This dissertation describes a new methodology for multi-modal (2-D + 3-D) face modeling and recognition. There are advantages in using each modality for face recognition. For example, the problems of pose variation and illumination condition, which cannot be resolved easily by using the 2-D data, can be handled by using the 3-D data. However, texture, which is provided by 2-D data, is an important cue that cannot be ignored. Therefore, we use both the 2-D and 3-D modalities for face recognition and fuse the results of face recognition by each modality to boost the overall performance of the system. In this dissertation, we consider two different cases for multi-modal face modeling and recognition. In the first case, the 2-D and 3-D data are registered. In this case we develop a unified graph model called Attributed Relational Graph (ARG) for face modeling and recognition. Based on the ARG model, the 2-D and 3-D data are included in a single model. The developed ARG model consists of nodes, edges, and mutual relations. The nodes of the graph correspond to the landmark points that are extracted by an improved Active Shape Model (ASM) technique. In order to extract the facial landmarks robustly, we improve the Active Shape Model technique by using the color information. Then, at each node of the graph, we calculate the response of a set of log-Gabor filters applied to the facial image texture and shape information (depth values); these features are used to model the local structure of the face at each node of the graph. The edges of the graph are defined based on Delaunay triangulation and a set of mutual relations between the sides of the triangles are defined. The mutual relations boost the final performance of the system. The results of face matching using the 2-D and 3-D attributes and the mutual relations are fused at the score level. In the second case, the 2-D and 3-D data are not registered. This lack of registration could be due to different reasons such as time lapse between the data acquisitions. Therefore, the 2-D and 3-D modalities are modeled independently. For the 3-D modality, we developed a fully automated system for 3-D face modeling and recognition based on ridge images. The problem with shape matching approaches such as Iterative Closest Points (ICP) or Hausdorff distance is the computational complexity. We model the face by 3-D binary ridge images and use them for matching. In order to match the ridge points (either using the ICP or the Hausdorff distance), we extract three facial landmark points: namely, the two inner corners of the eyes and the tip of the nose, on the face surface using the Gaussian curvature. These three points are used for initial alignment of the constructed ridge images. As a result of using ridge points, which are just a fraction of the total points on the surface of the face, the computational complexity of the matching is reduced by two orders of magnitude. For the 2-D modality, we model the face using an Attributed Relational Graph. The results of the 2-D and 3-D matching are fused at the score level. There are various techniques to fuse the 2-D and 3-D modalities. In this dissertation, we fuse the matching results at the score level to enhance the overall performance of our face recognition system. We compare the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence and the weighted sum rule for fusion. We evaluate the performance of the above techniques for multi-modal face recognition on various databases such as Gavab range database, FRGC (Face Recognition Grand Challenge) V2.0, and the University of Miami face database.

One of the central problems in computer vision is the automatic recognition of object classes. In particular, the detection of the class of human faces is a problem that generates special interest due to the large number of applications that require face detection as a first step. In this thesis we approach the problem of face detection as a joint detection and segmentation problem, in order to precisely localize faces with pixel accurate masks. Even though this is our primary goal, in finding a solution we have tried to create a general framework as independent as possible of the type of object being searched. For that purpose, the technique relies on a hierarchical region-based image model, the Binary Partition Tree, where objects are obtained by the union of regions in an image partition. In this work, this model is optimized for the face detection and segmentation tasks. Different merging and stopping criteria are proposed and compared through a large set of experiments. In the proposed system the intra-class variability of faces is managed within a learning framework. The face class is characterized using a set of descriptors measured on the tree nodes, and a set of one-class classifiers. The system is formed by two strong classifiers. First, a cascade of binary classifiers simplifies the search space, and afterwards, an ensemble of more complex classifiers performs the final classification of the tree nodes. The system is extensively tested on different face data sets, producing accurate segmentations and proving to be quite robust to variations in scale, position, orientation, lighting conditions and background complexity. We show that the technique proposed for faces can be easily adapted to detect other object classes. Since the construction of the image model does not depend on any object class, different objects can be detected and segmented using the appropriate object model on the same image model. New object models can be easily built by selecting and training a suitable set of descriptors and