Nitrate contamination in ground and surface waters is of great concern to environmentalists. A two-dimensional model of water and solute movement in soils was used to test the usefulness and relative advantages of a two-dimensional model over a one dimensional model for analysis of deep percolation and nitrate leaching in furrow irrigation. The predictive ability of the model was evaluated using data collected in a series of preliminary field studies. Two methods were used to calibrate the model. First, the cumulative infiltration simulated by the model was compared with an infiltration curve derived from field data. Secondly, soil water potential data were used to compare the observed movement of a wetted front in the soil profile. The calibration results closely followed the two dimensional flow pattern in furrow irrigation. The model was used both in a one-dimensional mode and a two-dimensional mode. Comparison of one-dimensional and two-dimensional models was accomplished using the two-dimensional model, with uniform infiltration across the surface boundary to represent the one-dimensional case, and with infiltration only across the furrow surface for the two-dimensional case. Evaluation of water and nitrate leaching was observed for alternate furrow irrigation as well as every-furrow irrigation with three different furrow spacings; 76, 86, and 102 cm. These results showed that the one-dimensional model always under estimates the leaching amount in comparison to the two-dimensional model. In some cases the one-dimensional model predicted no leaching of water and nitrate below the root zone though leaching was predicted by the two-dimensional model. Evaluation of alternate and every furrow irrigation with different furrow spacing indicated that the leaching amount increased rapidly with the increase of furrow spacing. Under furrow irrigation, attempts to irrigate the soil profile to a level less than, but close to, field capacity will result in leaching. Therefore different irrigation management is needed to minimize leaching. Additionally, the model suggests that the sealing layer which forms in the bottom of the furrow drastically reduced the infiltration rate because of the very low saturated hydraulic conductivity in that area. Sealing layer had a significant effect on the performance of SWMS_2D model, and made the model unusable where high input volume were required. / Graduation date: 1995

Graduation date: 1995

Dictyostelium DdINCENP is a chromosomal passenger protein associated with centromeres, the spindle midzone and poles during mitosis and the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Disruption of the single DdINCENP gene revealed important roles for this protein in mitosis and cytokinesis. DdINCENP null cells lack a robust spindle midzone and are hypersensitive to microtubule depolymerizing drugs suggesting that their spindles may not be stable. Furthermore DdCP224, a protein homologous to the microtubule-stabilizing protein TOGp/XMAP215, was absent from the spindle midzone of DdINCENP null cells. Overexpression of DdCP224 rescued the weak spindle midzone defect of DdINCENP null cells. While not required for the localization of the myosin II contractile ring and subsequent formation of a cleavage furrow, DdINCENP is important for the abscission of daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The localization of DdINCENP at the cleavage furrow is modulated by myosin II. Loss of myosin II restricted the localization of DdINCENP to a narrow zone at the cleavage furrow. Kif12, a homolog of mitotic kinesin like protein (MKLP), was essential for relocalization of DdINCENP from the central spindle to the cleavage furrow. Furthermore, Kif12 was also localized at the cortex of the cleavage furrow and its localization during cytokinesis closely resembled that of DdINCENP, suggesting a possible interaction between them. The correct localization of DdINCENP during cytokinesis also required its N-terminal sequence. DdINCENP1-500 was found at the cleavage furrow and interacted with the actin cytoskeleton. Domain analysis of DdINCENP also revealed that its DdINCENP1-500 was sufficient to rescue the weak spindle defect of DdINCENP null cells. / text

