Este trabalho teve como objetivos estabelecer os protocolos para o cálculo de incertezas de medição e a interpretação dos resultados de monitoração do Laboratório de Monitoração In Vivo (LMIV). Especificamente, o trabalho visou quantificar a contribuição dos fatores de influência para o cálculo de incertezas, e estabelecer a incerteza nas medidas. Foram utilizados dois detectores cintiladores de iodeto de sódio ativados com tálio (NaI:Tl) que possuem dimensões de 8x4\" (detector de corpo inteiro) e 3x3\" (detector de tireóide), um analisador multicanal EG&G Ortec, modelo 920E, e um microcomputador onde os espectros são adquiridos, analisados e armazenados com o auxílio do programa Renascence32, Ortec. As medições foram realizadas utilizando-se o objeto simulador antropomórfico do Alderson Research Labs. O radionuclídeo de interesse adotado para este estudo foi o 137Cs. Foram estudadas as influências dos fatores operador, geometria de medição, condições ambientais, flutuações eletrônicas com o tempo e baixa atividade. A análise das incertezas resultou em uma incerteza combinada relativa de 15,7% para o sistema 8x4\" e 9,8% para o sistema 3x3\". Estes valores foram obtidos seguindo os princípios recomendados no Guia para Expressão da Incerteza de Medição (GUM) da Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM). / This work aimed to quantify the contribution of influence factors for the calculation of uncertainties and establish the uncertainties in the measurements of the In Vivo Monitoring Laboratory (LMIV). The materials used were used: two scintillator detectors of sodium iodine activated with thallium (NaI:Tl), with the dimension of 8x4\" (whole body detector) and 3x3\" (thyroid detector), an EG&G Ortec, model 920E multichannel analyzer and a microcomputer, where the spectra are acquired, analyzed and stored, with the support of Ortecs software, Renascence32. The measurements were carried out using the anthropomorphic simulating object from Alderson Research Labs. The targeted radionuclide adopted for this study was 137Cs. The influence factors were operator, measurement geometry, environmental conditions and Electronic fluctuations over time. The analysis of the uncertainties resulted in a relative combined uncertainty of 15.7% for the 8x4\" system and 9.8% for the 3x3\" system. These values were obtained following the Guide for Expression of Uncertainty in the Measurement, (GUM) of Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM).

Esse trabalho avalia a metodologia utilizada pelo Laboratório de Monitoração in vivo (LMIV) do IPEN na calibração dos detectores de NaI(Tl) pelo código PENELOPE- penEasy, baseado no Método de Monte Carlo. Inicialmente, foram realizadas simulações sem o simulador antropomórfico com o objetivo de encontrar uma geometria que representasse adequadamente os detectores para exames de corpo inteiro e de tireoide. A aquisição dos dados experimentais foi realizada pelo software GENIE, que é utilizado na rotina do laboratório e as áreas dos fotopicos foram calculadas pelos softwares GENIE e GNUPLOT e pelo método descrito no Ciemat Technical Report, que também fornece os valores de eficiência de fotopico. Fontes de 60Co, 137Cs, 152Eu, 207Bi e 241Am calibradas foram utilizadas nas medições. Os resultados mostraram que o software GENIE é apropriado para ser utilizado nas calibrações de rotina e fontes que possuam picos isolados e definidos pelo detector de NaI(Tl), são ideais para serem utilizadas nas calibrações em eficiência. A simulação MC indica que é possível substituir calibrações experimentais por simulações utilizando uma geometria simplificada do detector de NaI(Tl), mas as grandezas relevantes como a fonte, o detector e o sistema eletrônico devem ser conhecidos com detalhes para que as fontes de erros sistemáticos sejam as menores possíveis. / The calibration methods of NaI(Tl) detectors of the in vivo Monitoring Laboratory (LMIV) of IPEN were analyzed by comparing experimental results with simulations performed with the PENELOPE- penEasy Monte Carlo radiation program. The first simulations were performed without the anthropomorphic simulator aiming to find a simplified detector geometry that could represent the whole body and thyroid detectors. The data acquisition was performed with the GENIE software, which is used in the laboratory routine, and the photopeak areas were calculated with the GENIE and GNUPLOT softwares as well as using the method described on the Ciemat Technical Report. Standard sources of 60Co, 137Cs, 152Eu, 207Bi and 241Am were used in the measurements. The results show that GENIE is a suitable software to be used in the laboratory routine and ideal sources are those that present isolated and well-defined photopeaks in the spectra measured with NaI(Tl) detectors. The Monte Carlo study reveals that the simplified models of the NaI detectors are able to provide a full- energy peak efficiency curve but it is necessary to know all details of the significant quantities as the source, the detector and the electronics in order to minimize sources of systematic errors.

