Os principais objetos de estudo dessa dissertação são uma estatística e um mapa da Província de São Paulo, ambos encomendados pela recém-instituída Assembleia Legislativa Provincial, em 1835, ao engenheiro-militar Daniel Pedro Müller (1785-1841). Planejados para serem utilizados como instrumentos de poder a serviço de grupos da elite paulista, no controle da administração provincial, a reconstituição dos contextos de sua produção, impressão e circulação permitem estabelecer nexos entre esses artefatos e a sociedade que os produziu e utilizou pela primeira vez, ampliando a compreensão da dinâmica política, econômica e social da Província paulista da primeira metade do Oitocentos. Para estudá-los buscou-se, inicialmente, reconstituir a trajetória de Daniel Pedro Müller, bem como caracterizar os grupos da elite paulista que passaram a ocupar os espaços de poder provincial a partir da transição do regime absolutista para a monarquia constitucional, no princípio da década de 1820, até o final da primeira metade daquele século. Em seguida, passou-se à análise dos artefatos propriamente ditos, buscando estabelecer relações entre esses objetos e os contextos político, econômico e social em que estavam inseridos. Por fim, a partir de dois exemplos concretos da economia política provincial a apropriação das terras indígenas para o avanço das culturas de exportação e subsistência em direção ao Oeste e a orientação da política econômica ao desenvolvimento da infraestrutura viária paulista buscou-se demonstrar como a construção territorial engendrada por estes artefatos serviu como instrumento de poder para a realização dos interesses e desígnios de autoridades administrativas em aliança com a elite mercantil-exportadora paulista. / The main study objects of this masters thesis are a statistic and a map of the Province of São Paulo, both commissioned in 1835 by the recently established Provincial Legislative Assembly to the military engineer Daniel Pedro Müller (1785-1841). Planned to be used as instruments of power to serve groups of the local elite in control of the provincial administration, the reconstitution of the contexts of its production, printing and circulation allows us to establish links between these artifacts and the society who produced and used them for the first time, expanding the comprehension of the political, economic and social dynamics of the Paulista province during the first half of the 19th century. In order to study these artifacts we sought, in the first place, to rebuild the trajectory of Daniel Pedro Müller as well as to characterize the Paulista elite groups that came to occupy the spaces of provincial power from the transition from the absolutist regime to the constitutional monarchy in the beginning of the 1820s, up to the end of the first half of that century. Afterwards we went to the analysis of the actual artifacts, aiming to establish relationships between these objects and the political, economic and social context in which they were entered. Finally, from two concrete examples of the provincial economic politics the appropriation of indigenous lands for the advancements of the exports and subsistence cultures towards the West part of the province and the guidance of the political economy for the development of the Paulista road infrastructure we aimed to demonstrate how the territorial construction engendered by these artifacts was used as an instrument of power to attend the interests and intends of administrative authorities in alliance with the São Paulo exporting-mercantile elite.

Os principais objetos de estudo dessa dissertação são uma estatística e um mapa da Província de São Paulo, ambos encomendados pela recém-instituída Assembleia Legislativa Provincial, em 1835, ao engenheiro-militar Daniel Pedro Müller (1785-1841). Planejados para serem utilizados como instrumentos de poder a serviço de grupos da elite paulista, no controle da administração provincial, a reconstituição dos contextos de sua produção, impressão e circulação permitem estabelecer nexos entre esses artefatos e a sociedade que os produziu e utilizou pela primeira vez, ampliando a compreensão da dinâmica política, econômica e social da Província paulista da primeira metade do Oitocentos. Para estudá-los buscou-se, inicialmente, reconstituir a trajetória de Daniel Pedro Müller, bem como caracterizar os grupos da elite paulista que passaram a ocupar os espaços de poder provincial a partir da transição do regime absolutista para a monarquia constitucional, no princípio da década de 1820, até o final da primeira metade daquele século. Em seguida, passou-se à análise dos artefatos propriamente ditos, buscando estabelecer relações entre esses objetos e os contextos político, econômico e social em que estavam inseridos. Por fim, a partir de dois exemplos concretos da economia política provincial a apropriação das terras indígenas para o avanço das culturas de exportação e subsistência em direção ao Oeste e a orientação da política econômica ao desenvolvimento da infraestrutura viária paulista buscou-se demonstrar como a construção territorial engendrada por estes artefatos serviu como instrumento de poder para a realização dos interesses e desígnios de autoridades administrativas em aliança com a elite mercantil-exportadora paulista. / The main study objects of this masters thesis are a statistic and a map of the Province of São Paulo, both commissioned in 1835 by the recently established Provincial Legislative Assembly to the military engineer Daniel Pedro Müller (1785-1841). Planned to be used as instruments of power to serve groups of the local elite in control of the provincial administration, the reconstitution of the contexts of its production, printing and circulation allows us to establish links between these artifacts and the society who produced and used them for the first time, expanding the comprehension of the political, economic and social dynamics of the Paulista province during the first half of the 19th century. In order to study these artifacts we sought, in the first place, to rebuild the trajectory of Daniel Pedro Müller as well as to characterize the Paulista elite groups that came to occupy the spaces of provincial power from the transition from the absolutist regime to the constitutional monarchy in the beginning of the 1820s, up to the end of the first half of that century. Afterwards we went to the analysis of the actual artifacts, aiming to establish relationships between these objects and the political, economic and social context in which they were entered. Finally, from two concrete examples of the provincial economic politics the appropriation of indigenous lands for the advancements of the exports and subsistence cultures towards the West part of the province and the guidance of the political economy for the development of the Paulista road infrastructure we aimed to demonstrate how the territorial construction engendered by these artifacts was used as an instrument of power to attend the interests and intends of administrative authorities in alliance with the São Paulo exporting-mercantile elite.