Automated short furrow irrigation (ASFI) is a prototype irrigation system that has the potential to be robust and relatively low-cost, with highly effective and efficient water use. ASFI has low energy requirements because the pressure at the field edge is relatively low, typically 70 kPa (or 7 m) as compared with approximately 150 kPa for drip and 400 kPa for dragline systems. However, at project onset, the only type of ASFI system tested was Microfurrow which was, among other problems, not robust. The aim of this project was, therefore, to develop, implement and evaluate a suitable ASFI system and to compare the system to a reference sub-surface drip (SSD) irrigation system with sugarcane as the test crop. This process resulted in the development of a boot and piston valve, which was used to automatically control the flow between specific plots. The valve was then implemented, as per design, in the ASFI system at a trial at the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Ukulinga research farm. Irrigation events were scheduled according to SAsched with the aim of applying equivalent amounts of water to both the ASF and SSD treatments. The testing and evaluation included irrigation uniformity tests and the crop yields. Evaluation of selected furrows in the ASFI treatment showed a low quarter distribution uniformity (DUlq) range between 72 % and 80 %. This is considerably better than approximately 60 % for conventional furrow irrigation. However, the DU for ASFI could be improved to above 90 % if the slope was reduced from 1:40 to approximately 1:250. Both the harvested tons per hectare and sucrose content results were evaluated using a one-way statistical analysis with differences between the results deemed to be insignificant. Therefore, the ASFI performance in terms of harvest data for the Ukulinga trial could be described as “similar to” SSD irrigation. A 10 ha sample ASFI system was designed and compared in economic terms with a respective SSD system. Although further piping options can be explored in order to reduce the capital costs of the ASFI system even further, ASFI was considerably more cost-effective than the SSD system in terms of operating and fixed costs per hectare. The ASFI irrigation system, although having some initial maintenance requirements in insuring all furrows performed properly, required no other maintenance throughout the year in the Ukulinga trial. The drip system, however, required laterals to be flushed and leaks to be repaired. It is therefore believed that the ASFI system meets the required objectives of the project in that it is robust, low-cost (both operating and fixed) and able to supply water efficiently and effectively. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Bioresource Engineering. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/02/12). Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis explores potential seeding techiniques to limit harmful effects of preemergent herbicide on a seeded species while simultaneously reducing abudance of annual invasive grasses. The first chapter examines the use of activated carbon seed coatings and furrows to limit herbicide effect on seeds of a perrenial bunchgrass. We found that both carbon coatings and furrows mitigated some of the herbicide effects, but that only when the two techniques were combined did we observe unaffected seedling emergence, plant density, and aboveground growth. Therefore, we suggest to management that use of carbon coatings and furrows after herbicide application can likely be used to reduce invasive annual grasses while simultaneously establishing a native bunchgrass. In chapter 2, we examine the effects of a novel preemergent herbicide indaziflam, on native seeds and compare it against a common preemergent herbicide, imazapic. We found that indaziflam provides superior long-term control of annual invasive grasses than imazapic, but that it is also more detrimental to native seeds. Our results suggest that indaziflam is best suited for control purposes only, and is hard to incorporate in restoration seeding efforts due to its strong effects on native seed.

Submitted by EVANDRO FREIRE LEMOS null (evandro.lemos@fespmg.edu.br) on 2016-11-10T13:29:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Evandro_Freire_Lemos.pdf: 880909 bytes, checksum: 94df693da26da09d6c2507800658afed (MD5) / Rejected by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO null (luizaromanetto@hotmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica e a folha de aprovação. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-11-16T17:06:56Z (GMT) / Submitted by EVANDRO FREIRE LEMOS null (evandro.lemos@fespmg.edu.br) on 2016-11-17T10:51:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Evandro_Freire_Lemos.pdf: 944777 bytes, checksum: 6263e2ce24c08d5868b88ef9f05340d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-21T12:48:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lemos_ef_dr_jabo.pdf: 944777 bytes, checksum: 6263e2ce24c08d5868b88ef9f05340d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-21T12:48:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lemos_ef_dr_jabo.pdf: 944777 bytes, checksum: 6263e2ce24c08d5868b88ef9f05340d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / A adubação fosfatada a lanço em relação às aplicações localizadas pode ser viável na cultura do milho cultivado em espaçamento reduzido, em solo com menor capacidade de adsorção de fósforo. Objetivou-se avaliar doses de fósforo e modos de aplicação na nutrição e na produtividade da cultura do milho, em duas safras. O experimento foi desenvolvido com a cultura do milho cultivado no município de Passos, Estado Minas Gerais, Brasil, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o plantio em faixas com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas referentes aos modos de aplicação P, sulco duplo, sulco simples e a lanço, e nas subparcelas as doses de 0,0; 50; 100; 200 e 400 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de monoamônio fosfato (MAP) granulado e quatro repetições. O nitrogênio contido no MAP foi equilibrado entre os tratamentos. As doses de P foram reaplicadas no segundo ano de cultivo apenas para os tratamentos localizados (sulco simples e duplo). Avaliaram-se o teor de P no solo e na folha, o acúmulo do nutriente na planta e a produtividade do milho em duas safras. O modo de adubação de fósforo a lanço, aplicado apenas no primeiro ano, na dose estimada de 319 kg ha-1 de P2O5 é viável para a cultura do milho cultivado em espaçamento reduzido e em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média, pois proporcionou maior produtividade acumulada nas duas safras. / The broadcast spread phosphate regarding to in loco ones may be feasible on corn crop planted in narrowed spacing in lower P adsorption capacity soil. This study aimed at to evaluate phosphate doses and spread methods on corn plant nutrition and grain yield, in two growing season. The experiment was developed on corn crop grown in Passos city, Minas Gerais state - Brazil, in an Oxisol medium texture. The experimental design was stripes with split plots, having as plots the spread methods double furrow, simple furrow and broadcast spread; as subplots the doses of 0.0; 50; 100; 200 and 400 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as granulated monoammonium phosphate (MAP), with four replications. The P doses were reapplied in the second cultivation year only for localized treatments (single and double furrow). The nitrogen in the MAP was balanced among treatments. The corn grain yield in both years was dependent on phosphate doses and spread methods; specially simple furrow and broadcast spread, although it has not presented interaction with nutritional status and nutrient accumulation by the crop in the second year. The phosphate fertilizer broadcast spread method applied just in the first year at a dose of 319 kg ha-1 of P2O5 is feasible for the corn grown in reduced spacing in medium texture Oxisol, since it provided greater accumulated grain yield the two seasons.

