La végétation herbacée est un bon indicateur des conditions environnementales, et elle a pour cela été utilisée pour la mise en évidence des changements environnementaux causés par les actions humaines, tels qu'eutrophisation, dépôts atmosphériques acides, changements de l’usage des sols ou de la pression d'herbivorie. Depuis peu, on s’intéresse à la réponse de la végétation aux changements climatiques. Le choix des zones d'étude se porte naturellement sur la montagne, où le gradient thermique induit par le relief y est fort (-0,56°C pour 100 mètres d'altitude), et où l'urbanisation et la pression agricole sont moindres par rapport aux zones de plaine, favorisant ainsi une réponse migratoire des espèces précoce et non biaisée. Afin de s'affranchir des effets potentiels des changements d'usage du sol, une partie de cette thèse est consacrée aux milieux forestiers dans lesquels l'effet du pastoralisme est réduit. Par ailleurs, une méthode basée sur la modélisation des changements de la réponse de la végétation au gradient d'altitude est développée, permettant ainsi d'étendre l'utilisation de données anciennes à des séries de relevés non géolocalisés. En s'appuyant sur cette méthode, deux caractéristiques de la végétation ont été analysées : la position de l'optimum d'espèces prises individuellement d'une part, et les changements de la valeur indicatrice des communautés végétales d'autre part. Par ailleurs, on a étudié les déplacements à long terme de la limite inférieure des espèces, pour tester la réponse des espèces en limite inférieure de leur distribution. Enfin, on a étudié l'évolution de la flore d'une zone très localisée, protégée par une large barrière physique constituée de deux glaciers permettant de s'affranchir des effets potentiels d'autres perturbations anthropiques concomitantes. Chacun des cas étudiés montre une remontée des espèces en altitude. Cependant, d'autres phénomènes expliquant la réponse de la végétation sont clairement mis en cause : fermeture et maturation du couvert forestier, eutrophisation importante, probable fragmentation de l'habitat ou dispersion par les randonneurs. Ces perturbations anthropiques directes jouent à des échelles de temps et d'espace comparables à l'effet anthropique indirect du changement climatique. Il est donc primordial de les prendre en compte dans les changements de végétation observés, avant de conclure à un effet du réchauffement climatique seul / Herbaceous vegetation is a good bio-indicator of environmental conditions, and was often used to detect and to put in evidence environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activities, like eutrophication, acid atmospheric deposit, land-use change and herbivory pressure. More recently, the interest had focused on the response of vegetation to climatic change. Mountains were naturally chosen as study areas, since the thermal gradient induced by the relief is strong (-0.56°C for 100m a.s.l.) and urbanisation and agricultural pressure are weaker than in lowlands, thus promoting early and unbiased migratory response of species. To free oneself from potential effects of land use change, a part of this PhD is devoted to mountain forest habitat, where pastoralism effects are reduced. Moreover, a method is developed, based on the modelling of changes in vegetation response to elevation gradient, allowing extending the use of historical data to non-geolocalized dataset. With this method, two characteristics of vegetation were analysed: the optimum position of individual species on the one hand, and changes in the indicator value of plant communities on the other. Furthermore, the long-term shift of species’ lower limit is studied, to test the species response at their lower limit. The last part focuses on changes in the flora of a really localised area, protected by a broad physical barrier formed by two glaciers, allowing to free from potential effects of other parallel anthropogenic disturbances. Every studied case shows a shift of species toward higher elevations. However, other phenomena explaining vegetation response became also evident in our study: forest closure and maturation, important eutrophication, probable habitat fragmentation and dispersal by hikers. Those direct anthropogenic disturbances play a role comparable in space and time to the indirect anthropogenic impact of climate change. Thus, it is essential to consider them in the observation of vegetation changes, before assigning the effects to climate warming only

