Two locations on Scott Creek, located 12 miles north of Santa Cruz California, are being considered for the installation of a streamgage to measure discharge. Each location offers unique considerations and challenges in gage construction and discharge measurement capabilities. A detailed flood frequency analysis was completed using a direct watershed comparison, direct equations developed by Waananen and Crippen, a Log Pearson Type III Frequency Distribution, a regional analysis, and two-station comparisons. Final results indicate a 100-year recurrence interval of 6,310 ft3/s at the Upper Scott Creek location and 6,520 ft3/s at the lower location. A detailed indirect measurement revealed that the Lower Scott Creek gage location can only maintain a discharge of 2,500 ft3/s, or a 10-year frequency event, before bank overflow. Therefore, a cableway spanning the width of the design flow cannot be constructed and stage readings at extreme peak events will not accurately represent the true hydrograph. A bridge at the Upper Scott Creek gage location will provide a means for measuring high flow events; however, the channel is in a state of disequilibrium due to debris jams within the 140 foot reach above the bridge. This site is also problematic due to the occurrence of channel avulsion which is scouring and incising a new channel which threatens to undermine the left bank wingwall of the bridge. Remediation measures have been proposed, including the installation of a cross-vane and wing-deflectors, to mitigate negative effects of erosion and reestablish a natural channel condition. The upstream location has been selected as the preferred alternative given the remediation measures are successful.

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the ‘richness’ of the marking on personal names is an adequate indirect measure of a language’s case usage. The method uses parallel texts to identify, and group by lemma, names in over a thousand languages. These groupings are compared with data for case usage from a typological database for those languages for which it is available. This material is then used to test a method for assessing whether a language uses case or not. Results indicate that the maximum number of word types a proprial lemma is attested with in a text is a useful tool for inferring case usage. However, it only yielded clear results for a subset of the languages tested. It was not particularly useful for inferring the absence of case usage. Estimation of number of case categories was also performed. An entropy measure based on word types that a personal name lemma is attested with and the occurrences of these word types was used. It was found to be a fair indicator of number of case categories for languages, if somewhat inaccurate. Markings on languages which had no case were investigated. They were found to be of several types: pragmatic markers, non-case grammatical markers and case-like markers. Two languages with few markings on personal names and with case were investigated. They were found to not use any case marking on their personal names, but still use such markers on common nouns. This contrasts with a tentative generalization that this study is based on: ‘No languages have case marking exclusively in the domain of [personal names] or [common nouns].’ (Handschuh, 2017). / Denna studies syfte är att utvärdera om ’formrikedomen’ hos personnamnslexem är ett fungerande indirekt sätt att undersöka språks kasussystem. Parallella texter användes för att namnen hitta personnamn och gruppera dem efter lexem i över ett tusen språk. För den delmängd av språken där data om deras kasussystem fanns tillgänglig så jämfördes denna med grupperingarna. Resultaten indikerar att det maximala antalet ordformstyper som ett namnlemma observerades i är ett användbart verktyg för att hitta språk som använder kasus, men bara för en delmängd av testade språk. Det var däremot sämre på att hitta språk som inte använder kasus. En entropiuppskattning som var baserat på antalet ordformstyper ett personnamnslemma hittades med och antalet förekomster av dessa ordformstyper användes. Det var en okej indikator för antalet kasuskategorier, dock med något bristande träffsäkerhet. Personnamnsmarkeringar på språk utan kasus undersöktes. De funna typerna av markeringar var pragmatiska, kasuslika, och grammatiska icke-kasus. Två språk med kasus, men med få personnamns, undersöktes. De använder inte kasusmarkering på personnamn, men på sina substantiv, vilket bröt mot en hypotetisk generalisering som denna studie baserades på: Att inga språk har kasusmarkeringar endast på personnamn eller endast på substantiv.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Augusto Pereira Braga.pdf: 1145854 bytes, checksum: 8898d3084e223e4e9ad52a8aa7363b01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-07 / A tunning model for Kalman filter based on QR duality principle is presented to measure the state variables of the electrolytic bath in aluminium production cells. The main goal is to establish a set of filter gains that better represents the percentual of alumina in the bath. The filter bandwidth tunning is performed by increasing or decreasing the filter bandpass from the Q and R variations. The design and analysis of the Q and R covariance matrices are performed to find a pattern of the resistance variations that could be associated with the alumina concentration in the bath. The technical solution encloses on-line evaluation of the Kalman filter in order to prove its capableness of response when used to control real production cells. The Standard Kalman is coded upon a scalar