Culture is made up of numerous components that interact upon the individual to help form and shape his/her perspectives about the world. Two such components are machismo (the degree to which a population views gender roles as particularly male oriented) and self-construal (the internal attributions of individualism/collectivism). In a survey conducted among native English speaking individuals and native Spanish speaking individuals within the Midwestern United States, a measure of both of these components was used to determine whether there are differences in scores for selfconstrual and machismo between two samples. The results indicate that in the samples included, the native Spanish speaking group scored significantly higher on machismo, and the native English speaking cohort scored significantly higher on independent selfconstrual. Differences between the two groups for mean age and gender composition may explain the lack of significance for the measure of interdependent self-construal. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

by Chiu Chi Ming, Jimmy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-77). / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ii / APPENDICES --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / ABSTRACT --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Transformational and transactional leadership --- p.6 / Contingent rewards --- p.9 / Management-by-exception --- p.11 / Intellectual stimulation --- p.12 / Individualized consideration --- p.14 / Charismatic leadership --- p.15 / Summary --- p.19 / Individualism and collectivism --- p.21 / Ingroup versus outgroup --- p.23 / Relating transformational and transactional leadership to the collectivistic context --- p.27 / Contingent rewards --- p.27 / Management-by-exception --- p.29 / Intellectual stimulation --- p.30 / Individualized consideration --- p.32 / Charismatic leadership --- p.34 / Chapter III. --- Method --- p.36 / Research design --- p.36 / Participants --- p.37 / Instrument --- p.40 / Analysis strategy --- p.42 / Chapter IV. --- Results --- p.48 / Confirmatory factor analysis --- p.48 / Tests of factorial invariance --- p.51 / Mean differences of latent variables --- p.53 / Hypothesis results --- p.54 / Chapter V. --- Discussions --- p.57 / Limitations and future research --- p.63 / Conclusion --- p.66 / References --- p.67 / Appendices / Chapter Appendix A --- The 40-item MLQ-1 --- p.78 / Chapter Appendix B --- Sample LISREL program --- p.80 / Chapter Appendix C --- Descriptive statistics and correlations of the 40-item MLQ-1 --- p.82 / Chapter Appendix D --- Correlations of the 5 latent variables-HK data --- p.87 / Chapter Appendix E --- Means and standard deviations of all 40 items of MLQ-1 for US and Hong Kong data --- p.88 / Chapter Appendix F --- Means and standard deviations of all 40 items of MLQ-1 for Hong Kong-ingroup and Hong Kong-outgroup data --- p.90 / Chapter Appendix G --- "Means and standard deviations of the 5 latent variables for US, Hong Kong, HK-ingroup, and HK-outgroup data" --- p.92

The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of "individualistic" vs. "collective" cultural patterns on the distribution of attachment patterns. Participants were English-speaking Anglo-American (n=70), Hispanic (n=70), and Asian (n=60) females.