Les matériaux absorbants pour l’acoustique sous-marine sont utiles pour lutter contre la détection navale. Ces matériaux doivent évoluer, notamment en termes de performance acoustique et de tenue à la pression hydrostatique, en regard des progrès accomplis dans le domaine de la détection sous-marine. Pour cela, de nouvelles technologies de matériaux sont nécessaires et font l’objet de cette thèse. Les travaux tirent profit des propriétés intéressantes observées dans les structures périodiques et s’orientent autour de deux axes principaux : d’une part les propriétés de filtrage fréquentiel obtenues avec l’utilisation de cristaux phononiques (structures périodiques), d’autre part les phénomènes d’absorption basse fréquence liés à des résonances locales. L’étude des phénomènes précités implique le développement d’outils dédiés à l’analyse des structures périodiques avec la possibilité de prendre en compte le caractère dissipatif de certains matériaux, comme ceux couramment utilisés en acoustique sous-marine. Grâce à ces outils numériques basés sur la méthode des éléments finis, une étude de matériaux à inclusions fluides ou solides est présentée. Ces recherches permettent d’identifier et d’explorer les phénomènes liés à des résonances locales. Des expérimentations ont été effectuées par l’intermédiaire de la mise en place d’un banc d’essai robuste dédié à la mesure de panneaux acoustiques immergés. Les mesures faites en cuve acoustique ont été confrontées avec succès aux prévisions numériques. Enfin, d’autres dispositifs, basés sur différents phénomènes, sont proposés dans le but de repousser la limite basse fréquence de l’absorption des ondes dans l’eau. / Underwater absorbing materials are used on naval ships to avoid being detected. Acoustic performances and hydrostatic resistance still need improvements to face the evolution of naval detection systems. Therefore, new technologies of underwater absorbing materials are studied in this work. This thesis focuses on periodical structures, considering two main topics: stop-band effect from phononic crystal and resonant inclusions designed for low frequency absorption. To study these phenomena, periodic structures analysis is done using specifically developed tools able to consider losses in viscoelastic materials. Thanks to these numerical tools based on the finite element method, a study on materials with fluid or solid inclusions is presented. Some local resonances are detected and exploited. To carry on measurements, the installation of a robust bench test for underwater acoustic panels has been implemented. Measurements and numerical results are in good agreement. Finally, other designs based on different phenomena are proposed in order to stretch the limit of low frequency underwater absorbing materials.

Abstract Using a finite element package software DEFORMTM, this study simulated plastic deformation of the sheet at the roll-gap during sheet rolling processes. Rigid-plastic model of material is adopted. The rolls are assumed to be perfectly rigid and the sheets are isotropic. This study consists of three parts¡G(1) analysis of asymmetrical sheet rolling ; the effects of rolls speed ratios, roll radii ratios, friction factor ratios between sheet and rolls surface, upon the curvature of the rolled product and rolling force were systematically discussed. The larger the roll radius and the roll speed ratios are, the smaller the rolling force is and the larger the curvature of the sheet analytically. (2) Closing behavior, the deformation mechanism and stress-strain distributions around internal voids inside the sheet during sheet rolling was discussed numerically. The influences of various rolling conditions, such as the thickness reduction, the dimension of the internal void, friction factor, cross-sectional area of the void, etc., on the dimension of the void at the exit were discussed. The critical thickness reductions, over which the void would close completely, were also investigated. It is known that the critical reduction decreases with increasing roll radius. That is because the rolling pressure at the roll gap increases with increasing roll radius, accordingly, it takes smaller reductions to make the void closed completely. The critical thickness reduction decreases with increasing roll radius and decreasing voids dimension-thickness ratios. (3) The possibility of voids occurred at the front and back of the inclusion was investigated. The effects of various rolling conditions, such as the thickness reduction, the diameter of the inclusions, the roll diameter, friction factor, etc., on the generation and development of voids anticipated to occur in the front and rear of the inclusions were discussed. The critical thickness reductions under which void generation can be avoided were also examined. On the other hand, the effect of friction factor on between roll and sheet upon the void lengths in the front and rear of the inclusion is greater than that of friction factor on between inclusions and sheet. It is known that it decreases with increasing inclusions dimension, whereas the critical reduction decreases with decreasing roll radius. The analytical results showed a steady trend for 0.1mm< voids and inclusions dimension < 2.5mm. To verify the validity of the models, a series of experiments on the sheet rolling using aluminum (A1050, A6061) sheet as specimen were carried out. The experiments on sheet rolling with an internal void inside the sheet were conducted by micro-drill. The inclusions used ¡§SUS HSS¡¨ steel. The void length in the front of the inclusion is larger than that in the rear of the inclusion for both simulated and experimental results. The simulated results were compared with experimental results, and good agreement is found. Therefore, this numerical model using DEFORM software can offer useful knowledge for designing the pass-schedule in sheet rolling processes.

