pelas FM, FA e FB é tecnicamente viável, verificado através das diversas caracterizações dos produtos, demostrando a importância do presente estudo, e definição de perspectivas para a continuação da pesquisa. / French-type bread is a product consumed daily, composed mostly of wheat flour. The use of wheat flour could be questioned in relation to its nutritional value and high price, due to the Brazil´s dependence on wheat imports. There are few studies that investigate the production of french-type bread with different flours, being a market to be widely explored. Thus, the aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of the addition of maize (FM), rice (FA) and green banana (FB) flour, in partial substitution to wheat flour in the production of french-type bread. For this purpose, three factorial designs 2² were used, where the concentration of the substitute flour (FM, FA or FB) and the concentration of the baking improver were the independent variables. The loaves were evaluated technologically in relation to the water content, loss of water during the roasting, specific volume, texture profile, crumb porosity, crust and crumb color, as well as the maximum shear force. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a confidence level of 95% verified the significance and predictivity of the responses studied. In this way, it could be observed that for the breads produced with corn flour, the models generated for the specific bread volume, elasticity, shear force, color parameter a * of the crumb, and L*, a* and b* of the crust were significant and predictive. For breads produced with rice flour only the models generated for the responses water loss, specific volume, void fraction, cell density and shear force were significant and predictive. For the green banana flour, the models generated for the responses of water loss during baking, shear force, void fraction, mean cell area, mean cell perimeter, L *, a * and b * color parameters of the crumb and crust were significant and predictive. Thus, it could be concluded that the production of French-type breads from the substitution of wheat flour by FM, FA and FB is technically feasible, verified through the various characterizations of the products, demonstrating the importance of the present study, and definition the perspectives for further research.

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