A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History at the University of Zululand 2016 / The study examines the historical process that laid the solid foundation for the establishment of industries in Kaduna State. The study argues and demonstrates that Kaduna possesses large markets and cheap labour occasioned by the incessant migration to the town at the early period of its establishment. Availability of raw material and its strategic location with regard to industrialization at both federal and state level led not only the establishment of industries but to the proliferation of large, small and medium industries in the state. The study also establishes that infrastructure such as adequate electricity, a good road network, and a reliable water supply have played a critical role in the survival of such industries. It is shown in the research that the industries enjoyed prosperity and development for nearly two- and-a-half decades after 1954. Industrial decline began in 1976 with the nationalization and indigenization of the industrial sector of Nigeria. By the late 1980s a number of industries had collapsed as a result of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) which gave room for second tie foreign exchange market. This resulted to a substantial devaluation of the naira, the abolition of import licences, changes to import duties intended to reduce the protection of domestic industries and the import-dependence of manufacturing, the abolition of export duties, deflationary management policies, deregulation of the banks, and a programme of privatization for some parastatals. Production and use of locally produced basic intermediate inputs by local industries were discouraged. The profitability of local production compared to imports fell significantly because of the substantial depreciation of the exchange rate of the naira against major international currencies. The study also establishes that other factors had contributed immensely on the decline and eventual collapse of industries in Kaduna state, import of foreign goods and materials, lack of proper control of borders, and the negligent attitude of politicians with the helm of the country’s affairs in their hands, production of inferior goods, corruption, and unfavourable and multiple taxation, among other things. The study also establishes that the collapse of industries in Kaduna state has created a wide economic gap which may take a long time to be filled. The effects include widespread unemployment, with hundreds of thousands of workers losing their jobs, particularly in the manufacturing industries such as textiles and food processing; widespread insecurity and interethnic religious crises in virtually all the nooks and crannies of Kaduna state. In fact the current security challenges that the country faces have a direct connection with the proliferation of unemployed youths. Poverty and popular hostility are increasing, which has created a huge problem the state which is finding them very difficult to contain. Finally, the study offers suggestions for the way forward. The challenges facing the power sector (shortages) must be squarely addressed, especially in the areas of energy generation, transmission, and distribution; corruption; unfavourable policies and multiple-taxation. When these are addressed, Kaduna State and Nigeria in general can be reindustrialized since they have both the human and mineral resources for such enterprise. / Tertiary Educational Trust Fund

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-182).

The research field of industrial ecology studies energy and material flows within and between different systems in our society while the concept of industrial ecology strives toward mimicking similar flows in natural eco-systems. Industrial ecology can be a means of achieving decoupling between economic growth and environmental impact within the industry sector. A sub-field of industrial ecology is industrial symbiosis which focuses on material, energy and water exchanges between traditionally separate actors in order to achieve economic and environmental benefits. Energy provider E.ON is a part of the industrial symbiosis network on Händelö outside of Norrköping. E.ON also has operations in the Northern Harbour industrial area in Malmö, and sees an opportunity for the development of industrial symbiosis in that area which has unexploited land. The aim of this thesis is to explore how a private actor can influence the industrial development of an area to facilitate the formation of industrial symbiosis connections. This is done by studying the emergence and development of industrial symbiosis in Händelö and how different actors have influenced that development, as well as the conditions for such development in the Northern Harbour. Industrial symbiosis in Händelö has evolved spontaneously because of profitability in each connection. This study shows that the establishment of Agroetanol’s ethanol pilot plant next to Händelöverket was an enabling event in the development of the industrial symbiosis network. The diversity of fuels used in Händelöverket, and the number of energy products that it provides suggest that it served as a so called anchor tenant in this development, attracting Agroetanol with its availability of steam produced from renewable fuels. This was one important aspect for the establishment of Agroetanol. Political instruments such as a tax exemption on Agroetanol’s plant and CO2 and energy taxes on fossil fuels have also contributed to this development. Conditions for industrial symbiosis in the Northern Harbour in Malmö are quite different from those in Norrköping. An important difference is that industrial symbiosis has been recognized as a tool for sustainability and might be considered when planning the unexploited land. There are however many interest in this land, especially by the port company CMP and the City of Malmö’s Real Estate Office who have invested large sums in expanding the port business. They prefer goods intensive businesses that utilize the infrastructure provided by the port and railway in the area. Malmö has also set some ambitious environmental targets to be fulfilled 2030. They create a need to transition from the partly natural gas powered energy system today to one based on renewable fuels. There are also opportunities in a gasification plant which is planned by E.ON, and an EU-funded project seeking to make use of the biofuels potentials of port sites by using industrial symbiosis. The conclusions of the study are that there are ways for a private actor to influence industrial symbiosis development. Some that have been identified in this work are: As an anchor tenant with multiple large input and output streams, by attracting businesses to the area. As an enabler of a biorefinery network with multiple end-products and by-products. As a part of a coordinating entity that aims to facilitate industrial symbiosis.