form to reduce the use of computing resources when the filter is processed. The line current and pot voltage are directly read from the hardware interface and then converted in a third variable, the resistance, which is used to infer the alumina concentration in the bath. Moreover, the filter implementation goes in the direction of practical aspects limits of the indirect measurement system implementations, its robustness is appraised by observability, roundo® and modeling errors. / O controle da concentração de alumina no banho de cubas eletroliticas é de vital importância para um rendimento eficiente do processo de produção de aluminio. Este controle tem por objetivo promover, em uma visão macro, um retorno justificável perante ao planejamento global das metas de produção de uma fábrica de aluminio. O desenvolvimento de uma metodologia baseada no ajuste dos ganhos de um filtro tipo Kalman Padrão é o principal enfoque cientifico e tecnológico desta pesquisa. A sintese da metodologia é a implementação do filtro de Kalman Padrão e Escalar em um computador que controla a quantidade de alumina no banho eletrolitico. Considera-se as restrições de software e de hardware na implantação do algoritmo de Kalman no sistema que executa o controle de processo por computador. Desenvolve-se um modelo de sintonia do filtro de Kalman utilizando-se o principio da dualidade das matrizes Q e R. O objetivo é estabelecer um conjunto de ganhos que representem da melhor forma a quantidade de alumina dentro da cuba. Assim, faz-se uma análise considerando-se mudanças nas matrizes Q e R, e apresenta-se os resultados obtidos. Analisa-se a largura de banda do filtro, verificando-se diminuição ou aumento de banda na medida que as matrizes Q e R sofrem alterações em seus elementos. As estratégias de monitoramento são verificadas para diversas situações de operação(dinâmica) da planta, e as variações paramétricas do modelo são levadas em consideração para garantirmos uma operação robusta e estável do filtro. O desempenho do filtro é verificado em paralelo com um sistema de filtragem e de controle historicamente utilizados na estimação do percentual de alumina no banho eletrolitico.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaderson Pereira Oliveira.pdf: 404370 bytes, checksum: cdd98c0292ea8584c4aca3a5c5006d3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-18 / We present in this work the development of an α-β filter for indirect measurement in 1st order dynamic systems, derived from the known equations for the α-β filter applied to systems with a pure integer. The main α-β filter design parameters analyzed are: the variance reduction factor of the measurement noise and the total transient error for a step input. Further, we present the development of the equations for the calculation of a critically dumped filter. As example of application, we use the concepts developed for the design of an α-β filter for the indirect measurement of the oxygen up-take rate in activated sludge systems in a dissolved oxygen feedback configuration, which can be viewed as a 1st order system. Simulations and comparisons with other methods are carried out in order to illustrate the proposed formulations. / Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento do filtro α-β para medição indireta em sistemas dinâmicos de 1ª ordem a partir das equações conhecidas do filtro α-β aplicados a sistemas com um integrador puro. Os principais parâmetros de projeto do filtro analisado são: o fator de redução de variância do ruído de medição e o erro total de transitório para uma entrada do tipo degrau. Além disso, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento das equações para o cálculo de um filtro criticamente amortecido. Como exemplo de aplicação, utiliza-se os conceitos desenvolvidos para o projeto de um filtro α-β para medição indireta da taxa de consumo de oxigênio em sistemas de tratamento de esgotos de lodo ativado em uma configuração de realimentação da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, o qual pode ser considerado um sistema de 1ª ordem. Simulações e comparações com outros métodos são apresentadas de forma a ilustrar a formulação proposta.

This work is dedicated to increasing the effectiveness of a particular draft induction motor, which was before the change and subjected to laboratory measurements according to EN60034 - 2-1, an analytical calculation of the losses and the overall efficiency and analysis program RMxprt. The first part focuses on the analysis of measurement data, measurement of partial loss in the machine and overall efficiency. In the second chapter, losses and efficiency calculated analytically, in the first case using the links in the professional literature dealing with the design of electric motors and in the second case by a program for the rapid design of rotating electrical machines, RMxprt program. At the end of this chapter all parameters are obtained measurements and calculations are compared. The third chapter is devoted to the calculation of losses and the resulting efficiency machines in a computer program, in which I gradually adopted changes to increase the efficiency of electrical machines. It also shows the calculation of the new dimensions of the stator and rotor slots. In the fourth chapter, the preparation of documentation for the production of a new two-layer winding for the current machine, while preserving the original dimensions of stator slots. The last part is devoted to the analysis of measurement data on the supplied asynchronous motor with a newly designed stator winding. In conclusion then discussed the results of work.

