Bakgrund: Klusterbegreppet introducerades under 1900-talet, men fenomenet erkändes redan under tidigt 1900-tal. Trots att marknaderna idag blir mer globaliserade, är klusterbegreppet fortfarande aktuellt. Som exempel på områden som kännetecknas av starka länkar mellan företagen kan Silicon Valley och Sophia-Antipolis nämnas, även kända som ”Industriella Hollywoods”. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera interaktioner mellan aktörer inom ett lokalt ”Industriellt Hollywood” – Mjärdevi Science Park. Hur förhåller sig aktörerna till fördelar med att befinna sig inom ett närområde, i hur stor utsträckning utnyttjas dessa agglomerationsmöjligheter och varför? Metod: Denna studie är baserad på djupintervjuer med sexton företagsrepresentanter från Mjärdevi Science Park och en professor från Linköpings Universitet. Resultat: Aktörerna verkar vara medvetna om vilka agglomerationsfördelar som föreligger, dock utnyttjas dessa inte i någon större utsträckning. Störst kontakt har aktörerna på det sociala planet, tack vare en gemensam bakgrund samt ihärdiga försök från Mjärdevi Science Park AB:s sida att initiera kontakt mellan företagen. / Background: Porter introduced the concept of clusters in the 1990’s, but the phenomenon has been acknowledged since the beginning of the 20th century. In spite of the fact that markets are becoming increasingly more global today, the concept of clusters is still very much alive. Regional agglomerations of companies, commonly referred to as clusters, are exemplified by so- called ”Industrial Hollywoods”, such as Silicon Valley and Sophia-Antipolis. Purpose: We are intrigued by this paradox development of the markets and want to analyse interactions between actors within the local ”Industrial Hollywood” – Mjärdevi Science Park. This in order to find out whether these actors recognise any advantages of being located in a cluster of companies and to what extent agglomeration possibilities are exploited. Research Method: This study is based on interviews with sixteen actors from companies located in Mjärdevi Science Park, and one professor from Linköping University. We have also used secondary sources. Result: The actors recognise advantages to company agglomerations but do not seem to exploit these advantages to a great extent. However, several of the actors are in some way inter-connected, mostly on a social level due to common backgrounds and continuous attempts by Mjärdevi Science Park AB to initiate contact between companies.

published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

Humans are at a critical juncture in terms of how to evolve to deal with increasingly urgent global ecological and social trends. Questions of ecological sustainability are inextricably linked to patterns of human production and consumption. The current economic system operates without regard for unbending ecological laws. Industrial Ecology is an alternative theory for planning, designing and managing production and consumption activities to operate within biophysical limits by applying ecological principles to industrial operations. This thesis explores implementing Industrial Ecology with eco-industrial parks - sites with a redundant and diverse set of businesses co-located to operate as ecologically compatible and economically viable systems. Projects underway are using different concepts, strategies and organizational forms, but all seek to apply Industrial Ecology principles. My literature review discusses the benefits, challenges and risks associated with eco-industrial parks and summarizes key design elements from existing cases. The City of Richmond is used to analyze the capacity of a municipality and its policy and regulatory framework for eco-industrial parks based on key design elements. Structured interviews informed the evaluation of capacity. I found Richmond's Official Community Plan, Industrial Strategy and zoning bylaw conceptually support and would not prevent eco-industrial park development; however, policy lacks economy-environment linkages and does not further Industrial Ecology. Regulatory barriers to implementation of physical design features of eco-industrial parks involve zoning, land use patterns, permitting, ownership and water concerns, but the barriers are flexible in terms of presenting obstacles rather than being prohibitive. Municipal capacity gaps exist for non-physical design features relating to information systems and organization and management. I make recommendations for Richmond to increase eco-industrial development capacity based on Industrial Ecology theory, other eco-industrial park cases and a personal interpretation of what is required for sustainable development. Richmond has significant potential to become a leader in industrial innovation at the level of local systems to which horizontal and vertical links can be established for achieving long-term sustainability.

No description available.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Urb. Plan.))--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.