For the purpose of creating a sustainable environment for the future generation, the government has recognized the importance of renewable resources, and actively takes on the strategies and measures by promoting the industries to recycling wastes in order to effectively improve the physical fitness of the industry. There are various ways to recycle waste materials, depends on the technology and the applications, one waste material can be classified into different ranks of recycled resource. Also, the market value of the recycled resource is judged by its ability to substitute the existing goods on the market. Because of the high proportion of galvanized steel in the steel scrap, zinc would vaporize during the high temperature process; as a result, the electric arc furnace dust (EAF dust) would contain high proportion of zinc. According to the existing recycling technology, the proportion of zinc in EAF dust is around 20% to 30%, which is a valuable secondary resource for producing zinc. This research focuses on the recycling industry; the aim of this research is to find out its future trend and the bottlenecks to be overcome. Hopefully come up with constructive suggestions and specific strategies and measures. The results suggest that the officials should set up standards for recycled products. What is also important is that the government should better plan the policies and regulations for recycling industry. Moreover, the results also show the users of the recycled materials care most about the quality of the product. Hence, the producers of crude zinc oxide should form strategic alliance in order to each the economic scales of production and develop recycling technology to elevate the quality of crude zinc oxide. Once the production meets the market demand, it will be able to expand the sales channels and establish a stable profit.

Recently, one of the more significant measures on the part of the Cuban government to enhance resiliency of the existing economy was the announcement of a series of economic and social policy proposals referred to as lineamientos. These emphasize the importance of achieving long-term solutions for sustainable development, including, among other things, a need to improve food and energy self-sufficiency for the country. This research explores the possibility that an eco-industrial development approach could support these goals with a focus in the agricultural and agro-industrial sectors. Two concepts were applied to this intended new paradigm; namely integrated food and energy systems (IFES) and industrial symbiosis (IS). Three municipalities of the eastern province of Santiago de Cuba provided the regional basis for the research and were explored using an asset mapping approach to identify key facilities, material inputs, outputs and flows, infrastructure, and skills sets. Consultations with various stakeholder groups were conducted to gain insight in the current relationships and existing operational conditions that could inform the types of barriers and opportunities related to undertaking exchange and collaborative activities. The findings show that residues and by-products flows from various agricultural and agro-industrial operations can provide the basis for symbiotic networks that enable the generation of energy and added -value products of use to the region. The symbiotic linkages among agricultural and agro-industrial actors can give rise to an integrated food and energy production network (IFEPN) in the region where existing agricultural cooperatives, along with other emerging forms of social enterprise can support the development of this network. Considered a vital approach to solve problems in Cuba, collaboration is their most valuable asset for the successful development of the network.

The thesis critically and empirically examines the development of manufacturing in Zimbabwe, through a case study of the metal engineering sector, following the introduction of the structural adjustment programme (ESAP) in 1990/91. Original field research of manufacturing firms and supporting organisations was conducted in Zimbabwe during 1995 and 1996. A theoretical framework is applied using concepts of institutional legacy and path dependency. This provides an alternative approach to use of neo-classically based analytical frameworks. It is concluded that orthodox economic approaches are inadequate as a basis for improving the prospects for successful industrial development, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. There is a need to improve the understanding of a country's changing social relations, in their historical context. This includes analysing patterns of agency within and between institutions and the individuals that comprise them. In part this can be accomplished by examining class and power relations and conflicts. Zimbabwe's structural adjustment programme was not followed by industrial rejuvenation and expansion. Firm performance varied in ways that cannot be explained using conventional economic approaches. Overall, there has been: a lack of technological and organisational improvements and industrial investment; a decline in real wages and industrial employment; and, a lack of skills improvement across firms and supporting organisations. Zimbabwean industrial development suffers from a dislocation of interest between those owning most of the productive industrial capital and those formulating policies that affect industry. The capitalist class is fragmented between historically established white capitalists, and emergent indigenous or black interests. Explanations are offered for the observed weaknesses of supporting institutions, including government ministries, training organisations and workers' and employers' organisations. The findings make a strong case that without better data collection from firms and an improved understanding of historical contexts and constraints, policy shifts to promote industrial development will not have the desired results. Even though the research collects a better data set than previously available, it is difficult to draw the types of definite conclusions and recommendations presented by most commentators on the same questions.

Miss Carina Van Rooyen

M.Comm. / This study evaluates the impact of leadership development programmes for women in the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa (IDC) and provides comments on the leadership competencies and skills acquired. An evaluation research methodology was chosen and .Kirkpatrick‟s Four Level Evaluation Model defined the parameters of this study. A mixed-method approach was adopted, since it provided a vehicle for the researcher to make recommendations for improving further programmes as they evolved and substantiate findings from different sources to ensure the validity of the data and conclusions that emanated from this study. Female leadership studies conducted worldwide draw conclusions that highlight the unique challenges that women face as they ascend into the leadership ranks of organisations. This study also explored the challenges and opportunities that women in the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa (IDC) encountered in their quest for leadership roles and responsibilities. The women‟s leadership development programmes received considerable praise from the participants and the results of this study conclude that the programme outcomes were met in providing an opportunity for them to learn and implement individual leadership competencies .The leadership competencies that were enhanced were self-awareness and confidence, collaboration, cultural competence, communication, networking and relationship building. In addition, various leadership theories were explored and the participants identified with transformational leadership in particular. The participants reported favourably on the mentoring and coaching aspects of the leadership development initiatives and some have indicated an interest and willingness to support others through mentoring and coaching. However, the leadership competencies have not been applied optimally into the organization and the participants would need the continued support of the organisation by way of additional platforms to apply these acquired leadership competencies. This can help the organisation realise the unique contribution of IV women in the organisation, and if the programmes that have been implemented are sustained over time and the leadership competencies applied, this could lead to organisational transformation. An interesting aspect of this study was that the majority of the women believed that the organisation provided sufficient opportunities for women to progress and encouraged the continuation of these leadership development initiatives, but not to the exclusion and marginalisation of men in the organisation. As progressive as this kind of thinking is, it typically illustrates the transformational leadership tendencies of women in keeping with research that recommends leader development (i.e. individual leaders such as the women‟s leadership development initiatives), as well as leadership development (i.e. broader organisational focus on enhancing the organisational leadership competencies). The Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa will reap rewards in future should it continue on the path of leadership development for women; but also in general as this critical mass of leaders who apply cutting-edge leadership thinking will contribute to organisational success over a sustained period of time.

M.A. / South Africa has more than 450 rural towns where 10% of the population, comprising about 80% of the country's poorest of the poor, live. To promote development and prevent the residents of these towns and the surrounding rural areas from migrating to the larger towns and cities in search of jobs (thereby putting more strain on the resources available there), it was imperative that these towns and the rural areas be developed. This was the ideal aspired to in the seventies and eighties. After two previous attempts the government stepped in and launched the S.A. Regional Industrial Development Plan (RIDP) in 1982. The plan identified several smaller towns as potential recipients of special government incentives, to attract investments from the cities to these communities. Nkowankowa was one of these towns that was declared as an industrial development point (IDP). The plan had both economic and political objectives. On the economic side the plan was an attempt at fostering economic growth and job creation to the benefit of the local communities, while at the same time alleviating the pressure of urban growth experienced by larger cities. On the political side, it was an attempt to contain the Black population within the Homelands. As in the case of similar programmes implemented in other countries, this programme was less successful in South Africa. Most of the IDP's that showed some early success, soon failed. Nkowankowa was one of them, It started off well but soon stagnated and even declined. Data collected from industrialists and Gazankulu Development Corporation (GDC) were analysed using a frequency and tabulation programme. Most industries were established between 1982 and 1985. From 1986 the rate of industrial establishment declined, This show that industrial development in Nkowankowa was less than originally planned. The high failure rate of industries at Nkowankowa is due to the heavy dependence on incentives, agricultural and wood inputs. Periods of protracted droughts negatively affected processing industries in Nkowankowa. The decrease in the amount of incentives also forced firms to close or relocate to metropolitan areas. It is recommended that the community in Ritavi district should be assisted with necessary skills to enable them to gain control over their own economic future. They should become more involved in the economic development and job creation of this area. More jobs can also be created by expanding agricultural activities and enlisting the help of tertiary institutions in supporting, training and advising this community.

Background and Aims: The Sohar Industrial Zone (SIZ), Oman, which started to operate in 2006, contains many industries that possibly affect the health of the local population. This study was carried out to evaluate the health effects in a population living near SIZ. Methods: Retrospective health care visits for acute respiratory diseases (ARD), asthma, conjunctivitis and dermatitis were collected between 2006 and 2010 for 2 large provinces with geographic proximity to SIZ. Exposure of the surrounding villages was classified using proximity to SIZ. Three exposure zones were defined according to the distances from the SIZ: ≤5, >5-10, ≥20 km representing high, intermediate and control exposure zones respectively. Age and gender-adjusted monthly counts of visits for the selected diseases were modelled using generalised additive models controlling for time trends. The high and intermediate exposure zones were later merged together due to similarity of effects. Exposure effect modification by age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES) was also tested. Results: Living within 10 km from SIZ showed greater association for ARD (RR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.3-2.7), asthma (RR: 3.7; 95% CI: 3.1-4.5), conjunctivitis (RR: 3.1; 95% CI: 2.9-3.5) and dermatitis (RR: 2.7; 95% CI: 2.5-3.0) when compared to the control zone, for the population of <20 years. For the population of ≥20 years, these risks were: (RR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.9-2.2), (RR: 3.6; 95% CI: 3.0-4.4), (RR: 2.8; 95% CI: 2.5-3.2) and (RR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.9-2.4), respectively. Greater exposure effects were observed amongst ages ≥50 years and lower SES groups in the ≥20 years group. Models showed no differences between the gender groups. Conclusion: This is the first study conducted in Oman examining the adverse health effects on the population living near SIZ. We hope that these findings will contribute to building up an evidence-based environmental and public health policy in Oman.