Préoccupés par les pratiques agricoles qui nuisent à la santé humaine et environnementale, des réseaux d'agriculteurs équatoriens se sont organisés autour d’une alternative plus durable, l'agroécologie, au moment où une transition nutritionnelle conduit la population rurale à des niveaux sans précédents de surpoids et d'obésité, alors que persistent des carences en micronutriments, créant ainsi un double fardeau de malnutrition. À travers les réseaux d'alimentation alternative (RAA) basés sur l'agroécologie, les agriculteurs et leurs alliés reconnaissent de plus en plus les liens entre les pratiques agricoles saines et la consommation d'aliments sains. De nombreuses publications ont exploré la manière avec laquelle les interventions agricoles peuvent améliorer la nutrition, par exemple, en favorisant la diversité de la production, en augmentant les revenus et en renforçant l'autonomie des femmes. L'agroécologie possède un grand potentiel d’action sur ces mécanismes. Toutefois, comme l'agroécologie se répand souvent en tant que mouvement social plutôt qu'en tant qu'intervention systématique, des recherches empiriques sont encore nécessaires pour évaluer les liens entre l'agroécologie et les pratiques alimentaires des agriculteurs. Cette thèse explore comment les pratiques de production et le capital social promus par les RAA agroécologiques peuvent être associés à des pratiques alimentaires uniques, avec le potentiel de soutenir la santé nutritionnelle face à l'obésité et aux carences en micronutriments. Suivant une approche participative de recherche, un devis mixte séquentiel exploratoire comprenant l'ethnographie, des entretiens avec des informateurs clés, des discussions de groupe et une enquête transversale comparant des agricultrices appartenant aux RAA agroécologiques à leurs voisines agricultrices non participantes a été appliqué. Les résultats montrent que les participantes aux RAA ont obtenu de meilleurs résultats que leurs voisines à travers de multiples indicateurs d'adéquation et de modération alimentaires. Les analyses suggèrent en outre que les RAA agroécologiques soutiennent ces meilleurs résultats nutritionnels en renforçant la diversité de la production et le capital social qui, à leur tour, favorisent la consommation d'aliments issus de l’auto-production et de l'économie sociale (par exemple le troc), ainsi que la consommation d'aliments traditionnels. Ces résultats démontrent empiriquement comment l'agroécologie peut agir sur les mécanismes liant l'agriculture à la nutrition pour favoriser une alimentation saine. Étant donné la nature du mouvement agroécologique mondial, largement auto-disséminé, l'agroécologie peut représenter une ressource endogène importante pour soutenir le bien-être nutritionnel des populations rurales. / Concerned with agricultural practices that harm human and environmental health, networks of farmers in Ecuador have organized around agroecology as a more sustainable alternative. This comes at a time in which a nutrition transition has driven Ecuador’s rural population to unprecedented levels of overweight and obesity, even while micronutrient deficiencies persist, thus creating a double burden of malnutrition. Through agroecology-based alternative food networks (AFNs), farmers and their allies have increasingly recognized the linkages between healthy agricultural practices and healthy food consumption. A breadth of literature explores how agriculture interventions can improve nutritional outcomes, such as by promoting production diversity, increasing incomes and empowering women. Agroecology has much potential to act on these pathways. However, because agroecology often spreads as a social movement rather than as a systematic intervention, empirical research assessing linkages between agroecology and farmers’ dietary practices is lacking. This thesis explores how the production practices and social capital promoted through agroecological AFNs may be associated with unique dietary practices that hold potential to support nutritional health in the face of both obesity and micronutrient deficiencies. To do so, this research implemented a participatory approach and sequential, exploratory mixed method design including ethnography, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and a cross-sectional survey comparing agroecology AFN participants and their non-participant farming neighbours. Findings show that AFN participants out-performed their neighbours on multiple indicators of dietary nutrient adequacy and moderation. Analyses further suggest that agroecological AFNs support these dietary outcomes by strengthening production diversity and social capital, which in turn promote the consumption of foods from own-production and from the social economy (e.g. barter) as well as promote the consumption of traditional foods. These results empirically demonstrate how agroecology can act on agriculture-nutrition pathways to enable healthy diets. Given the largely self-spreading nature of the global agroecology movement, agroecology may present an endogenous resource for supporting rural nutritional well-being.