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Body size affects rates of most biological and ecological processes, from individual performance to ecosystem function. Within species, emergent body size patterns have been formalised into prominent biogeographical and biological rules, including James' Rule (larger individuals are found at higher, colder latitudes), and the Temperature-Size Rule (individuals reared in warmer conditions grow to a smaller adult size). Body size also varies seasonally and with altitude. Yet, the patterns and drivers of these size gradients, and the degree to which they co-vary and share explanatory mechanisms, have never been systematically evaluated. We undertake the most comprehensive metaanalyses to date of temperature- and biogeographical-size clines within arthropod species. Aquatic species show greater reductions in body size with warming and decreasing latitude compared to terrestrial species, likely an adaptive response to deal with increased metabolic demand in the warm and the greater difficulty to uptake oxygen in water than in air. Voltinism explains variation in laboratory temperature- and latitudinal-size clines in terrestrial species. While size decreases with warming and with decreasing latitude in multivoltine terrestrial arthropods, size increases on average in univoltine species, consistent with predictions from size vs. season-length trade-offs. In the globally distributed sub-class Copepoda, seasonal temperature-size (T-S) gradients differ between current-feeding calanoids and ambush-feeding cyclopoids, suggesting that differences in the size- and temperature-dependence of alternative feeding strategies may influence the T-S response. Finally, through experimentation, we explore the progression of the T-S response of Copepoda during ontogeny. The T-S response is more strongly generated in particular life stages, and even reduced in some periods, providing evidence that the temperature-dependence of growth and developmental rates is modified during ontogeny. Ultimately, close similarities between T-S responses measured in controlled laboratory conditions, and seasonal and biogeographical size clines in the field across different arthropod taxa, suggests that these patterns share similar selective pressures.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

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Orientador: Wilter Ricardo Russiano Vicente / Banca: Raimundo Alves Barrêto Júnior / Banca: Ricardo Souza Vasconcellos / Banca: Vera Fernanda Martins Hossepian de Lima / Banca: Juliana Corrêa Borges Silva / Resumo: O transplante autólogo ovariano tem despertado um crescente interesse científico devido à sua relevante contribuição em estudos reprodutivos básicos ou aplicados de animais e humanos. A presente tese foi conduzida com o objetivo de investigar de que forma o transplante autólogo ovariano nos diferentes sítios anatômicos preconizados poderia influenciar diversos aspectos orgânicos de ratas ovariectomizadas. Para tanto, 54 ratas Wistar, foram subdivididas em seis grupos, sendo dois controles de animais não-ovariectomizados e ovariectomizados (respectivamente, grupos A e B), e quatro submetidos à ovariectomia bilateral seguida do transplante autólogo ovariano para região subcapsular do rim (grupo C), tecido subcutâneo (grupo D), bolsa ovárica (grupo E) e próximo aos vasos femorais (grupo F). Foram avaliados e comparados nos grupos e tratamentos estabelecidos, aspectos cirúrgicos, anestésicos, reprodutivos, bem como, a composição corporal dos animais. De um modo geral, os sítios anatômicos forneceram condições adequadas ao desenvolvimento e crescimento folicular, com retorno ao ciclo estral após 17-19 dias em média de transplante, sendo ainda eficazes na manutenção da histomorfometria uterina e composição corporal dos animais transplantados, à exceção do grupo F. Nos grupos C, D e E, o percentual de matéria mineral foi maior que o observado nos demais, enquanto que os teores de matéria seca, extrato etéreo e proteína bruta desses grupos foram semelhantes aos do grupo A. E por fim, nos grupos C e D, foram estimadas as maiores populações foliculares dentre os animais transplantados ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The ovarian autologous transplantation has attracted an increasing scientific interest due its contribution in basic or applied reproductive studies in animals and humans. This thesis was conducted to investigate how the autologous ovarian transplantation in different anatomical sites could influence various organic aspects of ovariectomized rats. Thus, 54 Wistar rats were divided into six groups, two controls of non-ovariectomized animals and ovariectomized (respectively, groups A and B), and four submitted to bilateral ovariectomy and ovarian autologous transplantation for under kidney capsule (group C), subcutaneous tissue (group D), bursa ovarica (group E) and nearing femoral vessels (group F). In the groups and treatments were evaluated and compared, surgical aspects, anesthetics, reproductive, as well as, the body composition of animals. In general, the anatomical sites provided good conditions for development and growth follicular with return to estrus 17-19 days after transplantation, providing the maintenance of uterine histomorphometry and body composition of animals transplanted, except in the group F. In groups C, D and E, the percentage of mineral matter (ash) was higher than that observed in the others, while the dry matter, ether extract and crude protein of these groups were similar to the group A. Finally, in groups C and D, were estimated the largest follicular populations of transplanted animals. In conclusion, the autologous ovarian transplantation, when performed for under kidney capsule, subcutaneous tissue and bursa ovarica, was effective to maintenance of functions evaluated in this study, demonstrated even in some situations, results similar to or better than those observed in animals not ovariectomized / Doutor

The purpose of this study is to determine whether viewing photos of muscular men or viewing photos of toned men produces greater body dissatisfaction scores for male college students. Prior to receiving the intervention, participants completed a pretest measuring their body satisfaction. The intervention was administered in a group setting and took approximately 30 minutes to administer. After receiving the intervention, participants completed the same assessment measures as the pre-test, but in a post-test form. Results indicate that there was a significant difference between pre-test and posttest body satisfaction ratings for men who viewed muscle photos and mend who viewed toned photos. This study contributes to a growing area of body image and Body Dysmorphic Disorder research in men. It also provides evidence for the benefits of addressing body satisfaction during the treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

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[Typewritten] Includes bibliography.