classifiers. Finally, a tracking mechanism is proposed. It combines the efficiency of the mean-shift algorithm with the use of regions to track and segment faces through a video sequence, where both the face and the camera may move. The method is extended to deal with other deformable objects, using a region-based graph-cut method for the final object segmentation at each frame. Experiments show that both mean-shift based trackers produce accurate segmentations even in difficult scenarios such as those with similar object and background colors and fast camera and object movements. Lloc i / Un dels problemes més importants en l'àrea de visió artificial és el reconeixement automàtic de classes d'objectes. En particular, la detecció de la classe de cares humanes és un problema que genera especial interès degut al gran nombre d'aplicacions que requereixen com a primer pas detectar les cares a l'escena. A aquesta tesis s'analitza el problema de detecció de cares com un problema conjunt de detecció i segmentació, per tal de localitzar de manera precisa les cares a l'escena amb màscares que arribin a precisions d'un píxel. Malgrat l'objectiu principal de la tesi és aquest, en el procés de trobar una solució s'ha intentat crear un marc de treball general i tan independent com fos possible del tipus d'objecte que s'està buscant. Amb aquest propòsit, la tècnica proposada fa ús d'un model jeràrquic d'imatge basat en regions, l'arbre binari de particions (BPT: Binary Partition Tree), en el qual els objectes s'obtenen com a unió de regions que provenen d'una partició de la imatge. En aquest treball, s'ha optimitzat el model per a les tasques de detecció i segmentació de cares. Per això, es proposen diferents criteris de fusió i de parada, els quals es comparen en un conjunt ampli d'experiments. En el sistema proposat, la variabilitat dins de la classe cara s'estudia dins d'un marc de treball d'aprenentatge automàtic. La classe cara es caracteritza fent servir un conjunt de descriptors, que es mesuren en els nodes de l'arbre, així com un conjunt de classificadors d'una única classe. El sistema està format per dos classificadors forts. Primer s'utilitza una cascada de classificadors binaris que realitzen una simplificació de l'espai de cerca i, posteriorment, s'aplica un conjunt de classificadors més complexes que produeixen la classificació final dels nodes de l'arbre. El sistema es testeja de manera exhaustiva sobre diferents bases de dades de cares, sobre les quals s'obtenen segmentacions precises provant així la robustesa del sistema en front a variacions d'escala, posició, orientació, condicions d'il·luminació i complexitat del fons de l'escena. A aquesta tesi es mostra també que la tècnica proposada per cares pot ser fàcilment adaptable a la detecció i segmentació d'altres classes d'objectes. Donat que la construcció del model d'imatge no depèn de la classe d'objecte que es pretén buscar, es pot detectar i segmentar diferents classes d'objectes fent servir, sobre el mateix model d'imatge, el model d'objecte apropiat. Nous models d'objecte poden ser fàcilment construïts mitjançant la selecció i l'entrenament d'un conjunt adient de descriptors i classificadors. Finalment, es proposa un mecanisme de seguiment. Aquest mecanisme combina l'eficiència de l'algorisme mean-shift amb l'ús de regions per fer el seguiment i segmentar les cares al llarg d'una seqüència de vídeo a la qual tant la càmera com la cara es poden moure. Aquest mètode s'estén al cas de seguiment d'altres objectes deformables, utilitzant una versió basada en regions de la tècnica de graph-cut per obtenir la segmentació final de l'objecte a cada imatge. Els experiments realitzats mostren que les dues versions del sistema de seguiment basat en l'algorisme mean-shift produeixen segmentacions acurades, fins i tot en entorns complicats com ara quan l'objecte i el fons de l'escena presenten colors similars o quan es produeix un moviment ràpid, ja sigui de la càmera o de l'objecte.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Today the Brazilian cities have been the site of violent acts as consequence of the raise in the criminality, car accidents, violent sport activities, fall and interpersonal aggressions. Under the dentistry perspective, one should give attention to the face because it has been the target of constant traumas and lesions once it is the first contact in the interaction between the people. This work had the objective of diagnosing and analyzing the current state of the assistance to the face trauma victims in the state of Sergipe in what concerns the structure and the operation of the reference services (hospitals and ambulatories) of medium and high complexity. It was identified some relevant points about the assistance of victims of those traumas. The methodology used in this work was the descriptive explanatory study on seven pole-municipal districts in the health regions of the state of Sergipe. It was applied a questionary with 17 opened, closed and mixed questions. They were answered by the managers (coordinators and directors of the personnel of the hospitals and ambulatories staff) from each service of reference service. The data were submitted to the descriptive statistic analysis by means of distribution in percentage of the results. They pointed out that 65.1% of the units are precariously physically structured to assist somebody victim of trauma in the face. While 34.9% were satisfactorily prepared in structural terms to this activity. In what concerns the operation of those units, 61.6% presented failures on that category while 38.4% showed that they work satisfactorily. Those results had shown