Orientador: Renato de Mello Prado / Resumo: A adubação fosfatada a lanço em relação às aplicações localizadas pode ser viável na cultura do milho cultivado em espaçamento reduzido, em solo com menor capacidade de adsorção de fósforo. Objetivou-se avaliar doses de fósforo e modos de aplicação na nutrição e na produtividade da cultura do milho, em duas safras. O experimento foi desenvolvido com a cultura do milho cultivado no município de Passos, Estado Minas Gerais, Brasil, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o plantio em faixas com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas referentes aos modos de aplicação P, sulco duplo, sulco simples e a lanço, e nas subparcelas as doses de 0,0; 50; 100; 200 e 400 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de monoamônio fosfato (MAP) granulado e quatro repetições. O nitrogênio contido no MAP foi equilibrado entre os tratamentos. As doses de P foram reaplicadas no segundo ano de cultivo apenas para os tratamentos localizados (sulco simples e duplo). Avaliaram-se o teor de P no solo e na folha, o acúmulo do nutriente na planta e a produtividade do milho em duas safras. O modo de adubação de fósforo a lanço, aplicado apenas no primeiro ano, na dose estimada de 319 kg ha-1 de P2O5 é viável para a cultura do milho cultivado em espaçamento reduzido e em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média, pois proporcionou maior produtividade acumulada nas duas safras. / Doutor

Lygus bug (Lygus Hahn) and predator (Chrysopa carnea Stephens, Geocoris, and Nabis) abundance and spatial distribution in production-managed, drop and furrow-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in central Arizona were compared during the early seasons of 1980-1983. Sweep net and drop cloth samples revealed lygus bug populations were established and reached pest status in drip-irrigated cotton 2-3 weeks prior to those in furrow. Several factors combined to make drip cotton more favorable than furrow for Lygus: more dense plant populations, taller plants, lower vapor pressure deficits within the plant canopy, and earlier availability of squares. Within furrow-irrigated cotton, lygus bugs and the percent Lygus-damaged squares were greater in areas of tall, dense plantings, primarily in areas distant from the water source. In drip, damage was significantly greater than in furrow, and comparable in all field ares. Predator populations were not consistently greater under either irrigation system. Under furrow, Geocoris and Nabis populations were greatest in areas of Lygus abundance. Morisita's index and Taylor's power law indicated a higher degree of aggregation in the spatial patterns of Lygus and predator populations in furrow-irrigated cotton than in drip. The two indices agreed in magnitude and trend across the insects studied, but Morisita's index was more frequently significant for contagion. Sweep net samples revealed a higher degree of aggregation than drop cloth. Taylor's coefficients were used to determine optimum sweep net and drop cloth sample sizes to evaluate Lygus populations for pest management. The sweep net requires a greater sample size than the drop cloth to ensure a given level of precision, and more samples are required in furrow-irrigated cotton than in drip. Based on percent damage and the relative variability of damage estimates, the number of squares examined for lygus bug damage should be comparable in all drip field areas, but twice as many should be examined in the furrow head-water as in the middle and tailwater. Extrafloral nectar volumes are greatest in leaves of the middle and top plant regions, and in the blossom and young boll stages of fruiting bodies. Irrigation timing and method affect nectar production. The effects of extrafloral nectar production phenology on insect distribution are discussed.

