Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1928. / "June, 1928." Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-170).

CAPES / Os povos indígenas do Brasil vêm passando por transformações desde o período de colonização, quando o contato com os europeus iniciou o processo de hibridação cultural, para ambas as culturas. Atualmente, o modo de vida tradicional tornou-se inviável aos indígenas, que passaram a buscar estratégias de resistência e conservação de sua identidade junto à sociedade envolvente. Neste novo formato econômico, em que os povos indígenas necessitam cada vez mais do uso do dinheiro, e, tendo em vista as poucas opções para obtenção de renda dentro da Terra Indígena (TI), o recurso mais comum tem sido buscar atividades rentáveis fora. Frente à realidade indígena contemporânea, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar e analisar as estratégias e consequências do processo de assalariamento dos povos Kaingang e Guarani da TI Mangueirinha – PR. Para tanto, a pesquisa buscou entrevistar os indígenas Guarani e Kaingang que estão inseridos no trabalho assalariado formal, bem como, as lideranças dos dois povos, alguns moradores da TI e representantes das empresas que contratam o trabalho assalariado indígena. Ao final, o estudo apontou para uma importância significativa das lideranças indígenas no processo do trabalho assalariado formal, assim como, identificou respostas distintas ao assalariamento entre os dois povos estudados, dadas essencialmente pelas diferenças culturais existentes entre eles. / The indigenous people of Brazil are undergoing transformations since the colonization period, when the contact with Europeans began the process of cultural hybridization, for both culture groups. Currently, the traditional way of life has become impossible to indigenous people who have pursued strategies of resistance and preservation of their identity to the surrounding society. In this new economic format, in which indigenous peoples increasingly need the use of money, and, given the few options for obtaining income within the Indigenous Land (IL), the most common feature has been seeking profitable activities outside. Faced with the contemporary indigenous reality, this study aimed to investigate and analyze the strategies and consequences of wage process of people Kaingang and Guarani IL Mangueirinha - PR. Therefore, the research sought to interview the Guarani and Kaingang Indians who are included in the formal wage labor as well as the leaders of the two peoples, some residents and representatives of IL companies that hire the indigenous swage labor. Finally, the study pointed to a significant importance of indigenous leaders in the formal wage labor process and identified different responses to wage between the two peoples studied, essentially given the cultural differences between them.

No description available.

The art of the Heiltsuk of the central coast of British Columbia is not well known to non-aboriginal people and has been frequently misrepresented in the literature on the Northwest Coast. Because the majority of historical art from Bella Bella and other Heiltsuk communities is now in museums, ideas about Heiltsuk art and culture have been shaped largely by the museum collections from this region. While it is recognized that museums impose new organizations and narratives on the objects they display and store, how this happens is often less clear. To elucidate the process, the current methodological study analyses in detail the Heiltsuk collections of four major museums: the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), the American Museum of Natural History, the Royal British Columbia Museum, and the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and makes reference to Heiltsuk art and artifacts in other collections. Close examination of the composition and documentation of, and motivations for, these collections reveals both the diverse inventories used to create the museum-structured representation of Heiltsuk culture and the processes of their accumulation. The dissimilar agendas, knowledge, and opportunities of the artifact collectors influence museums' portrayals of Heiltsuk culture. The study deals only with Heiltsuk collections but its findings and methodologies are applicable to other Northwest Coast collections. / Graduate

This dissertation proposes an analysis of certain aspects of the syntax and morphology of Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language of northwestern British Columbia. In particular, the goal of the dissertation is to show that, despite claims and surface appearances to the contrary, the structure of a Gitksan sentence conforms to the putatively universal constraints on sentence structure proposed in Government and Binding theory. In order to defend this claim, I show that other structures which have been proposed for the language are not well-motivated by data, and that the structure I propose is able to account for the complex case and agreement facts observed in declarative Gitksan sentences. The thesis is structured in the following way. Chapter 1 briefly sketches the theoretical framework I assume, while Chapter 2 consists of a short introduction to some salient aspects of Gitksan phonology, morphology and syntax. Chapter 3 contains a comprehensive discussion of typological and structural properties of Gitksan sentences. I review those characteristics of the language which have led researchers to claim that Gitksan is either an ergative or a non-configurational language, but I argue that these surface characteristics do not provide compelling evidence that Gitksan should be assigned any divergent type of syntactic structure. On the contrary, I show that there is syntactic evidence in Gitksan to support a standard structure. I conclude Chapter 3 by examining a possible alternative proposal, namely that Gitksan is a pronominal argument language.’ Once again, however, I argue that the data are more consistent with a conservative account- in this case, one in which nominals function as arguments rather than adjuncts. In Chapter 4, I present in some detail data relating to agreement, case and the distribution of overt and silent pronominals in Gitksan, showing how these complex data can be accounted for under the structure I assume. The analysis presented in this chapter has important consequences for the treatment of morphological agreement and case in GB theory. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate

The continued "stereotyping" of Indians, because of imperfect knowledge and a lack of appreciation of their history and culture, is a barrier to understanding of their present poverty and underdevelopment. In recent years, more attention is being paid to the number of Indians who are migrating to the cities from the reserves. There are two main reasons for this; one is the hope of finding employment opportunities; the other is to take further training, which may be academic, technical or vocational. This study examines the needs of the Indian in the city, how they differ from the needs of other migrants, and what is being done to provide for them. In many instances it has been difficult for the Indian to adjust to life in an industrial urban centre. The cultural values are quite different from those to which he is accustomed on Indian reserves or from most of the small communities with which he is familiar. In his need for companionship and understanding, he has seldom been able to avail himself of opportunities to use existing resources in the cities, partly through unfamiliarity with the services offered, partly through shyness or fear of rebuff. Across Canada, associations have been formed by Indians, and in many cases with the cooperation of non-Indian well-wishers, to meet the social needs of these newcomers. A questionnaire was used to gain information from a representative number throughout Canada, especially on (a) the objectives of the associations, (b) the activities they sponsored, and (c) the problems they helped to solve. However, since so few have had more than a few month's experience, it is necessary to regard this largely as an exploratory study. The associations are providing new social relationships and personal services for the Indians in the cities. In so doing they help them feel a sense of participation, and they also increase the Indian's sense of responsibility and possible leadership. There is increasing awareness that the Indian needs help in solving some of his problems, but that he should be helped in the ways he chooses, and in the manner he finds most comfortable. Indian Friendship Centres can be a valuable base to facilitate his adjustment to the city, and his integration into Canadian society generally. There is obvious room for the employment of qualified social workers, as well as volunteers, in this activity. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Because the Indian Act is central to any discussion of Indian Affairs in Canada, it forms the focus of this study. This is not intended to be a study of law or jurisprudence. It reviews the welfare implications of the Indian Act in as orderly a sequence as possible, and applies social welfare concepts to the Canadian Indian, which are not yet customarily applied when his status is being evaluated. To do this, it is necessary not only to review the present Indian Act, but the original Indian Act, and appropriate reports, surveys and studies of Indian affairs from 1875 to the present. Its primary focus, however, is on the Indian today who is looking to full citizenship as never before. After an examination of the general background, the method is to evaluate the property rights and citizenship rights of Indians. An understanding of these rights is basic to any study of Indian affairs. Social assistance and child welfare are also perused and compared with existing standards of welfare. Chapter III deals with three fundamental social services: education, health and housing. The results indicate continuing evidence of what is, in effect, second-class citizenship for the Canadian Indian. In several areas, typical services and treatment are below those afforded most other Canadians. Some guides to a new approach are indicated, aimed at stimulating underdeveloped skills, and enlarging opportunities, which will enable Indians to attain equality with their fellow Canadians. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The survey arose out of the interest of the Indian Affairs Branch in present and future housing needs of the Squamish Band. The information gathered was to be used for the purpose of planning an adequate housing scheme and for the development of a modern community. The plan of the study was to present some historical background of the Squamish people, to show through the survey of the reserve, the need for better housing, and the rehabilitation possibilities of the people through the development of a modern community project on the Capilano Reserve. Implicit in the study of housing needs were the welfare needs of the people. Two surveys were made, and two schedules were involved in the gathering of the material. The method used was that of visiting the homes and families on the reserve, and having the questionnaires completed. There was thus a day to day visit to the reserves, and a continuous contact with the people over a considerable period of time. Although almost all homes on the reserve were visited, the information used in the tables was based on a random selection of twenty-seven homes. The study revealed in its broad outline that the second-class status of the Indian people has resulted in second-class living conditions. Housing conditions are sub-marginal and overcrowding is general in almost every instance. The welfare program lacks coordination and is inadequate to the needs of the families. Breakdown of family life is general. It appeared obvious that only a comprehensive program meeting the social and psychological needs of the people could adequately solve the many inter-related problems of the Squamish people. In addition it seemed clear that no program could really succeed unless the people themselves were intimately involved in its development. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The significance of the contemporary "winter dances" of the Coast Salish has been explained in terms of the Indian's 'search for status'. In this paper I attempt to establish the significance of Indian institutions for the Cowichan's 'search for status'. On the basis of informant interviews, I empirically describe the range of institutions in which a sample of the members of the Cowichan Band participate. Using a typology of institutions, I further delineate the type of viable 'status sets' maintained by band members and characterize the individuals who maintain them. In addition I test a theory which I feel might partially explain the differential participation manifested in the Cowichan status sets but is hopefully applicable to the members of any minority ethnic group. Briefly the theory assumes that: Actors who participate predominantly or exclusively in 'ethnic institutions' do so because their perception or definition of non-ethnics in terms of 'threat' prevents them from attempting to acquire status in non-ethnic institutions. A second hypothesis is also tested, namely that: Actors who participate predominantly or exclusively in ethnic institutions do so because they have failed in attempts to acquire status in non-ethnic institutions. The available data suggests that both the theory and the hypothesis are invalid. Contrary to expectations based on the theory, the perception of non-ethnics in terms of threat is greatest among those actors who negatively evaluate ethnic institutions but who have been unable to acquire non-ethnic status. In order to explain this result new assumptions focusing on the concept of 'negative self-evaluations' are introduced. With regard to the second hypothesis it would appear that predominant or exclusive participation in ethnic institutions is not a reaction to an initial failure to acquire non-ethnic status but more a function of the fact that ethnic statuses are more highly valued than non-ethnic statuses. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis undertakes a comparative study of two adjacent, yet linguistically distinct Fraser River Canyon groups -- the Tait and the Lower Thompson -- through an examination of ethnographic and archaeological data. The archaeological examination is based on results provided by an excavation at the recent Tait pit house village of Esilao in the Canyon near Yale, British Columbia. There were two related objectives. The purpose of the archaeological study was to test whether there was a discernible overlapping of ethnographic and archaeological data. Secondly, the Canyon culture was to be examined to determine whether it showed a greater alignment with the coast or with the interior. The results of ethnographic study show considerable uniformity of Canyon culture and pronounced interior affinities. The archaeological investigation reveals much overlap between ethnographic and archaeological data and indicates that the Esilao village assemblage had a definite interior alignment, thus lending support to the ethnographic findings. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate