L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser l’apport des énergies renouvelables à la transitionénergétique dans les pays en développement (PED). L’apport des énergies renouvelables à latransition énergétique dans les pays en développement se justifie à deux niveaux. Dans unpremier temps il vise à étudier les conditions, moyens et conséquences de la modification desstructures de production énergétique existantes basées sur les technologies fossiles vers cellesintégrant les technologies propres qui sont plus respectueuses de la qualité de l’environnement.Dans un second temps, l’analyse de la transition énergétique propose une architectureinstitutionnelle, technologique, sociologique, réglementaire et managériale favorisant laconvergence vers un système socio-technique soutenable à travers la diffusion et l’adoption destechnologies renouvelables. Partant des approches existantes, l’idée fondatrice de cette thèse estd’insister sur la nécessité d’une mise en place d’une approche mixte de transition énergétiquedans les pays en développement en combinant une approche décentralisée (permettant de prendreen compte les caractéristiques spatiales des zones rurales enclavées) et centralisées (permettantd’insérer les PED dans un paradigme énergétique soutenable). A partir de cette orientation, nous!6proposons une approche interdisciplinaire empiriquement basée sur l’Afrique du Sud et leSénégal afin d’analyser l’apport des énergies renouvelables à la transition énergétique. Les outilsméthodologiques ont combiné la modélisation du type bottom-up et les techniques d’optimisationà travers les algorithmes de programmation linéaire. / The objective of this doctorate thesis is to investigate the contribution of renewable technologiesto energy transition in developing nations. In the theoretical framework such a contribution couldbe justified in two points. First, it analyses conditions, means and consequences of a modificationof a fuel-based energy production scheme to a new structure based on a more sustainableorientedpathway. Second, the analysis of energy transition provides institutional, technological,sociological and managerial frameworks strengthening the convergence toward a sustainableoriented energy paradigm through a diffusion and adoption of renewable technologies. From theexisting approaches, the core of this thesis is to assume a requirement to consider a mixedapproach of energy transition in developing nations through a combination of both decentralizedand centralized options. The decentralized energy transition approach allows an insertion ofspatial and geographical characteristics of remote locations in developing nations while thecentralized approach strengthens an inclusion of developing nations in a sustainable energyparadigm. From this orientation, we propose an interdisciplinary methodology, empirically basedon South Africa and Senegal in order to investigate the possible contribution of renewabletechnologies to energy transition. To investigate these questions, we combine a bottom-up energymodeling approach with optimization techniques through a linear programming algorithm.

Investment incentive policies have been major policy instruments used in Canada and elsewhere to achieve economic growth and stabilization. In this study an attempt is made to isolate the specific effects contained in these policies, and to measure their impact on investment expenditures in Canada. There are three major sections to the study. First, various well-known models of investment behaviour are used to illustrate how investment incentive policies may be expected to influence investment expenditures. Secondly, a group of major Canadian incentive policies are described in detail, together with an outline of the institutional framework in which the policies were conceived and operated. Thirdly, these major policies are incorporated into investment functions to test for their impact on investment expenditures. From the empirical analysis, the investment incentive policies do not appear to have influenced investment expenditures to any substantial degree. At the same time the cost of these policies in terms of revenue foregone has been substantial. The major conclusion is that the case for investment incentive policies as instruments of short run stabilization policy is extremely weak. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>This dissertation studies the optimal control of two different dynamic systems with learning: (i) diagnostic service systems, and (ii) green incentive policy design. In both cases, analytical models have been developed to improve our understanding of the system, and managerial insights are gained on its optimal management.</p><p>We first consider a diagnostic service system in a queueing framework, where the service is in the form of sequential hypothesis testing. The agent should dynamically weigh the benefit of performing an additional test on the current task to improve the accuracy of her judgment against the incurred delay cost for the accumulated workload. We analyze the accuracy/congestion tradeoff in this setting and fully characterize the structure of the optimal policy. Further, we allow for admission control (dismissing tasks from the queue without processing) in the system, and derive its implications on the structure of the optimal policy and system's performance.