Sendo a cana-de-açúcar uma das culturas mais importantes hoje no contexto de agroindústria, sua expansão cresce de acordo com o aumento de consumo de açúcar e etanol no Brasil e no mundo. Muitas vezes, estas expansões são realizadas em área de baixa fertilidade e/ou degradadas, tendo pouca disponibilidade de fósforo. De maneira geral, os solos no Brasil apresentam baixos teores de fósforo. A cultura da cana-de-açúcar considerada semi perene, a aplicação principal de fósforo é realizada na reforma ou implantação do canavial, como fosfatagem e/ou localizado dentro do sulco do plantio. O fósforo é crucial no metabolismo das plantas, em que as limitações na disponibilidade de P no início do ciclo vegetativo podem resultar em restrições no desenvolvimento, das quais a planta não se recupera posteriormente, mesmo aumentando o suprimento de P a níveis adequados. Com a mecanização da colheita, a produtividade passou a andar na contramão da pesquisa, reduzindo a produtividade dos canaviais mesmo com altos potenciais genéticos e técnicas avançadas para o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. Foram surgindo novas fontes de fósforo (P) como opção para utilização na cana-de-açúcar. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar qual a melhor forma de aplicação de fósforo no plantio da cana-de-açúcar e o melhor resultado em diferentes fontes de fósforo, auxiliando assim em expansões na instalação do canavial em áreas com baixo teor de fósforo (P). Utilizando a variedade CTC 4, conduzimos em São João da Boa Vista/SP, o trabalho de pesquisa com 25 tratamentos, divididos em parcelas e sub parcelas, sendo as parcelas aplicação de 150 kg de P2O5 de fosfatagem em área total: Controle; MAP; FAPs P28; Super Triplo; Termofosfato; e as sub parcelas adubação de 150 kg de P2O5 no sulco: Controle, FAPs P28 100%; FAPs P28 50% + MAP 50%; FAPs P28 25% + MAP 75%; MAP 100%;. As aplicações das parcelas foram realizadas antes do preparo do solo e as aplicações das sub parcelas na sulcação do plantio. Foram realizadas avaliações de perfilhos, retirado amostra de folhas e solo aos 284 dias após plantio e na colheita , aos 13 meses após plantio, avaliando perfilho, peso de colmo, produtividade, e qualidade tecnológica. Verificou-se que o Termofosfato Magnesiano em área total obteve melhores resultados para fertilidade do solo em todos os elementos na análise de solo, análise foliar e para produtividade. Para a qualidade tecnológica, não houve diferenciação dos tipos e formas de aplicação de adubação com fósforo. Para implantação do canavial (cana planta) é essencial a aplicação de fertilizante fosfatado. / Since sugarcane is one of the most important crops pre4sent by in the context of agribusiness, its expansion grows according to the increase of consumption of sugar and ethanol in Brazil and in the world. Often, these expansions are execute in an area of low fertility and / or degraded, having less availability of phosphorus. In general, soils in Brazil have low levels of phosphorus. On sugarcane crops, considered semi-perennial, the main application of phosphorus is execute in the reforestation or implantation of the sugarcane, as phosphatic and / or located within the furrow\'s plantation. Phosphorus is crucial in plant\'s metabolism, where the limitations on the availability of P at the beginning of the vegetative cycle can result limitation in the development, from which the plant does not recover later, even increasing the P supply at appropriate levels. With the harvest\'s mechanization, the productivity started to move against the research, reducing the productivity of sugarcane\'s plantations even with high genetic potential and advanced for sugarcane\'s plantation. New sources of phosphorus (P) have been as an option for use in sugarcane. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the best way of applying phosphorus in sugarcane plantation and the best result in different sources of phosphorus, then helping in the expansion of sugarcane\'s plantation in areas with low phosphorus content (P). Using the CTC 4 variety, we conducted the research work with 25 treatments, divided into plots and subplots, in the plots of 150 kg of P2O5 in total area: Control, MAP; FAPs P28; Super Triple; Thermophosphate; and the sub plots fertilization of 150 kg of P2O5 in the furrow: Control, FAPs P28 100%; FAPs P28 50% + MAP 50%; FAPs P28 25% + MAP 75%; 100% MAP . The plots applications were executed before the soil preparation and the subplot\'s application in the furrow. Tiller evaluations were performed, leaves and soil samples were collected at 284 days after plantation and harvest, 13 months after the plantation, evaluating tiller, stem weight, productivity, and technological quality. It was verified that the Magnesian Termophosphate in total area obtained better results for soil fertility in all the elements in the soil analysis, leaf analysis and for productivity. For the technological quality, there was no differentiation of the types and forms of application of fertilization with phosphorus. For implantation of the sugarcane (cane plant) is essential the application of phosphate fertilizer.