Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-07-12T13:23:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1030355 bytes, checksum: 553c4bb2e3a25b9923666f14d3fc4bdc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T13:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1030355 bytes, checksum: 553c4bb2e3a25b9923666f14d3fc4bdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A utilização de herbicidas no manejo das plantas daninhas tem se destacado como uma prática indispensável nos sistemas de produção agrícola. No entanto, para o correto uso dessa tecnologia é fundamental que se entenda o comportamento desses produtos no ambiente, sobretudo no solo, que é o destino final de grande parte dos herbicidas aplicados. O indaziflam é um herbicida recentemente lançado no Brasil e por esse motivo, pouco se conhece sobre a sua dinâmica nas diferentes classes de solos, principalmente quando se trata da sua sorção e lixiviação. Diante disso, avaliou-se no presente estudo os processos de sorção e lixiviação do indaziflam em solos brasileiros com características físicas e químicas distintas, utilizando as técnicas da planta indicadora e da cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Foram conduzidos três experimentos, no primeiro e segundo foram avaliados, respectivamente, a sorção e lixiviação do indaziflam em dois solos (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e Cambissolo), com dois valores de pH, por meio da técnica da planta indicadora e da CLAE, e no terceiro estimou-se a lixiviação desse herbicida em cinco solos brasileiros sendo, três Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelo, um Latossolo Vermelho-Estrófico e um Latossolo Vermelho-Distrófico, provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil, utilizando a técnica da planta indicadora. Verificou-se que a sorção e lixiviação do indaziflam nesse solo são afetadas pelas características intrínsecas de cada um, principalmente pelo pH e teor de matéria orgânica, tendo o pH maior destaque. Conclui-se que o uso da planta indicadora e da CLAE pode levar a obtenção de resultados satisfatórios nos estudos da dinâmica do indaziflam nos solos, podendo-se optar pelo uso de cada uma dessas técnicas de forma isolada ou complementar. O pH e a matéria orgânica são características que afetam a sorção e a lixiviação do indaziflam nos solos estudados, sendo maior destaque dado ao pH, que estando em valores mais autos reduz a sorção, potencializando a lixiviação. Recomendações do indaziflam, eficientes do ponto de vista agronômico e seguras do ponto de vista ambiental, devem ser feitas, principalmente, levando-se em consideração as características dos solos, sendo as mais importantes pH e matéria orgânica. / The use of herbicides in weed management has emerged as an indispensable practice in agricultural production systems. However, for the correct use of this technology it is fundamental to understand the behavior of these products in the environment, especially in the soil, which is the final destination of most of the applied herbicides. Indaziflam is a herbicide recently introduced in Brazil and for this reason, little is known about its dynamics in the different classes of soils, especially when it comes to its sorption and leaching. In the present study, indaziflam sorption and leaching processes were evaluated in Brazilian soils with different physical and chemical characteristics, using the techniques of the indicator plant and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three experiments were conducted, in the first and second were evaluated, respectively, The indaziflam sorption and leaching were evaluated in two soils (Red-Yellow Latosol and Cambisol), with two pH values, using the indicator plant technique and the HPLC, respectively. In the third one, it was estimated the leaching of this herbicide in five Brazilian soils, being three Red-Yellow Argisols, one Red-Strophic Latosol and one Red- Dystrophic Latosol, from different regions of Brazil, using the indicator plant technique. It was verified that sorption and leaching of indaziflam in this soil are affected by the intrinsic characteristics of each one, mainly by the pH and organic matter content, being the pH the most important. It is concluded that the use of the indicator plant and the HPLC can lead to satisfactory results in the studies of the indaziflam dynamics in soils, and it is possible to opt for the use of each one of these techniques in an isolated or complementary way. The pH and organic matter are characteristics that affect the sorption and leaching indaziflam in the studied soils, being more emphasized given the pH, which being in more higher values reduces the sorption, potentializing the leaching. Recommendations of indaziflam, agronomically efficient and environmentally safe, should be made, mainly, taking into account the soil characteristics, being the most important pH and organic matter.