Esse trabalho avalia a metodologia utilizada pelo Laboratório de Monitoração in vivo (LMIV) do IPEN na calibração dos detectores de NaI(Tl) pelo código PENELOPE- penEasy, baseado no Método de Monte Carlo. Inicialmente, foram realizadas simulações sem o simulador antropomórfico com o objetivo de encontrar uma geometria que representasse adequadamente os detectores para exames de corpo inteiro e de tireoide. A aquisição dos dados experimentais foi realizada pelo software GENIE, que é utilizado na rotina do laboratório e as áreas dos fotopicos foram calculadas pelos softwares GENIE e GNUPLOT e pelo método descrito no Ciemat Technical Report, que também fornece os valores de eficiência de fotopico. Fontes de 60Co, 137Cs, 152Eu, 207Bi e 241Am calibradas foram utilizadas nas medições. Os resultados mostraram que o software GENIE é apropriado para ser utilizado nas calibrações de rotina e fontes que possuam picos isolados e definidos pelo detector de NaI(Tl), são ideais para serem utilizadas nas calibrações em eficiência. A simulação MC indica que é possível substituir calibrações experimentais por simulações utilizando uma geometria simplificada do detector de NaI(Tl), mas as grandezas relevantes como a fonte, o detector e o sistema eletrônico devem ser conhecidos com detalhes para que as fontes de erros sistemáticos sejam as menores possíveis. / The calibration methods of NaI(Tl) detectors of the in vivo Monitoring Laboratory (LMIV) of IPEN were analyzed by comparing experimental results with simulations performed with the PENELOPE- penEasy Monte Carlo radiation program. The first simulations were performed without the anthropomorphic simulator aiming to find a simplified detector geometry that could represent the whole body and thyroid detectors. The data acquisition was performed with the GENIE software, which is used in the laboratory routine, and the photopeak areas were calculated with the GENIE and GNUPLOT softwares as well as using the method described on the Ciemat Technical Report. Standard sources of 60Co, 137Cs, 152Eu, 207Bi and 241Am were used in the measurements. The results show that GENIE is a suitable software to be used in the laboratory routine and ideal sources are those that present isolated and well-defined photopeaks in the spectra measured with NaI(Tl) detectors. The Monte Carlo study reveals that the simplified models of the NaI detectors are able to provide a full- energy peak efficiency curve but it is necessary to know all details of the significant quantities as the source, the detector and the electronics in order to minimize sources of systematic errors.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos estabelecer os protocolos para o cálculo de incertezas de medição e a interpretação dos resultados de monitoração do Laboratório de Monitoração In Vivo (LMIV). Especificamente, o trabalho visou quantificar a contribuição dos fatores de influência para o cálculo de incertezas, e estabelecer a incerteza nas medidas. Foram utilizados dois detectores cintiladores de iodeto de sódio ativados com tálio (NaI:Tl) que possuem dimensões de 8x4\" (detector de corpo inteiro) e 3x3\" (detector de tireóide), um analisador multicanal EG&G Ortec, modelo 920E, e um microcomputador onde os espectros são adquiridos, analisados e armazenados com o auxílio do programa Renascence32, Ortec. As medições foram realizadas utilizando-se o objeto simulador antropomórfico do Alderson Research Labs. O radionuclídeo de interesse adotado para este estudo foi o 137Cs. Foram estudadas as influências dos fatores operador, geometria de medição, condições ambientais, flutuações eletrônicas com o tempo e baixa atividade. A análise das incertezas resultou em uma incerteza combinada relativa de 15,7% para o sistema 8x4\" e 9,8% para o sistema 3x3\". Estes valores foram obtidos seguindo os princípios recomendados no Guia para Expressão da Incerteza de Medição (GUM) da Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM). / This work aimed to quantify the contribution of influence factors for the calculation of uncertainties and establish the uncertainties in the measurements of the In Vivo Monitoring Laboratory (LMIV). The materials used were used: two scintillator detectors of sodium iodine activated with thallium (NaI:Tl), with the dimension of 8x4\" (whole body detector) and 3x3\" (thyroid detector), an EG&G Ortec, model 920E multichannel analyzer and a microcomputer, where the spectra are acquired, analyzed and stored, with the support of Ortecs software, Renascence32. The measurements were carried out using the anthropomorphic simulating object from Alderson Research Labs. The targeted radionuclide adopted for this study was 137Cs. The influence factors were operator, measurement geometry, environmental conditions and Electronic fluctuations over time. The analysis of the uncertainties resulted in a relative combined uncertainty of 15.7% for the 8x4\" system and 9.8% for the 3x3\" system. These values were obtained following the Guide for Expression of Uncertainty in the Measurement, (GUM) of Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM).