fragilities in the system of assistance system to the face trauma victim, once considering that they are units of reference. It allowed doing some suggestions to minimize the problem. / Atualmente, as cidades brasileiras têm sido palco de atos violentos decorrentes do aumento da criminalidade, dos acidentes automobilísticos, das atividades esportivas violentas, das quedas e agressões interpessoais. Sob o ponto de vista da Odontologia, deve-se dar atenção para a face, que tem sido alvo de constantes traumas e lesões, pelo fato de ser o primeiro contato de interação entre as pessoas. Este trabalho tem como finalidade diagnosticar e analisar a atual situação do atendimento ao traumatizado de face no Estado de Sergipe no tocante à estrutura e ao funcionamento dos serviços de referência (hospitais e ambulatórios) de média e alta complexidade. Foram verificados alguns pontos relevantes quanto ao atendimento das vítimas desses traumas. A metodologia empregada foi um estudo exploratório descritivo em sete Municípios-Pólo das regiões de saúde do Estado de Sergipe. Foi aplicado formulário contendo 17 perguntas abertas, fechadas e mistas, as quais foram respondidas pelos gestores (coordenadores e diretores de equipe dos hospitais e ambulatórios) de cada serviço de referência. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, por meio da distribuição em percentagem dos resultados encontrados e evidenciaram que 65,1% das unidades estudadas estão precariamente estruturadas fisicamente para atender à pessoa vítima de trauma de face, enquanto que 34,9% estão satisfatoriamente preparadas em termos estruturais para esta atividade. No tocante ao funcionamento destas unidades, 61,6% apresentaram falhas nesta categoria, enquanto que 38,4% revelaram que funcionam satisfatoriamente. Esses resultados apontam fragilidades no sistema de atendimento ao traumatizado de face, considerando que são unidades de referência, permitindo que se façam sugestões no sentido de minimizar o problema.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Today the Brazilian cities have been the site of violent acts as consequence of the raise in the criminality, car accidents, violent sport activities, fall and interpersonal aggressions. Under the dentistry perspective, one should give attention to the face because it has been the target of constant traumas and lesions once it is the first contact in the interaction between the people. This work had the objective of diagnosing and analyzing the current state of the assistance to the face trauma victims in the state of Sergipe in what concerns the structure and the operation of the reference services (hospitals and ambulatories) of medium and high complexity. It was identified some relevant points about the assistance of victims of those traumas. The methodology used in this work was the descriptive explanatory study on seven pole-municipal districts in the health regions of the state of Sergipe. It was applied a questionary with 17 opened, closed and mixed questions. They were answered by the managers (coordinators and directors of the personnel of the hospitals and ambulatories staff) from each service of reference service. The data were submitted to the descriptive statistic analysis by means of distribution in percentage of the results. They pointed out that 65.1% of the units are precariously physically structured to assist somebody victim of trauma in the face. While 34.9% were satisfactorily prepared in structural terms to this activity. In what concerns the operation of those units, 61.6% presented failures on that category while 38.4% showed that they work satisfactorily. Those results had shown fragilities in the system of assistance system to the face trauma victim, once considering that they are units of reference. It allowed doing some suggestions to minimize the problem. / Atualmente, as cidades brasileiras têm sido palco de atos violentos decorrentes do aumento da criminalidade, dos acidentes automobilísticos, das atividades esportivas violentas, das quedas e agressões interpessoais. Sob o ponto de vista da Odontologia, deve-se dar atenção para a face, que tem sido alvo de constantes traumas e lesões, pelo fato de ser o primeiro contato de interação entre as pessoas. Este trabalho tem como finalidade diagnosticar e analisar a atual situação do atendimento ao traumatizado de face no Estado de Sergipe no tocante à estrutura e ao funcionamento dos serviços de referência (hospitais e ambulatórios) de média e alta complexidade. Foram verificados alguns pontos relevantes quanto ao atendimento das vítimas desses traumas. A metodologia empregada foi um estudo exploratório descritivo em sete Municípios-Pólo das regiões de saúde do Estado de Sergipe. Foi aplicado formulário contendo 17 perguntas abertas, fechadas e mistas, as quais foram respondidas pelos gestores (coordenadores e diretores de equipe dos hospitais e ambulatórios) de cada serviço de referência. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, por meio da distribuição em percentagem dos resultados encontrados e evidenciaram que 65,1% das unidades estudadas estão precariamente estruturadas fisicamente para atender à pessoa vítima de trauma de face, enquanto que 34,9% estão satisfatoriamente preparadas em termos estruturais para esta atividade. No tocante ao funcionamento destas unidades, 61,6% apresentaram falhas nesta categoria, enquanto que 38,4% revelaram que funcionam satisfatoriamente. Esses resultados apontam fragilidades no sistema de atendimento ao traumatizado de face, considerando que são unidades de referência, permitindo que se façam sugestões no sentido de minimizar o problema.