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-11-05T17:44:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1117092 bytes, checksum: cf2b97a596e1cd5aa3148a9693f5f05a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-05T17:44:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1117092 bytes, checksum: cf2b97a596e1cd5aa3148a9693f5f05a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O indaziflam é um herbicida que possui elevado residual no solo, o que pode implicar em risco de contaminação ambiental, a depender de aspectos relacionados ao potencial de sorção e lixiviação deste nos solos. Dessa maneira torna-se necessário compreender o comportamento do indaziflam em solos tropicais, buscando minimizar o risco de contaminação dos ecossistemas e sua eficiência no controle de plantas daninhas. Nesta pesquisa foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro foi determinada a sorção e dessorção do indaziflam em solos de diferentes regiões brasileiras, utilizando-se a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, onde se buscou avaliar quais características dos solos estão associados a esses processos. No segundo avaliou a sorção e dessorção do indaziflam em dois solos, coletados a campo em diferentes profundidades e, no terceiro, avaliou-se o potencial de lixiviação do indaziflam em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, coletado em duas profundidades submetidas a diferentes lâminas de precipitação pluvial. Os dois últimos experimentos foram realizados utilizando tanto métodos cromatográficos quanto os biológicos. Houve correlação significativa entre o teor de matéria orgânica do solo e o coeficiente de sorção (Kf) para solos com maiores valores de pH. A sorção foi maior nas camadas superficiais dos solos, quando comparadas as camadas mais inferiores. Em solos que a sorção foi maior, ocorreu maior dessorção, evidenciando o retorno do indaziflam para a solução do solo. Ocorreu o fenômeno de histerese em todos os solos, demonstrando que a maior porcentagem do indaziflam sorvida permaneceu ligada aos coloides do solo. Em camadas inferiores do Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, onde o teor de matéria orgânica foi menor, o indaziflam tendeu a maior percolação, chegando a ser detectado até 35 cm de profundidade. Concluiu-se que a sorção e dessorção do indaziflam foram influenciadas pelos atributos dos solos, sendo a matéria orgânica o principal fator associado. Além disso, em camadas mais profundas do solo a sorção foi menor, o que aliado a maior precipitação pluvial promoveu maior mobilidade do indaziflam no Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. / Indaziflam is an herbicide that has a high residual in the soil, which may imply risks of environmental contamination, depending on aspects related to its sorption and leaching potentials in the soil. Thus, it is necessary to understand the behavior of indaziflam in tropical soils, in order to minimize the risk of contamination of ecosystems and their efficiency in controlling weeds. In this present research three experiments were carried out. In the first one, sorption and desorption of indaziflam in soils of different Brazilian regions were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, which sought to evaluate which soil characteristics are associated to these processes. In the second experiment, indaziflam sorption and desorption were evaluated in two soils collected in the field at different depths, and in the third indaziflam leaching potential was evaluated in Red-Yellow Latosol, collected at two depths. The last two experiments were performed using both chromatographic and biological methods. There was a significant correlation between the organic matter content of the soil and the sorption coefficient (Kf) for soils with higher pH values. The sorption was higher in the superficial layers of the soils when compared to the lower layers. In soils that sorption was greater, higher desorption occurred, evidencing the return of indaziflam to the soil solution. The hysteresis phenomenon occurred in all soils, showing that the highest percentage of indaziflam sorbed remained bound to soil colloids. In lower layers of the Red Yellow Latosol, where the organic matter content was lower, indaziflam tended to be more percolated, reaching up to 35 cm deep. It was concluded that indaziflam sorption and desorption were influenced by soil attributes, as the organic matter was the main associated factor. In addition, in deeper layers of soil, the sorption was lower, which along with the greater rainfall promoted greater mobility of indaziflam in the Red-Yellow Latosol.