Power demands will increase day-by-day because of widely adopting of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in the world and growing population. Finding and managing additional power resources for upcoming demands is a challenge. Renewable power is one of the alternatives. However, to manage and control renewable resources, we need suitable Energy Storage System (ESS). PEVs have a large battery pack that is used mainly to supply electric motor. Moreover, PEV battery could be used as an ESS to store power at a certain time and use it at another time. Nevertheless, it can play the same role with electric power grids, so it can store power at a time and return it at another time. This role might help the grid to meet the growing demands. In this thesis, we propose a charging and discharging coordination algorithm that effectively addresses the problem of power demand on peak time using the PEV’s batteries as a backup power storage, namely, Flexible Charging and Discharging (FCD) algorithm. The FCD algorithm aims to manage high power demands at peak times using Vehicle to Home (V2H) technologies in Smart Grid and PEV’s batteries. Intensive computer simulation is used to test FCD algorithm. The FCD algorithm shows a significant reduction in power demands and total cost, in proportion to two other algorithms, without affecting the performance of the PEV or the flexibility of PEV owner’s trip schedule.

In an effort to reduce physical testing during the development process of a new vehicle, the automotive industries develop methods that can facilitate the recreation of the physical testing scenarios in virtual environments using simulation software. This thesis aims to develop a method which would help evaluate the vehicle’s dynamic properties without it being subjected to physical testing. The goal is to develop a tool that can be used in an early development phase by the industry and that would allow for modifications and calibration to take place. A vehicle model as well as an electronic stability control implementation is built, and the model’s performance to an ISO3888 part-2 double lane change test is evaluated. Since the handling potentials of the vehicle are rated by its entry speed in that test, the model was subjected to an optimization process where its steering action was controlled in order to achieve the highest possible entry speed to the test in an effort to isolate the vehicle’s dynamic potential from the influence of a human driver when conducting this test. The vehicle modelling procedure is done in steps, from a simple implementation of a linear bicycle model to a more complex implementation of a four-wheel vehicle including roll, tire relaxation and suspension compliance properties as well as a simplified ESC implementation. The results of the steering input optimization process were physically tested on a test track, where the correspondence of the model to the real vehicle was evaluated. By further promoting the vehicle dynamics modelling, this tool can facilitate study more testing scenarios and options and it can serve as a step toward the reduction of the physical testing when the vehicle’s dynamic and handling performance need to be studied and evaluated. / Under utvecklingsprocessen av nya fordon sker en strävan mot att reducera fysiska tester, bilindustrier utvecklar därför metoder för att återskapa fysiska testscenarier i virtuella miljöer med hjälp av simuleringsmjukvara. Denna studie har som målsättning att utveckla en metod, med vilken fordonets dynamiska egenskaper kan utvärderas utan att utföra fysiska tester. Målet är att utveckla ett simuleringsverktyg som, i en tidig utvecklingsfas, kan användas av fordonsindustrin och som skulle införa både modifikations- och kalibreringsmöjligheter i detta skede. Såväl en fordonsmodell som ett anti-sladd system är konstruerat och modellens prestanda i ett dubbelt filbyte, specificerat i ISO3888 del 2, är utvärderad. Då bilens dynamiska prestanda klassificeras utifrån ingångshastigheten i detta test utfördes en optimeringsprocess där hjulens styrvinklar reglerades för att uppnå högsta möjliga hastighet vid testets startposition, detta för att separera fordonets dynamiska klassificering från mänsklig inverkan. Processen att konstruera fordonsmodellen utfördes med succesivt ökande antal av fordonsegenskaper, från en enkel implementering av en linjär cykel-modell till en tvåspårs-modell med krängning, transienta däckegenskaper, hjulupphängningsegenskaper samt ett anti-sladd system. Resultatet av den optimerade styrregleringen testades i motsvarande fordon på en testbana varefter modellen kunde utvärderas med det verkliga testet som referens. Genom en utökad möjlighet till simulering kan detta verktyg ge möjligheten att studera fler scenarier såväl som alternativa modelleringskonfigurationer; det kan reducera fysiska tester då fordons dynamiska prestanda ska klassificeras, studeras samt utvärderas.

Con el transcurrir del tiempo, las transacciones vehiculares a través de la compra-venta se han vuelto más frecuentes y sencillas, a su vez segura, pues los propietarios registran estas transacciones en el Registro de Propiedad Vehicular para obtener la seguridad jurídica. A la par de este hecho, surge también la conducta preventiva de los propietarios de los vehículos que deciden comprar una Póliza de seguro vehicular para proteger su unidad frente a los riesgos que se puedan presentar. Si bien el propietario ha sido diligente en inscribir la transferencia vehicular y asegurar su unidad ante un eventual siniestro, hemos identificado, dos desventajas para el asegurado/propietario: (i) Este puede adquirir un bien sin conocer que el costo de la unidad ha sido cuantificada como cero, pues fue declarado como pérdida total por una compañía aseguradora, de lo cual no se tiene conocimiento debido a que no contamos con esa información de forma accesible, y (ii) De existir un siniestro la aseguradora rechazaría la cobertura por aplicación Cláusula de Exclusión expresa o por Declaración reticente o falsa, En el presente trabajo, proponemos como solución al problema la incorporación al Registro de Propiedad Vehicular de los Registros Públicos, la Obligación de las Aseguradoras de reportar la pérdida total del vehículo de tal forma que el registrador la pueda considerar como parte de la publicidad de las características de las unidades. / Over time, vehicle transactions through purchase and sale have become more frequent and simple, and at the same time safe, because the owners register these transactions in the Vehicle Property Registry to obtain legal security. At the same time, the preventive behavior of the owners who decide to buy a vehicle insurance policy to protect their unit against the risks. Although the owner has been diligent in registering the vehicle transfer and insuring his unit in the event of a loss, we have identified two disadvantages for the insured/owner: (i) The owner can acquire a property without knowing that the cost of the unit has been quantified as zero, since it was declared a total loss by an insurance company, of which we have no knowledge due to the fact that we do not have that information in an accessible manner, and (ii) If there is a claim, the insurance company would reject the coverage due to the application of an express Exclusion Clause or a reluctant or false statement. In the present work, we propose as a solution to the problem, the incorporation to the Registry of Vehicle Property of the Public Registries, the Obligation of the Insurers to report the total loss of the vehicle in such a way the person who registers, can consider it as part of the publicity of the characteristics of the units. / Trabajo de investigación

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In order to meet the worldwide limits on greenhouse gases emissions, a shift from a fossil fuels to a renewable energy-based electric system is required. As this process goes on, both the power generation and consumption profiles are changing in daily pattern and magnitude, so the power grid needs to become more and more flexible in order to handle this variability. At the distribution level, photo-voltaic (PV) systems are, by far, the most widespread distributed energy resource, mostly due to the recent drop in the cost at the residential level. As more and more consumers become also producers (the so called "prosumers") and the volatile solar energy production increases, a higher number of storage systems is required to both avoid grid destabilisation and minimise the CO$_2$ emissions. At the same time, since the transportation sector is responsible for a sizeable part of the total CO$_2$ emissions, electric vehicles (EVs) are bound to replace traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. However, two main issues may arise when a large number of vehicles are connected to the existing power grid at the same time. The first issue is that the electricity required to charge them needs to be renewable, while the second is that, a rapid electrification of the existing vehicles fleet could destabilise the grid. In this context, this thesis aims at partially addressing these two issues by analysing different ways to reduce the impact of both PV systems and EVs on low (LV) and medium (MV) voltage grids. After the introduction and a chapter dealing with the most closely related research work, a novel optimisation algorithm, aimed at obtaining the optimal storage capacity for each prosumer belonging to a "renewable energy community" is presented. The algorithm minimises the dependence of the community on the main grid, which is one of the main purposes of this new model, while minimising the total installed storage capacity. The algorithm is tailored to the specific case study, because it keeps track of the willingness of the users to install a battery and keeps the voltage levels between regulatory limits in the optimisation process. In the second part instead, the effects of "uncontrolled" and "smart" EV-charging the electric vehicles with the aim of reducing the power fluctuations at the MV/LV transformer level are analysed. In particular, the interaction between PV production and EV charging is investigated, while considering the grid voltage fluctuations, the distribution line losses and the transformer loading levels at the same time. The broader impact of smart charging is also analysed by performing a simplified economic and battery wear analysis. Results help in understanding if storage devices can reduce the dependence of a renewable energy community on the main grid, and to what extent it is possible and economically viable to do so. Moreover, results quantify a realistic range of EV and PV system penetration in a LV grid that still allows for a combined minimisation of their impact on the power grid.

