This study examines various transformations in the practice of veiling which have involved changes in its meaning for Indonesian Muslims. It concentrates on a forty-year period from the New Order to the Reform Era. In particular, it focuses on the interplay between the practice of wearing the veil and the changing social and political constellation in Indonesia, and relates these to the presence of both contestation and consensus regarding veiling among Indonesian Muslims. After conducting one year’s fieldwork in some regions of Indonesia, I found significant changes in how Muslims negotiate their daily lives in connection with the idea of veiling. While a ‘relaxed’ form of veiling has long been practiced by santri (devout) Muslims, veiling has assumed an absolute meaning for other Muslims, especially since the increasing Islamisation of various social classes. The practice of veiling has become pervasive among Muslims: at the same time, it is intertwined with fashion trends, commercialisation and the expression of personal and religious identity.¶ Although some Modernist Muslims continue to contest the Islamist discourse regarding veiling, there is a growing trend to make veiling mandatory in certain parts of Indonesia. Veiling became oppressive rather than liberating in the areas where it has been imposed in the public domain. The appearance of the veil also changed: from a modest and traditional practice (kerudung), it was turned into the mandatory jilbab, which covers the head, neck and chest much more strictly. The veil transformed again in some parts of Indonesia, to become a fashion item: this made it a promising product for industry and marketing, due to the growing number of Muslim consumers. At the same time, in some places it has continued to be imposed by local Islam-oriented regimes which tend to want to control public behaviour according to their interpretation. In the light of these changes, I argue that the changing social and political conditions in contemporary Indonesia have impelled Muslims to search for an “Indonesian Islam”: what form that indigenous version of Islam will take is still being negotiated.

Doctor of Philosophy / The apparent increase in market concentration and vertical integration in the Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) industry has led to concerns about the presence of market power. For the Indonesian CPO industry, such concerns attract more attention because of the importance of this sector to the Indonesian economy. CPO is used as the main raw material for cooking oil (which is an essential commodity in Indonesia) and it contributes significantly to export earnings and employment. However, dominant producers argue that the increase in economies of scale and scope lead to an increase in the efficiency, which eventually will be beneficial for the end consumers and export earnings. This research seeks to examine whether the dominant producers do behave competitively and pass the efficiency gains to the end consumers, or they enhance inefficiency through market power instead. In order to identify the most suitable model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry, different market power models are explored. These models can be divided into static and dynamic models. In general, all of them accept the price–cost margins as a measure of market power. However, static models fail to reveal the dynamic behaviour that determines market power; hence the dynamic models are likely to be more appropriate to modelling market power. Among these dynamic models, the adjustment model with a linear quadratic specification is considered to be a more appropriate model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry. In the Indonesian CPO industry, producers can be divided into three groups, namely the public estates, private companies and smallholders. However, based on their ability to influence market price, smallholders are not considered as one of the dominant groups. By using the adjustment cost model, the market power of the dominant groups is estimated. The model is estimated using a Bayesian technique annual data spanning 1968–2003. The public estates and private companies are assumed to engage in a noncooperative game. They are assumed to use Markovian strategies, which permit firms to respond to changes in the state vector. In this case, the vector comprises the firms and their rivals’ previous action, implying that firms respond to changes in their rivals’ previous action. The key contribution of this thesis is the relaxation of the symmetry assumption in the estimation process. Although the existence of an asymmetric condition often complicates the estimation process, the different characteristics of the public estates and private companies lead to a need for relaxing such an assumption. In addition, the adjustment system—which can be seen as a type of reaction function—is not restricted to have downward slopes. Negative reaction functions are commonly assumed for a quantity setting game. However, the reverse may occur in particular circumstances. Without such restrictions, the analysis could reveal the type of interaction between the public estates and private companies. In addition, it provides insights into empirical examples of conditions that might lead to the positive reaction function. Furthermore, the analysis adds to the understanding of the impact of positive reaction functions to avoid the complicated estimation of the asymmetric case. As expected, the public estates act as the leader, while the private companies are the follower. Interestingly, results indicate that as well as the private companies, public estates do exert some degree of market power. Moreover, the public estates enjoy even higher market power than the private companies, as indicated by market power indices of -0.46 and -0.72, respectively. The exertion of market power by both the public estates and the private companies cast some doubts about the effectiveness of some current policies in the Indonesian CPO industry. With market power, the underlying assumption of a perfectly competitive market condition—that serves as the basis for the government interventions—is no longer applicable. Hence, many government interventions are unlikely to have the desired effect. The Indonesian competition law that has been imposed since 1999 might be effective in preventing firms to sign collusive contracts. In fact, even without such an agreement, firms in the CPO industry are likely to exert some degree of market power. As an alternative, eliminating the ‘sources’ of market power might be a better solution. If the public estates have the aim of maximising welfare, privatisation might improve their efficiency, hence they have ability to suppress the private companies’ market power. However, if in fact, the public estates deliberately reduce output to gain higher profit, privatisation might increase the degree of market power of both groups of companies even further. In such a condition, addressing the long term barriers of entry stemming from the requirement of high investment might be a better alternative to address the market power problem in the CPO industry.