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-11-06T10:25:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1117092 bytes, checksum: cf2b97a596e1cd5aa3148a9693f5f05a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T10:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1117092 bytes, checksum: cf2b97a596e1cd5aa3148a9693f5f05a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O indaziflam é um herbicida que possui elevado residual no solo, o que pode implicar em risco de contaminação ambiental, a depender de aspectos relacionados ao potencial de sorção e lixiviação deste nos solos. Dessa maneira torna-se necessário compreender o comportamento do indaziflam em solos tropicais, buscando minimizar o risco de contaminação dos ecossistemas e sua eficiência no controle de plantas daninhas. Nesta pesquisa foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro foi determinada a sorção e dessorção do indaziflam em solos de diferentes regiões brasileiras, utilizando-se a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, onde se buscou avaliar quais características dos solos estão associados a esses processos. No segundo avaliou a sorção e dessorção do indaziflam em dois solos, coletados a campo em diferentes profundidades e, no terceiro, avaliou-se o potencial de lixiviação do indaziflam em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, coletado em duas profundidades submetidas a diferentes lâminas de precipitação pluvial. Os dois últimos experimentos foram realizados utilizando tanto métodos cromatográficos quanto os biológicos. Houve correlação significativa entre o teor de matéria orgânica do solo e o coeficiente de sorção (Kf) para solos com maiores valores de pH. A sorção foi maior nas camadas superficiais dos solos, quando comparadas as camadas mais inferiores. Em solos que a sorção foi maior, ocorreu maior dessorção, evidenciando o retorno do indaziflam para a solução do solo. Ocorreu o fenômeno de histerese em todos os solos, demonstrando que a maior porcentagem do indaziflam sorvida permaneceu ligada aos coloides do solo. Em camadas inferiores do Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, onde o teor de matéria orgânica foi menor, o indaziflam tendeu a maior percolação, chegando a ser detectado até 35 cm de profundidade. Concluiu-se que a sorção e dessorção do indaziflam foram influenciadas pelos atributos dos solos, sendo a matéria orgânica o principal fator associado. Além disso, em camadas mais profundas do solo a sorção foi menor, o que aliado a maior precipitação pluvial promoveu maior mobilidade do indaziflam no Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. / Indaziflam is an herbicide that has a high residual in the soil, which may imply risks of environmental contamination, depending on aspects related to its sorption and leaching potentials in the soil. Thus, it is necessary to understand the behavior of indaziflam in tropical soils, in order to minimize the risk of contamination of ecosystems and their efficiency in controlling weeds. In this present research three experiments were carried out. In the first one, sorption and desorption of indaziflam in soils of different Brazilian regions were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, which sought to evaluate which soil characteristics are associated to these processes. In the second experiment, indaziflam sorption and desorption were evaluated in two soils collected in the field at different depths, and in the third indaziflam leaching potential was evaluated in Red-Yellow Latosol, collected at two depths. The last two experiments were performed using both chromatographic and biological methods. There was a significant correlation between the organic matter content of the soil and the sorption coefficient (Kf) for soils with higher pH values. The sorption was higher in the superficial layers of the soils when compared to the lower layers. In soils that sorption was greater, higher desorption occurred, evidencing the return of indaziflam to the soil solution. The hysteresis phenomenon occurred in all soils, showing that the highest percentage of indaziflam sorbed remained bound to soil colloids. In lower layers of the Red Yellow Latosol, where the organic matter content was lower, indaziflam tended to be more percolated, reaching up to 35 cm deep. It was concluded that indaziflam sorption and desorption were influenced by soil attributes, as the organic matter was the main associated factor. In addition, in deeper layers of soil, the sorption was lower, which along with the greater rainfall promoted greater mobility of indaziflam in the Red-Yellow Latosol.

This thesis explores potential seeding techiniques to limit harmful effects of preemergent herbicide on a seeded species while simultaneously reducing abudance of annual invasive grasses. The first chapter examines the use of activated carbon seed coatings and furrows to limit herbicide effect on seeds of a perrenial bunchgrass. We found that both carbon coatings and furrows mitigated some of the herbicide effects, but that only when the two techniques were combined did we observe unaffected seedling emergence, plant density, and aboveground growth. Therefore, we suggest to management that use of carbon coatings and furrows after herbicide application can likely be used to reduce invasive annual grasses while simultaneously establishing a native bunchgrass. In chapter 2, we examine the effects of a novel preemergent herbicide indaziflam, on native seeds and compare it against a common preemergent herbicide, imazapic. We found that indaziflam provides superior long-term control of annual invasive grasses than imazapic, but that it is also more detrimental to native seeds. Our results suggest that indaziflam is best suited for control purposes only, and is hard to incorporate in restoration seeding efforts due to its strong effects on native seed.