Afin d’optimiser la surveillance des travailleuses du nucléaire par anthroporadiamétrie, il est nécessaire de corriger les coefficients d’étalonnage obtenus à l’aide du fantôme physique masculin Livermore. Pour ce faire, des étalonnages numériques basés sur l’utilisation des calculs Monte Carlo associés à des fantômes numériques ont été utilisés. De tels étalonnages nécessitent d’une part le développement de fantômes représentatifs des tailles et des morphologies les plus communes et d’autre part des simulations Monte Carlo rapides et fiables. Une bibliothèque de fantômes thoraciques féminins a ainsi été développée en ajustant la masse des organes internes et de la poitrine suivant la taille et les recommandations de la chirurgie plastique. Par la suite, la bibliothèque a été utilisée pour étalonner le système de comptage du Secteur d’Analyses Médicales d’AREVA NC La Hague. De plus, une équation décrivant la variation de l’efficacité de comptage en fonction de l’énergie et de la morphologie a été développée. Enfin, des recommandations ont été données pour corriger les coefficients d’étalonnage du personnel féminin en fonction de la taille et de la poitrine. Enfin, pour accélérer les simulations, des méthodes de réduction de variance ainsi que des opérations de simplification de la géométrie ont été considérées.Par ailleurs, pour l’étude des cas de contamination complexes, il est proposé de remonter à la cartographie d’activité en associant aux mesures anthroporadiamétriques le calcul Monte Carlo. La méthode développée consiste à réaliser plusieurs mesures spectrométriques avec différents positionnements des détecteurs. Ensuite, il s’agit de séparer la contribution de chaque organe contaminé au comptage grâce au calcul Monte Carlo. L’ensemble des mesures réalisées au LEDI, au CIEMAT et au KIT ont démontré l’intérêt de cette méthode et l’apport des simulations Monte Carlo pour une analyse plus précise des mesures in vivo, permettant ainsi de déterminer la répartition de l’activité à la suite d’une contamination interne. / To optimize the monitoring of female workers using in vivo spectrometry measurements, it is necessary to correct the typical calibration coefficients obtained with the Livermore male physical phantom. To do so, numerical calibrations based on the use of Monte Carlo simulations combined with anthropomorphic 3D phantoms were used. Such computational calibrations require on the one hand the development of representative female phantoms of different size and morphologies and on the other hand rapid and reliable Monte Carlo calculations. A library of female torso models was hence developed by fitting the weight of internal organs and breasts according to the body height and to relevant plastic surgery recommendations. This library was next used to realize a numerical calibration of the AREVA NC La Hague in vivo counting installation. Moreover, the morphology-induced counting efficiency variations with energy were put into equation and recommendations were given to correct the typical calibration coefficients for any monitored female worker as a function of body height and breast size. Meanwhile, variance reduction techniques and geometry simplification operations were considered to accelerate simulations.Furthermore, to determine the activity mapping in the case of complex contaminations, a method that combines Monte Carlo simulations with in vivo measurements was developed. This method consists of realizing several spectrometry measurements with different detector positioning. Next, the contribution of each contaminated organ to the count is assessed from Monte Carlo calculations. The in vivo measurements realized at LEDI, CIEMAT and KIT have demonstrated the effectiveness of the method and highlighted the valuable contribution of Monte Carlo simulations for a more detailed analysis of spectrometry measurements. Thus, a more precise estimate of the activity distribution is given in the case of an internal contamination.

New solid phase microextraction (SPME) method was developed for brain tissue bioanalysis on a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry platform. To achieve set objectives, in vivo SPME desorption process was optimized for high throughput analysis through the development of a desorption device. Subsequently, new SPME coatings were developed for the extraction of polar neurotransmitters from biological matrices. In a targeted analysis, in vivo SPME was used to monitor of changes in the concentrations of endogenous compounds (multiple neurotransmitters) and exogenous drugs (carbamazepine and cimetidine) in the striatum of the rat brain extracellular fluid. For the first time, SPME was used for quantitative analysis of neurotransmitters and also study spacial distribution of other drugs in different regions of the brain extracellular fluid. A new approach was developed for improved metabolites coverage in a global non-targeted metabolomics studies. The proposed in vivo method showed how complementary results can be obtained through the combination of microdialysis and SPME for simultaneous sampling of the brain extracellular fluid. Finally, in a clinical application, SPME was used to monitor changes in the concentration of multiple neurotransmitters during deep brain stimulation of the pre-frontal cortex of the brain.