This study investigates behaviour in seeking and giving advice in Australian English and Indonesian. It seeks to determine the crosscultural similarities and differences in seeking and giving advice in both languages in the areas of (i) the use of language routines and strategies (ii) the influences of cultural and social aspects. Data were collected from two preliminary questionnaires and a Discourse Completion Test (DCT). The DCT was completed by Australian and Indonesian native speakers in their first language. Analysis focussed on both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Findings reveal that speakers of both languages use similar strategies in terms of politeness, directness or indirectness and Speaker-or-Hearer Oriented utterances. The realization of the language routines of advice seeking and giving in both languages is, however, different. The influence of socio-cultural features is noticeable in both languages in terms of formality, relationship of interlocutors, age and gender. The results are not always consistent with the hypotheses posed in the study. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the Study and Chapter 2 presents the theoretical background and discusses the concept of advice. In Chapter 3 the methodology of the Study is described and the hypotheses are stated. Chapter 4 presents the results of the analysis of data and Chapter 5 sets out conclusions and recommendations.

The present study deals with the nature of the New Order Government policies toward the Indonesian Chinese ethnic group and the role of Bakom PKB in assisting the New Order Government to formulate and implement the pembauran policy. This study will consider the policy communication framework toward the Indonesian Chinese ethnic group in Indonesia, and discuss the New Order Government policies, and the role of the Bakom PKB within this framework. Two case studies are used to iluminate the role of Bakom PKB in channeling the pembauran policy from the government to the society vice versa. In the case of settling the citizenship status of Chinese descent, the role of Bakom PKB in assisting the New Order Government in formulating and implementing the pembauran policy is obvious right from its establishment. While in the case of the development and implementation of kemitraan (partnership) policy, the Bakom PKB only has a public relation function. The development and implementation of kemitraan policy is carried out by the organisation/association/institutions which are included in the pembauran policy communication networks. There are also discussions on the New Order Government policies concerning the Indonesian Chinese in the period 1966 - 1996, and the communication networks that existed amongst the Bakom PKB, Pokja Inlerdep and private institutions in disseminating the idea of pembauran in the frame of national integration.

