O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi analisar a estrutura e os condicionantes da desigualdade socioeducacional no Tocantins enquanto um dos determinantes do comportamento da desigualdade regional. Dessa forma, tem a intenção de desenvolver, de forma empírica e conceitual, uma abordagem das relações originais entre educação e desigualdade regional. Além disso, o presente estudo elabora um novo indicador sintético e analítico denominado Índice de Desigualdade Socioeducacional (Idsed), que parte da compreensão de que as relações sociais de produção capitalista são desiguais e projetam tais desigualdades, próprias das condições de acesso ao mercado, na estruturação das escolas, de acordo com os bens materiais e simbólicos que dispõem os beneficiários desse serviço. O caminho percorrido da pesquisa passa pelo crivo da discussão sobre o conceito de região que permeia a Geografia, ligando a uma reflexão sobre globalização, desenvolvimento e desigualdade em contextos regionais. A seguir, discute sobre os indicadores socioeconômicos, fazendo um panorama do desempenho dos indicadores socioeconômicos no Brasil e no Tocantins, além de analisar indicadores educacionais ligados às séries históricas das taxas de transição do ensino fundamental. Finalmente, a cartografia da desigualdade socioeducacional tocantinense é mostrada diante das condições socioeconômicas, socioculturais, infraestruturais e educacionais que permeiam o universo escolar tocantinense através do Idsed. / This research aims to analyze the structure and constraints of the socio educational inequality in Tocantins as one of the determinants of regional inequality behavior. Therefore, it intends to develop an empirical and conceptual way, an approach of the original relations between education and regional inequality. In addition, this research develops a new synthetic and analytical indicator called Socio Education Inequality Index (SEII), in which part of the realization that the social relations of capitalist production are unequal and designed such inequalities, own market access conditions, in the school structuring according to the symbolic and material goods that are available to service’s beneficiaries. The way we in which conduct our research was through of discussions about the region's concept that pervade the Geography, relating to globalization reflection, development and inequality in regional contexts. Then, we discuss the socioeconomic indicators, making an overview of socioeconomics development in Brazil and Tocantins. We also analyze education indicators linked to historical series of transition’s rates from elementary school. Finally, the socio educational inequality’s mapping is presented in front of the socio-economic, socio-cultural, infrastructural and educational conditions which pervade the tocantinense school universe through of Socio Educational Inequality Index.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan länders genomsnittliga åldersskillnader i äktenskap och jämställdhet. Huvudhypotesen är därför att högre åldersskillnad i äktenskap kommer att vara förenad med lägre jämställdhet. Få studier finns att tillgå om det direkta sambandet mellan jämställdhet och åldersskillnader. Denna studie mäter jämställdhet med fyra olika parametrar, mödradödlighet, könsfördelning av parlamentsplatser, könsfördelning vad gäller utbildning samt könsfördelning vad gäller avlönat arbete. Studien använder sig av DBO-teorin som teoretiskt ramverk för att analysera förklaringsmekanismer som skulle kunna förtydliga uppkomsten av samvariationen. För att undersöka sambandet används linjär regressionsanalys. Resultaten visar att vissa undersökta jämställdhetsaspekter har ett samband med åldersskillnader kontrollerat för BNP och giftermålsålder. Mödradödlighet och jämställt arbetsmarknadsdeltagande är i detta sammanhang relevanta faktorer för åldersskillnader. Däremot samvarierar inte könsfördelning av parlamentariska platser och skillnader mellan män och kvinnor i utbildning med åldersskillnader. BNP tog hela effekten av utbildning och delar av effekten från mödradödlighet. Giftermålsålder påverkade inte sambandet mellan åldersskillnader och jämställdhet. Slutsatsen för denna studie är således att det globalt sett finns en samvariation mellan vissa faktorer som kan indikera ett jämställt samhälle och länders genomsnittliga åldersskillnader.

Les différents chapitres de cette thèse ont eu pour objectif de présenter en différentes étapes la méthodologie nécessaire pour évaluer l'impact d'une politique publique égalisatrice. Le premier chapitre s'est intéressé à l'outil principal utilisé pour apprécier la distribution des revenus, c'est-à-dire aux indices d'inégalité. Le second chapitre a détaillé les différentes approches possibles pour décomposer un indice d'inégalité, que ce soit pour mettre en avant des effets de groupes, de sources et/ou encore d'attributs. Cet état de l'art a ensuite fait place à trois études originales. Ainsi, le troisième chapitre étudie les inégalités de salaire dans la fonction publique française, en mettant en lumière le fait que l'importance du genre dans l'inégalité est considérable mais disparate entre les régions administratives françaises. Le quatrième chapitre démontre théoriquement que l'importance d'un attribut peut se décomposer comme la somme de sa contribution marginale pure moins une somme d'interactions par paire avec les autres attributs. Le cinquième et dernier chapitre expose empiriquement l'effet de ces interactions sur l'impact d'une politique publique qui supprimerait l'écart de rémunération entre les hommes et les femmes. / The different chapters in this thesis aim to present the methodology necessary to evaluate the impact of any equalizing public policies. The first chapter deals with the main tool used to appreciate an income distribution, that are the inequality indices. The second chapter details the different approaches possible to decompose an inequality index, whether to put forward group effects, income source effects and/or attribute effects. This state of the art is followed by three original studies. In that respect, the third chapter considers the income inequality in the French public administration, and it highlights the fact that the importance of gender to inequality is considerable but disparate across the different French administrative regions. The fourth chapter demonstrates theoretically that the importance of an attribute can be decomposed as a sum of its pure marginal contribution minus a sum of pairwise interactions with the others attributes considered. Finally, the fifth chapter exposes empirically the interactions effects on a public policy impact that aims to eliminate the gender wage gap.

Main goal of this thesis is to analyze human development index for European countries and provide cluster analysis not only of human development index but even of another quality of life variables and to find similarities between particular countries by using hierarchical methods. The first part focuses on quality of life and definition of human development index. Human development index is one possibility how to measure quality of life, there are mentioned another possibilities, though how to analyze it. The second part of the thesis focuses on cluster analysis definition, which is used for searching for similarities between particular countries. Five hierarchical cluster methods is used for classify countries into clusters. Euclidean metric is used for express the distance between countries. Similar variables between countries is judged according to sorting into clusters by hierarchical methods. Diploma thesis enlightens similarity between European countries from quality of life overview and provides statistical evidence about this topic. Results of the thesis confirms similarities between geographical close states.