This research investigates the effects of both a Hybrid Energy Storage System and an Electrified Turbocharger in a consumer performance vehicle. This research also attempts to support the development of a prototype vehicle containing a Hybrid Energy Storage System currently being developed at McMaster University. Using a custom simulation tool developed in Matlab Simulink, Simulink models of each of the technologies were developed to predict the behavior of these subsystems across multiple physical domains. Control modeling, optimization and testing was completed for both systems. In addition, controls modeling for the Hybrid Energy Storage System was integrated with the development effort for a prototype vehicle considering the specifics of real world components. To assess the impact of these technologies on a performance vehicle platform, the simulation tool tested each technology using multiple vehicle variations. Three vehicle variants were developed, representing: a conventional performance hybrid design, a hybrid vehicle containing an electrified turbocharger, and a vehicle containing a Hybrid Energy Storage System. Electrical system peak output power was the vehicle specification held constant between each vehicle variant. Each vehicle variant was simulated against a number of traditional drive cycles representing everyday driving scenarios in an attempt to compare fuel economy while identifying each technologies individual impact on the vehicles performance. Finally, each vehicle variant was simulated using a custom performance drive cycle in a virtual race. Both technologies as assessed and in comparison to a larger battery variant, did not result in improved fuel economies during conventional vehicle driving. Both the Hybrid Energy Storage System and electrified turbocharger demonstrated improved vehicle performance in particular scenarios. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Electrified vehicles have not typically been viewed as performance vehicles. A recent trend has seen a growing number of manufacturers turn to hybrid and electric powertrains to produce high performing vehicles. However, a performance vehicle's electrical power is conventionally limited by the size and power of its battery, adding weight and cost. Two technologies offer the ability to increase the power of these electrified components without the need for a large battery. First, Hybrid Energy Storage System combines ultra-capacitors and batteries to increase the power density of the system. Second, an Electrified Turbocharger improves the turbo lag of a turbocharged engine and also recovers waste heat energy from the exhaust gases which is then used to propel the vehicle. This research identifies and demonstrates the potential impact these two technologies have when included in an American Muscle Car.

Artificial satellites play a vital role throughout the world today. They providea broad range of services ranging from navigation to communication and reconnaissance. As antenna technology is evolving and ground based antennas are getting smaller and smaller, the demand for on-the-move solutions is growing.These antennas can be used whilst mounted on for example, a moving vehicle,where the mechanical performance of the antenna must be sufficient for thecurrent conditions. During this project, a computer based tool that can helpengineers when iterating and optimizing a two-axis gimbal type antenna designwas created. The tool uses simulated and recorded data from road vehicles andboats to calculate the required torque on the two axes necessary to sustain communication with a geostationary satellite. When completed, the tool was easy to use and configure whilst not requiring much computational power. / Artificiella satelliter har en viktig roll i dagens samhälle. De gör att en radtjänster så som navigation, kommunikation och spaning är tillgängliga på ettsätt som annars ej vore möjligt. Samtidigt som antenner blir mindre och lättareså ökar efterfrågan på så kallade on-the-move-lösningar. Dessa antenner kananvändas under färd och ofta på fordon av olika slag. För sådana antenner är detviktigt att den mekaniska prestandan är tillräcklig för de rådande förhållandena.I detta projekt har ett datorbaserat verktyg som kan hjälpa ingenjörer att itereraoch optimera en tvåaxlig inpekare utvecklats. Verktyget använder simulerad ochinsamlad data från markfordon och båtar för att beräkna de vridmoment sombehövs på vardera axel for att bibehålla kommunikation med en geostationärsatellit. Det färdiga verktyget är enkelt att använda och konfigurera utan attkräva stor beräkningskraft.

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