For some years now, linguists have been developing methods of teaching second language learners to communicate effectively in the foreign language, concentrating on methods of developing skills in oral communication. Although there are many factors in Australia which would favour the introduction of Communicative Language Teaching for Indonesian - such as well-equipped classrooms and small class sizes - the Communicative Approach to teaching does not appear to have been fully developed. This is partly because of the lack of communicatively-based textbooks and teaching materials. The aim of this study is to suggest some ways in which Australian teachers could adapt the currently available materials and textbooks for use in communicative teaching of Indonesian, and also to propose methods of assessing students' communicative abilities. Chapter One describes the background to the study, and defines its aims, its scope and the research method used. Chapter Two looks at the teaching of Indonesian in the A.C.T., concentrating on the equipment and textbooks which are available. Some of the problems of teaching and assessment are also outlined. The discussion of Communicative Language Teaching in Chapter Three covers the development of language teaching methodology in general terms. A description and analysis of my research conducted on students and teachers of Indonesian in the A.C.T. is included in Chapter Four. The last two chapters contain a presentation of possible teaching materials and methods of introducing communicative activities (Chapter Five), and possible ways of assessing communicative activities (Chapter Six). Some of the problems of the Communicative Approach are also discussed. This Study Report is intended only to suggest some ways of introducing communicative activities into A.C.T. classrooms in the waiting period before new textbooks and materials, hopefully based on the Communicative Approach, become available.

There has been an on-going debate in Indonesia about the implementation of the policy of Pers Pancasila between the press and the government. Therefore, this study will examine the extent to which both socio-cultural and sociopolitical factors influence the policy of Pers Pancasila as it actually operates. It aims to help understand why such a debate exists and why it is likely to continue. Using mainly a qualitative content analysis, this thesis examines reporting in the three Indonesian daily papers Kompas, Pelita, and The Jakarta Post between 1987- 1991. Four major news categories -news the press, religion, development, and Pancasila issues- are defined as being relevant to understanding the implementation of Pers Pancasila policies. Quantitative analysis is used by counting the frequency of the news as well as measuring the space of each news. In addition, qualitative analysis is applied by adopting the news-as-narrative approach used by scholars such as Entman, Ettema, and Glasser. Taking 180 editions of the three papers as a sample, this study finds that there were significant differences in the way the three papers reported the four selected news categories. Certain papers are found to be more critical in reporting certain news than the others. The affiliation of of each paper, to some extent, influences the attitudes of each paper. Pelita is affiliated to other Islamic papers, The Jakarta Post is affiliated to Christian papers which are in favour of the government, Kompas (the Christian based paper) sees itself as a neutral paper which represents the voice of the people. Although there have been disagreements on certain issues, such as in reporting news about development and Pancasila, the three papers were found to consistently apply the policy of Pars Panpasila. The papers are aware that although the government does not have direct means of controlling press reporting, it still has a range of control mechanisms which substantially determines the scope of Indonesian press freedom. Due to Indonesian cultural diversity, the government pursues a 'free responsible' press theory in that the press should have self-censorship. However, there has been different interpretations made by the press and the government about this policy which often cause misunderstandings.

An enterprise can acquire technology either through 'making' (the pursuit of new technology development through internal R&D) or 'buying' (acquisition from external sources). This is known as the

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-149).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Denver Seminary, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-192).

Recent developments in linguistic theory carried out within the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995; Adger 2003;) provide a functional and concrete framework for an analysis of noun phrases in the Indonesian language, a Western-Malayo Polynesian sub-branch of the Austronesian language family. An analysis of Indonesian noun phrase structure within this framework demonstrates that the head noun occurs in a base-generated position, at the bottom of a DP, while pre- and post-nominal modifiers are contained within a number of additional projections that merge above the head noun. In this thesis, the proposal is made for a relatively unrestricted adjunction analysis, whereby head adjunction via Merge allows for the direct expansion of the head N at various levels of the Indonesian DP. Evidence is presented to show that the adjoined status of attributive nouns and adjectives, a plural feature [PL], and the feature [DEF] generates a complex hierarchical structure in which there is no predefined order between a specifier or complement and the head noun. In addition, it is argued that bare nouns are neutral with respect to number and, given that number-marking, possession and (in)definiteness are optional, all projections that merge above the head N are optional and context is needed to accurately interpret an Indonesian bare noun.