</p><p>We then study Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) policies, which are incentive mechanisms by governments to promote renewable energy technologies. We focus on two key network externalities that govern the evolution of a new technology in the market over time: (i) technological learning, and (ii) social learning. By developing an intertemporal model that captures these dynamics, we investigate how lawmakers should leverage on such effects to make FIT policies more efficient. We contrast our findings against the current practice of FIT-implementing jurisdictions, and also determine how the FIT regimes should depend on specific technology and market characteristics.</p> / Dissertation

The innovation and the technological progress are considered fundamental themes for economic development of the country, being directly related to increased firms competitiveness. This is reflected even when the subject involves regional development, with implications for productivity and firms performance. Considering the high financial costs and the risks and uncertainties inherent in the innovation process, it is essential to observe financing policies required in this process, particularly with the participation of public funding agencies. In Brazil, these policies are consolidated from the “Lei de Inovação (nº 10.973/2004)”, the “Lei do Bem (nº 11.196/2005)” and the new legal march in Science, Technology and Innovation (nº 13.243/2016), seeking provide a favorable environment for innovation and scientific and technological research in the national and regional productive system of the country. This study aimed to analyze the evolution of technological innovation and public funding to regional innovation activities. For this, a descriptive statistical analysis of the performance of innovative indicators was carried out, from the data provided by the Technological Innovation Research (PINTEC) – editions in 2005, 2008 and 2011 – the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), the Funding of Studies and Projects (FINEP) and the National Bank for Social and Economic Development (BNDES), covering the period 2005-2014. The results confirm the positive evolution of Technology innovation in all regions of Brazil - as the number of beneficiary firms and the volume of funds granted - but the data indicate a higher concentration of public resources for innovation in the Southeast region, followed by the South region, representing a percentage of approximately 90% of the total invested in Brazil, showing that, in general terms, the innovation support policies were not able to reverse the clear regional concentration, with significant continuity of these initiatives focused on expanding opportunity for regions least developed in the country. / A inovação e o avanço tecnológico são considerados temas fundamentais para desenvolvimento econômico do país, estando diretamente relacionados ao aumento da competitividade das empresas. Isso se reflete inclusive quando a temática envolve o desenvolvimento regional, com implicações sobre a produtividade e o desempenho das empresas. Considerado os altos custos financeiros, bem como os riscos e incertezas inerentes ao processo de inovação, é fundamental observar as políticas de incentivos requeridas nesse processo, sobretudo com a participação de agências públicas de fomento. No Brasil, essas políticas são consolidadas a partir da Lei de Inovação (nº 10.973/2004), da Lei do Bem (nº 11.196/2005) e do novo marco legal da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (nº 13.243/2016), que buscam proporcionar um ambiente favorável à inovação e à pesquisa científica e tecnológica no sistema produtivo nacional e regional do país. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar, em nível regional, a evolução da inovação tecnológica no Brasil, a partir dos indicadores de desempenho das empresas inovadoras, bem como do financiamento público às atividades inovativas. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise estatística descritiva desses indicadores, a partir dos dados disponibilizados pela Pesquisa de Inovação (PINTEC) – nas edições 2005, 2008 e 2011 – pelo Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) e Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), contemplando o período de 2005 a 2014. Os resultados comprovam a evolução positiva da inovação tecnológica em todas as regiões brasileiras – quanto ao número de empresas beneficiadas e ao volume de recursos concedidos –, porém os dados apontam maior concentração de recursos públicos para inovação na região Sudeste, seguida da região Sul, representando um percentual de aproximadamente 90% do total investido no Brasil, evidenciando que, em termos gerais, as políticas de apoio à inovação não foram capazes de reverter a evidente concentração regional, sendo relevante a continuidade dessas ações com foco na oportunidade de expansão para as regiões menos desenvolvidas no país.