台北市自民國72年起，公佈實施土地使用分區管制規則以來，至今已十幾年，但對於住宅區之環境品質並無明顯改善，反而突顯實施土地使用分區之分組及允許使用組別的問題，究其原因，是法規制定太偏於混合使用及允許使用組別太多。尤其附條件允許組別更為嚴重，幾乎與商業區差不多，而其中產生一些行業別與住宅不相容的情形。 有鑑於此，本研究乃期望透過混合使用相關研究回顧遴選出適當之評估指標項目，再收集專家學者對評估指標之意見，進行修正所遴選之評估指標，作為混合使用環境品質之評估基礎。在其中發現混合使用評估指標相對權重以「守望相助與警衛」權重最大、其次是「購物方便性」、第三為「餐飲方便性」。而「垃圾收集」與「污水排放問題」之小指標相對權重較小。由此不難理解，在專家的觀念裡混合使用之居住環境需以居住安全性之「守望相助與警衛」為第一考量，然後才能考慮混合使用生活之便利性。 由以上所建構之評估指標，經收集居民的意見與專家之賦予權重之後，經整理計算後，所得到評估指數正負得知，混合使用環境品質評估指標中以「寧便居住環境」、「公共安全」之指數呈現正值，而「環境污染公害」為負值，將其大指標之指數加總，發現總值為正數，得知混合使用之居住環境可能是好處多於壞處。 得知評估指標之指數大小之後，筆者再建立相容性行業別操作方式，進行計算行業別之評估指數大小，並建立數學模式，發現行業別之指數總和越大，代表居民與專家愈能接受該行業。負面值越大表示排斥性越大。同時可理解相容性越高之行業對環境影響越少，且對生活機能幫助越大。進而可透過行業別之排序，依混合使用環境品質需求，再訂定不同混合標準，以塑造不同等級之居住環境。 另在新、舊地區之實證過程中得知；混合使用的行業會因道路寬度、區位而有不同混合比例，其中立體混合也與平面混合成正相關。而從實際新、舊地區之業種調查發現，在大安區之業種是屬於都市型，而在萬華區之業種是屬於鄰里型。 綜合言之；本研究透過相關理論回顧與分析，所建立住宅區土地混合使用之評估指標，作為相容性之行業別判斷依據。在其中發現行業別之相容性，可依本研究所擬之評估指標判斷業別對居住環境的影響情形，同時可透指數分析再訂定業種相容性標準，而進行衡量評估指標與行業別之相關性計算。尤其在行業別設立時，將可能對住宅使用產生正面或負面影響情形，以指標的方式表達；如行業別是否產生噪音振動、垃圾處理方式、停車問題、空氣污染..等等問題，儘可能再設有評估標準。待相容性行業別執行一段時間後，依執行情形來修正評估標準，以利後續土地混合使用業種相容性之參考。 / Since the announcement and execution of the Zoning Act of Taipei Metropolitan in 1983, there is no obvious improvement on the living quality in the residential areas. Conversely, there are some issues on the usage classification and permitted usage categories. After further research, it’s found that the Zoning Act biased on the mixed-use, which permitted too much usage in one category. The most serious one was the permitted usage in its appendix, which made the usage of residential area almost the same as the commercial area. After researching on the related documents on mixed-use, the study emerged the appropriate evaluation indicators. Then collecting the experts’ comments, the study modified evaluation indicators accordingly, which formed the bases of environmental evaluation of mixed-use. In between, the relative importance of top three indicators was ranked as “residents’ mutual help and guard”, “shopping convenience” and “dinning convenience”. Both “trash collection” and “waste water manipulation” were less concerned. It understandable that in experts’ concepts, the residential safety was the first consideration then the living convenience. Based on the above evaluation indicators and collected comments from the residents and experts, the study came out the positive and negative values of evaluation indicators. The “quiescence and convenience of living environment” and “public safety” were positive value but “environmental pollution” was negative value. Summing up the big indicators, the value was positive which meant people possibly evaluated highly on the mixed-use in the residential environment. Understanding the importance of indicators, the study rebuilt the operation model for compatible businesses, which calculated the values of business evaluation indicators and built mathematical model. Then the study found out that the greater positive values of summed up indicators, the more representative residents and experts accepted the business. The greater the negative value, the more exclusivity represented. More compatible businesses would less impact the environment but enhance the living functionality. Ranking the business sequences according to the needs of environmental quality in mixed-use, we could build up different grades of living environments by setting up different mixed-use standards. It was proven from the study on the new and old residential areas that the mixed-use ratio of businesses would be differed by the width of road and location in which vertical and horizontal mixed-use are positively related. From the field study, the businesses in Ta-An district belonged to the metropolitan type but those in Wan-Hua district belonged to the tithing type. In summary, the study went through the review and analysis of related thesis then built the evaluation indicators for mixed-use in residential area, which in turn were the bases to identify the businesses compatibility. Utilizing the evaluation indicators, we could identify the business compatibility and its impact on the living environment. Simultaneously, through indicator analysis, new business compatibility could be redefined and evaluate the relationship between evaluation indicators and business relativity. Especially for the business category, which would heavily impact the environment, the indicators could be identified as, e.g., voice and vibration pollution, trash manipulation, parking issue, air pollution...which needed more evaluation standards. After some time of execution, the results could be used to modify the evaluation standard, which would be the reference for the succeeding study of land mixed-use.

Introductory part of this thesis concludes the development of air traffic, division of airports in the Czech Republic according to the Ministry of Transport, according to the Law on Civil Aviation and according to the Coding of the airports (Requirement L 14). The aim was to realize theoretical definition and division of output and economic indicators. After that comes choice of appropriate airports from the European Union. The choice has been made on the basis of the number of check-in passengers at the airport in Prague-Ruzyně. Eight most suitable airports have been chosen from all twenty-seven member countries of the EU. The following step is comparative analysis of these chosen airports on the basis of specified output and economic indicators for the years 2005-2009. The year 2010 has not been included, because the chosen airports did not complete their annual reports, balances and statements of profit and loss. From these sources the values for calculation of individual indicators have been chosen. These indicators have been shown in charts, evaluated by means of graphs in Excel Programme and further they have been characterized in words. The aim of the thesis was also the evaluation and comparison of output and economic indicators of effectiveness and after evaluation, proposal of methods of evaluations has followed.