Crack healing in quartz has been investigated by optical microscopy and interferometry of rhombohedral ( 1 1 10 ) cracks in polished Brazilian quartz prisms that were annealed hydrothermally at temperatures of 250°C and 400°C for 2.4 to 240 hours, fluid pressure Pf = Pc = 41 MPa, and varying pOH- (from 5.4 to 1.2 at 250°C for fluids consisting of distilled water and NaOH solutions with molalities up to 1). Crack morphologies before and after annealing were recorded for each sample in plane light digital images. Crack apertures were determined from interference fringes recorded using transmitted monochromatic light (l = 598 nm). As documented in previous studies, crack healing is driven by reductions in surface energy and healing rates are governed by diffusional transport; sharply defined crack tips become blunted and split into fluid- filled tubes and inclusions. A rich variety of fluid inclusion geometries are also observed with nonequilibrium shapes that depend on initial surface roughness. Crack healing is significant at T=400°C. Crack healing is also observed at T=250°C for smooth cracks with apertures <0.6 mm or cracks subject to low pOH-. The extent of crack healing is sensitive to crack aperture and to hackles formed by fine-scale crack branching during earlier crack growth. Crack apertures appear to be controlled by hackles and debris, which prop the crack surfaces open. Upon annealing, crack apertures are reduced, and these reduced crack apertures govern the kinetics of diffusional crack healing that follows. Hackles are sites of either enhanced or reduced loss of fluid-solid interface, depending on slight mismatches and sense of twist on opposing crack surfaces. Hackles are replaced either by healed curvilinear quartz bridges and river patterns surrounded by open fluid-filled crack, or by fluid- filled tubes surrounded by regions of healed quartz. For a given temperature, aperture and anneal time, crack healing is enhanced at low pOH- ( £ 1.2) either because of changes in the hydroxylated quartz- fluid interface that enhance reaction rates or because of increased rates of diffusional net transport of silica at high silica concentrations.

Thèse doctorat : Génie Civil : Villeurbanne, INSA : 2005. / Contient 1 glossaire. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 341-358.

Thesis (M.S.)--Western Washington University, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-51). Also issued online.

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We have conducted an experimental investigation of the solubility and speciation of Mo in HCl-, NaCl-, and NaOH-bearing water vapour, and of the partitioning of Mo between coexisting aqueous liquid and vapour at 300 to 370&deg;C and up to saturated pressure. Our results indicate that Mo concentration is enhanced in HCl-bearing water vapour at fHCl > 0.1 bar, and in NaOH-saturated water vapour, but is unaffected by the presence of NaCl. This suggests that Mo speciates as MoO3&middot;nH2O in water vapour at equilibrium with NaCl or fHCl &lt; 0.1 bar. The dependence of SigmafMo on fHCl at higher acidity points to the formation of Mo oxychloride (MoO2Cl 2). For the system MoO3-NaOH-H2O, log Sigma fMo increases with increasing fH2O, and with log SigmafNa in a ratio of 0.28+/-0.4, but Sigma fNa does not change with increasing fH2O. This suggests the formation of a small proportion of sodium molybdate (Na 2MoO4) in addition to MoO3&middot;nH2O. Our partitioning experiments show that at lower temperature and fluid density, Mo partitions more strongly into the liquid than the vapour, but the Mo concentration in the vapour increases as the temperature-pressure conditions approach those of the critical point of water (374&deg;C and 221 bar), surpassing that in the liquid at &sim;360&deg;C. The results of our experiments indicate that both the liquid and vapour phases may be important for the transport of Mo in porphyry ore-forming systems, and that vapour-phase solubility is enhanced in high fHCl magmatic gases.

Extensive computer predictions have been carried out by the author to study flow, addition dispersion and particle motion during central gas injection into cylindrical vessels. In conjunction with numerical computations, experiments were conducted in a 0.30 scale water model of a 150 ton steel processing ladle, using a Froude number scaling criterion. Two typical gas injection configurations (i.e., conventional central injection and C.A.S. alloy addition procedure) were investigated. / Flow visualization studies were carried out using a suspended network of silken threads, mean velocity vectors and overall flow patterns were determined by video recording techniques, while mean velocity vectors and associated turbulence level were also measured with laser doppler velocimetry. These measurements show very reasonable agreement with equivalent numerical predictions. / To simulate the subsurface motion of additions, spherical wooden balls of various densities were dropped from typical heights, and their subsurface trajectories, immersion times, etc., recorded by means of a video recorder. Frame by frame analysis of the video tapes showed trends which are in good accord with computed trajectories. / Mixing times of simulated molten additions were measured by the conductivity measurement technique. These were compared with prediction from an equivalent tracer dispersion model and excellent agreement achieved. / For industrial application, flow, particle motion, and mixing times in a 150 ton steel processing ladle have been predicted and their technological significance discussed.

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