The thesis deals with establishing uncertainties of indirect measurements. It focuses primarily on random number generators in software enabling the calculation of mea-surement uncertainties using Monte Carlo. Then it focuses on the uncertainty calculati-on indirect measurement as the Monte Carlo method and the classical numerical met-hod. The practical part deals with the verification of randomness generators numbers contained in various softwares. It also deals with the determination of uncertainties indi-rect current measurements by both above-mentioned methods and then comparing and evaluating the values achieved.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_DENIS FABRICIO SOUSA DE SA.pdf: 2409581 bytes, checksum: 4de5274676a1f75ffe2a1f6b46b1388c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The representation of dynamic systems or plants via mathematical models occupies an important position in control system design that allow the performance evaluation of the controller during his development stage. These models are also used as an alternative to solve the problem of the hardness or impracticability to install sensors that measure the controlled variables, the dynamic systems representations enable non-invasive measurement of these variables. As consequence the designer has an alternative way to perform adaptive and optimal sensorless control for a given process. In this dissertation is presented a proposal for control systems schemas and algorithms, based on recurrent neural networks (ANN) and Box-Jenkins models, that are dedicated to sensorless or indirect control of dynamic systems. The proposed models and algorithms are associated with the systems identification and recurrent ANN approaches. The algorithms developed for the AAN training are Backpropagation Accelerated and RLS types that are compared with classical methods and strategies to obtain it online parameters of indirect control of system for a thermal plant, where the actuator is Peltier cell. The performance the parametric models of the plant and adaptive PID digital controllers and linear quadratic regulator (DLQR) that are the main elements of the sensorless temperature control system, are evaluated by means of hybrid simulations, where the algorithms implemented in micro controllers and the plant represented by mathematical models. The performance results of the proposed sensorless control algorithms are promissory, not only, in terms of the control system performance, but also due to the reexibility to deploy it in other dynamic systems. / A representação de sistemas dinâmicos ou plantas por meio modelos matemáticos ocupa uma posição relevante no projeto de sistemas de controle, permitindo que o projetista avalie o desempenho dos controladores durante a fase de desenvolvimento do projeto. Estes modelos também são utilizados para resolver o problema da dificuldade ou impossibilidade da inserção de sensores em plantas para medição de variáveis controladas, onde os modelos viabilizam a mediação não invasiva destas variáveis, fornecendo uma alternativa para realização do controle indireto adaptativo e ótimo de um dado processo. Nesta dissertação apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de modelos propostos baseados em redes neurais artificiais recorrentes para o controle sensorless ou indireto da planta. Os modelos propostos estão associados com as abordagens de Identificação de Sistemas e de RNA's recorrentes. OS algoritmos desenvolvidos para o treinamento das RNAs são do tipo Backpropagation acelerado e RLS, que são comparados com estratégias e métodos clássicos, para obtenção online dos parâmetros do sistema de controle indireto de uma planta térmica, tendo como atuador uma célula Peltier. Para uns de avaliação de desempenho do sistema de controle indireto da planta, os modelos paramétricos e controladores digitais adaptativos do tipo PID e regulador linear quadrático (DLQR) são avaliados por meio de simulações híbridas, sendo os algoritmos dos controladores implementados em microcontroladores e a planta representada por modelos matemáticos. Os resultados apresentados são promissores, não são sentido do desempenho do sistema de controle, mas também nos custos reduzidos para seu desenvolvimento, operação e flexibilidade de aplicação em outros sistemas dinâmicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Mendes Cerqueira.pdf: 4042726 bytes, checksum: a65c6a7174271eecc553e3a5b0ceb33a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Motivated by the necessity of efficient algorithms, it s presented the development of a methodology for the design and analysis of state observers in open and closed loops that are dedicated to monitoring and control of dynamic systems. The development of observers are based on OE models, description in state space and Kalman filter. The models are evaluated for temperature control of a aluminum cube that is inside of a sterilizer oven. In addition to the models assessment in terms of its ability to represent behavior of plants, these models also evaluated for the design of discrete linear quadric regulator DLQR that are tuned by genetic algorithms. The monitoring models are evaluated for open and closed loops structures that are represented by algorithms in terms of difference equations, these algorithms are seen as software core for the indirect measurement systems. / Motivado pela necessidade de algoritmos eficientes, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para projeto e análise de observadores de estado em malhas aberta e fechada que são dedicados a monitoração e controle de sistemas dinâmicos. O desenvolvimento dos observadores estão fundamentados em modelos OE, descrição no espaço de estados e filtro de Kalman. Os modelos são avaliados para o controle da temperatura de um cubo de alumínio que encontra-se no interior de uma estufa. Além das avaliações dos modelos em termos de sua habilidade em representar comportamento de plantas, estes são também avaliados para o projeto do regulador linear quadrático discreto (RQLD) que são sintonizados por algoritmos genéticos. Aplicação dos modelos para monitoração é avaliada nas estruturas das malhas aberta e fechada que são representadas por algoritmos em da equação à diferença, tendo em vistas o desenvolvimento de núcleos de software para os sistemas de medição indireta.