Esta pesquisa busca avaliar a influência da localização em cluster no desempenho inovativo das firmas, na estrutura para inovação e nas fontes de inovação acessadas pelas firmas. O trabalho se fundamenta na premissa teórica de que as firmas localizadas em concentrações geográficas de empresas e instituições de um determinado campo conectadas entre si – os clusters – possuem acesso diferenciado a fatores de oportunidade, apropriabilidade e cumulatividade de conhecimento inerentes ao processo de inovação, que podem influenciar positivamente seu desempenho inovativo. A pesquisa possui natureza dedutiva quantitativa e foi estruturada com um modelo de análise discriminante empregando duas populações, sendo a primeira população composta por firmas isoladas geograficamente e outra composta de firmas localizadas em clusters. O processo de análise foi organizado em três etapas: na primeira etapa, avaliou-se uma população de 342 firmas contendo grupos desiguais de firmas em cluster e firmas isoladas, pertencentes a 23 setores de atividade. Na segunda etapa foi empregada uma amostra de 90 firmas pertencentes a cinco setores de atividade, divididas em dois grupos com populações idênticas: um grupo de 45 firmas localizadas em cluster e um grupo de 45 firmas isoladas. Em uma terceira etapa, foram avaliados os seis clusters aos quais pertenciam as firmas analizadas na segunda etapa. Os resultados indicam que a organização em cluster não exerce influência significativa nas três dimensões da inovação analisadas. / This research was dedicated to analyze if firms located in clusters show superior innovative performance, access different sources of innovation and possess unique organizational structures to innovate. The project was based on the theoretical assumption that firms located in certain geographical areas which show a concentration of interconnected companies and institutions of the same field – called clusters – can benefit from access to factors of opportunity, appropriability and cumulativeness of knowledge inherent to the innovation process, thus having their innovative performance positively influenced. The analysis has a deductive, quantitative approach and uses multivariate discriminant analysis with a sample of two groups of companies from the same industrial sectors. The process was structured in three stages: the first stage focused on a population of 342 firms from 23 industrial sectors divided in two unequal groups of firms located in clusters and isolated firms. The second stage employed a population of 90 firms from five activity sectors, organized in two groups with balanced populations – one with 45 firms in clusters and with 45 isolated firms. The third and final stage analyzed six regional clusters from which the clustered population used in stage 2 was located. The results showed no significant influence of regional clusters in any of the three dimensions of innovation analyzed.

Orientador: Sílvia Selingardi-Sampaio / Banca: Eliseu Savério Sposito / Banca: Maria Carolina de Azevedo Ferreira de Souza / Banca: Sandra Lencioni / Banca: Auro Aparecido Mendes / Resumo: Este trabalho estuda o desenvolvimento da aglomeração industrial de Ibitinga-SP, a partir do processo de reestruturação produtiva que atinge a indústria brasileira na última década. A origem da indústria de Ibitinga está relacionada a uma combinação de fatores eminentemente endógenos, que possibilitaram o surgimento e a evolução do ramo de confecção, constituindo um cluster industrial. A indústria de confecções local se torna, já nos anos 1970, a principal atividade econômica do município de Ibitinga, e teve como principal característica a produção de artigos de cama, mesa e banho bordados à máquina. A partir da crise dos anos 1980 e do processo de abertura econômica dos anos 1990, a indústria local passa por um processo de reestruturação para se adaptar à nova realidade nacional e mundial, com a ampliação do espectro produtivo, através da introdução de maquinário moderno e novos produtos. Soma-se a isso a importância do conhecimento tácito difundido na aglomeração industrial, o qual assume um papel relevante no processo de estruturação do ramo de confecções como principal atividade industrial em Ibitinga. Concluiu-se que o relativo sucesso no surgimento e na consolidação desta aglomeração industrial está ligado a uma combinação de fatores e processos endógenos, entre eles um bom desempenho articulado das normas, convenções e instituições locais, que procuraram reestruturar a indústria de confecções para mantê-la competitiva, mesmo quando desafiada por determinações oriundas das escalas geográficas nacional e mundial. / Abstract: This investigation studies the development of industrial agglomeration of Ibitinga-SP, at the beginning of productive restructuration affects the Brazilian industry in the last decade. The origin of Ibitinga industry is related with a combination of factors eminently endogenous, that possibility the appearance and the evolution of field of clothes, constituting an industrial cluster’’. The local clothes industry become already in the seventies, the main economic activity of Ibitinga municipality , and had as main characteristic the production of bed, table and shower articles embroidery by the sewing machine. The crisis of the eighties and the process of opening of the nineties, the local factory passes a process of restructuration in order to adapt a new reality, with an enlargement of productive spectrum, and the introduction of modern machines and new products. Besides that, the importance of tacit knowledge widespread in the industrial agglomeration, accept an importance in the process of structuration in the field of clothes as main industrial activity in Ibitinga. Reach a conclusion, therefore, the relative success of this industrial agglomeration is related with a combination of factors and process in several levels, by articulation of rules, conventions and local institutions, gave the possibility of the clothes industry restructure and remain competitive, same when challenged by determinations originating from of the national and world geographical scales. / Doutor