The diploma thesis deals with current problems of person identification and deep learning. Furthermore, the work deals mainly with obtaining quality and diverse data that are used to train deep learning with convolutional neural networks for face recognition. There is very little public access to such data, so the practical part focuses on creating the MakeHuman plugin that will generate a database of random face images. It is possible to generate faces according to five different scenarios in which purely random faces or faces where the same can be seen with modifications such as different hair, beard, hat, glasses and more are created. The scenarios also allow you to generate faces with some expressions or faces as they age. You can set some parameters that give the appearance of the resulting database in the plugin. This can include face images from different angles of rotation, zooming and lighting.

This work describes ways to use a person identification based on faces on mobile devices with Android platform. A reader is introduced into a structure of this system and a way to create applications for it. Besides, there are also methods usable to the face identification. Some of these methods (used in an implementation) are described in more detail. This work also contains a description of model AAM (Active Appearance Model) for implementing in mobile devices and evaluation of used algorithms results.

Main object of this work is to design and implement the algorithm for look direction determination, respectively the head movement. More specifically, it is a system that searches face in the video and then detects points, suitable for view direction estimation of tracked person. Estimation is realized using searching transformation, which has been performed on key points during head movement. For accuracy enhancement the calibration frames are used. Calibration frames determines the key points transformation in defined view directions. Main result is an application able to determine deflection of head from straight position in horizontal and vertical direction for tracked person. Output doesn't contain only information about deflection direction, but it also contains the size of deflection.

The way we understand community fundamentally structures the way we approach justice. In opposition to totalizing structures of justice founded upon an ontological conception of community, Emmanuel Levinas conceives the possibility of a political or social structure of difference. I argue that the conceptions of community presented by Kant and Heidegger, either as a harmonious, unified being in common, or as a common-identity disclosed beneath the ontological horizon of being-with, necessarily leads to violence. This violence is reflected in the forms of justice instantiated by these philosophies, which privilege the ‘light’ of the universal over the particularity of individuals in the face-to-face encounter, ultimately corrupting and nullifying one’s anarchic moral responsibility for the Other. The intent of this thesis is to argue that justice can only remain just if it is seen, not on the basis of a communal ‘light’ that absorbs, integrates, and incorporates the Other as an element of a system, but as founded on the anarchic responsibility of the one-for-the-Other. Justice, I will show, cannot be seen as an aim of a community—complete and self-sufficient—in achieving an end, but as a rupture, a disturbance, as a call made among a multitude of particular, unique Others by which ethics (the face-to-face) is fundamental.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 G66 / Master of Science

This paper aim to give a new perspective to science about service worker and their difficult situation between the organization and the customer. By using Goffman´s theories about how we act and define ourselves by others I hope to give a new dimension to understand what happens in the meeting between a customer and a service-worker. The essay is based on a category of service-worker called “servicerådgivare”. They are the ones who are between the car owner and the mechanics. Their job is to receive the cars in the morning and inform the customer of what has been done at the end of the day. During this process they are supposed to satisfy the customer while following the instructions from the organization, which leads to a tricky middle position. Theories about how people act and establish different faces are used to understand how the service worker always have to change face to different customers. It also discusses how a person can feel when being told to do one thing (by the company) and morally feel like doing another thing to satisfy the customer. Some researchers claim that this could make them feel bad and that working with customers all day may lead to social exhaustion. Trying to increase the understanding for people working in service work interviews and observations where used to form the material and the basis for my final discussion. Some comments from customers are also used to see what expectations they have on the service worker. The founding’s in this study is that “servicerådgivarna” have a hard time trying to balance between the organizational demands and the customer´s expectations. Many time lacks of resources are the biggest trouble and makes them improvise, which some finds satisfying but most of them are felling stressed and insufficient.