Esta pesquisa busca avaliar a influência da localização em cluster no desempenho inovativo das firmas, na estrutura para inovação e nas fontes de inovação acessadas pelas firmas. O trabalho se fundamenta na premissa teórica de que as firmas localizadas em concentrações geográficas de empresas e instituições de um determinado campo conectadas entre si – os clusters – possuem acesso diferenciado a fatores de oportunidade, apropriabilidade e cumulatividade de conhecimento inerentes ao processo de inovação, que podem influenciar positivamente seu desempenho inovativo. A pesquisa possui natureza dedutiva quantitativa e foi estruturada com um modelo de análise discriminante empregando duas populações, sendo a primeira população composta por firmas isoladas geograficamente e outra composta de firmas localizadas em clusters. O processo de análise foi organizado em três etapas: na primeira etapa, avaliou-se uma população de 342 firmas contendo grupos desiguais de firmas em cluster e firmas isoladas, pertencentes a 23 setores de atividade. Na segunda etapa foi empregada uma amostra de 90 firmas pertencentes a cinco setores de atividade, divididas em dois grupos com populações idênticas: um grupo de 45 firmas localizadas em cluster e um grupo de 45 firmas isoladas. Em uma terceira etapa, foram avaliados os seis clusters aos quais pertenciam as firmas analizadas na segunda etapa. Os resultados indicam que a organização em cluster não exerce influência significativa nas três dimensões da inovação analisadas. / This research was dedicated to analyze if firms located in clusters show superior innovative performance, access different sources of innovation and possess unique organizational structures to innovate. The project was based on the theoretical assumption that firms located in certain geographical areas which show a concentration of interconnected companies and institutions of the same field – called clusters – can benefit from access to factors of opportunity, appropriability and cumulativeness of knowledge inherent to the innovation process, thus having their innovative performance positively influenced. The analysis has a deductive, quantitative approach and uses multivariate discriminant analysis with a sample of two groups of companies from the same industrial sectors. The process was structured in three stages: the first stage focused on a population of 342 firms from 23 industrial sectors divided in two unequal groups of firms located in clusters and isolated firms. The second stage employed a population of 90 firms from five activity sectors, organized in two groups with balanced populations – one with 45 firms in clusters and with 45 isolated firms. The third and final stage analyzed six regional clusters from which the clustered population used in stage 2 was located. The results showed no significant influence of regional clusters in any of the three dimensions of innovation analyzed.

This dissertation thesis evaluates the role of aerospace clustering in the economic output. The focus on the clusters is based on the already existing theory, namely Michael Porter's book The Competitive Advantage of Nations in which he named clustering as one of the four essential factors that define the economic competitiveness of a country. On the other hand, the aerospace industry shows a huge potential with growing markets in Asia and in the run of the next decades, space exploration has to be reckoned with. In order to give a support to this theory and apply it to aerospace, a two stage analysis has been conducted. Firstly, Leontief's Input-Output analysis has been conducted, to show the importance of exports from this industry. Secondly, a model proposed by Hausmann et al. in 2007 has been adjusted to observe the productivity of aerospace commodities. The results of these analyses are positive and they give evidence to the importance of aerospace clustering. Moreover, they give merits to policy-makers' actions in this area.

Humans are at a critical juncture in terms of how to evolve to deal with increasingly urgent global ecological and social trends. Questions of ecological sustainability are inextricably linked to patterns of human production and consumption. The current economic system operates without regard for unbending ecological laws. Industrial Ecology is an alternative theory for planning, designing and managing production and consumption activities to operate within biophysical limits by applying ecological principles to industrial operations. This thesis explores implementing Industrial Ecology with eco-industrial parks - sites with a redundant and diverse set of businesses co-located to operate as ecologically compatible and economically viable systems. Projects underway are using different concepts, strategies and organizational forms, but all seek to apply Industrial Ecology principles. My literature review discusses the benefits, challenges and risks associated with eco-industrial parks and summarizes key design elements from existing cases. The City of Richmond is used to analyze the capacity of a municipality and its policy and regulatory framework for eco-industrial parks based on key design elements. Structured interviews informed the evaluation of capacity. I found Richmond's Official Community Plan, Industrial Strategy and zoning bylaw conceptually support and would not prevent eco-industrial park development; however, policy lacks economy-environment linkages and does not further Industrial Ecology. Regulatory barriers to implementation of physical design features of eco-industrial parks involve zoning, land use patterns, permitting, ownership and water concerns, but the barriers are flexible in terms of presenting obstacles rather than being prohibitive. Municipal capacity gaps exist for non-physical design features relating to information systems and organization and management. I make recommendations for Richmond to increase eco-industrial development capacity based on Industrial Ecology theory, other eco-industrial park cases and a personal interpretation of what is required for sustainable development. Richmond has significant potential to become a leader in industrial innovation at the level of local systems to which horizontal and vertical links can be established for achieving long-term sustainability. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate