The mechanisms that mediate acute exacerbations in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis are not understood. IL-8 is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils in acute inflammatory lesions. We investigated the role of fibroblast-mast cell interactions on short-term IL-8 release. Human gingival fibroblasts were co-cultured with human mast cells (HMC-1). After co-culture, the concentration of IL-8 was measured by ELISA. HMC co-cultured with fibroblasts increased IL-8 secretion by >6-fold, which required intercellular contact and was blocked by the gap junction inhibitor BGA. Thapsigargin-induced elevations of intracellular calcium increased IL-8 levels by 15-fold. Chemotaxis of human neutrophils was significantly enhanced in response to conditioned medium from co-cultures. Calcein-dye transfer showed intercellular, gap junction communication between HMC and fibroblasts that was dependent in part on β1 integrins. We conclude that mast cells adhere to fibroblasts and promote IL-8 secretion, thereby enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and possibly the perpetuation of the inflammatory response.

The mechanisms that mediate acute exacerbations in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis are not understood. IL-8 is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils in acute inflammatory lesions. We investigated the role of fibroblast-mast cell interactions on short-term IL-8 release. Human gingival fibroblasts were co-cultured with human mast cells (HMC-1). After co-culture, the concentration of IL-8 was measured by ELISA. HMC co-cultured with fibroblasts increased IL-8 secretion by >6-fold, which required intercellular contact and was blocked by the gap junction inhibitor BGA. Thapsigargin-induced elevations of intracellular calcium increased IL-8 levels by 15-fold. Chemotaxis of human neutrophils was significantly enhanced in response to conditioned medium from co-cultures. Calcein-dye transfer showed intercellular, gap junction communication between HMC and fibroblasts that was dependent in part on β1 integrins. We conclude that mast cells adhere to fibroblasts and promote IL-8 secretion, thereby enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and possibly the perpetuation of the inflammatory response.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the toxic chemical component of the cell wall in all gram-negative bacteria which can activate NF-£eB, also stimulate immune cells to release cytokines. These pro-inflammatory mediators induce systemic acute inflammation, multiple organs dysfunction syndrome¡]MODS¡^and sepsis. LPS could increase the permeability of capillary, and cause the acute formation of numerous endothelial gaps among venular endothelial cells that result in extensive plasma leakage in the inflammatory tissues. Plasma leakage from microvasculature is a hallmark of inflammation. Mammalian intestines have many goblet cells that synthesize mucus and discharge it into the intestinal lumen. The mucus film that covers the surface epithelium facing the lumen of digestive system, is an immune defense that can prevent gastrointestinal epithelium from chemical and physical damage and act as a lubricant. Goblet cells can discharge mucins in response to a wide variety of stimuli, including irritant gases, nerve activation, reactive oxygen species, inflammatory mediators. This study was aimed to investigate : (1) The degree of plasma leakage and goblet cell secretion in the small intestine of rats after an intravenous injection of a high dose of LPS (15 mg/kg), (2) The effect of £\2-adrenergic receptors antagonist, urethan, on endotoxin-induced plasma leakage and goblet cell secretion. For the study of plasma extravasation in small intestine during endotoxemia, India ink was used as the tracer to mark the inflamed leaky microvessels. The sections of the small intestine 3£gm in thickness were stained with Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff reagent to detect glycoproteins of goblet cells. Our results showed that LPS not only caused an increase in plasma leakage but also triggered degranulation of many goblet cells in the small intestine. LPS augment the expression of plasma leakage and mucus secretion for three times. A large amount of extracellular mucus was accumulated between intestinal villi after LPS stimulation. Pretreatment with urethan, the £\2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, significantly inhibited plasma leakage by 40-50% and goblet cell secretion by 25-30% induced by endotoxin. It is concluded that the plasma leakage and goblet cell hypersecretion induced by endotoxin shock was outstanding and associated with activation of £\2-adrenergic receptors.

The regulated differentiation and polarisation of macrophages are essential for successful wound healing process. During wound repair, macrophages are involved in the early inflammatory process of healing, as well in later regenerative phases by producing cytokines and growth factors relevant for each stage. Their plasticity made macrophages able to change their phenotype from M1 inflammatory during the inflammatory phase of healing to M2 reparative during regenerative phases of healing. Diabetes affects the ability of macrophages to mature from the bone marrow and on their ability to polarise to different phenotypic subsets. Whereas the non-diabetic macrophages can mature normally to M2 macrophages during mid-stages of healing, diabetic wound continues o display immature proinflammatory macrophages resulting in mixed M1/M2 macrophages in the wound that remain until late stages of healing. We previously showed that sustained expression of Hoxa3 reduced the-the excessive number of leukocytes recruited to the wound, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of Hoxa3 upon all leukocytes population. Hoxa3 protein transduction also promoted the differentiation of HSC/P into pro-angiogenic Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid cells. Here we showed that Hoxa3 promoted the differentiation of macrophages and upregulated the transcriptional machinery controlling macrophage differentiation, in THP-1 monocytes and primary macrophages from non-diabetic and diabetic mice. Using qRT-PCR and protein analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages from diabetic mice, we showed that Hoxa3 upregulated the master regulator of macrophages differentiation, Pu.1 transcriptionally and post- transcriptionally and that Hoxa3 protein interacted with Pu.1 protein in vitro and in vivo within macrophages proposing a mechanism of their regulation. Hoxa3 also inhibited proinflammatory markers in classically activated macrophages and augmented pro-healing markers in alternatively activated macrophages. Investigating the IL-4/Stat6 pathway of M2 macrophage activation revealed that Hoxa3 upregulated Stat6 and increased Stat6 phosphorylation, a novel effect of Hoxa3 on the signaling pathway of alternative macrophage activation. In vivo analysis of Hoxa3's effect on wound derived macrophages in diabetic mice, confirmed that Hoxa3 promoted the generation of pro-healing macrophages and showed reduced Nos2+ (M1) cells and increased Arg1+ (M2) cells suggesting that Hoxa3 can rescue the phenotype of diabetic macrophages in the wound. Altogether, this work has delineated the specific role of Hoxa3 in rescuing maturation and phenotype of diabetic macrophages thereby providing a better understanding of the therapeutic role of this transcription factor for myeloid cells dysregulation in diabetes.

Rôle du Système de calpaïne/calpastatine dans l'hypertension pulmonaire induite par l'hypoxie chez la souris. Les souris calpaïnes knockout ont montré des effets protecteurs dans l'hypertension pulmonaire (HP) induite par l'hypoxie. Cependant, le modèle animal avec une surexpression de calpastatine (cast) n'a jamais été étudié. Notre objectif est d'utiliser des souris transgéniques CMV-cast qui surexpriment constitutivement la calpastatine intracellulaire sous le contrôle du promoteur CMV dans tous les types cellulaires pour étudier les effects de la calpaïne intracellulaire. Nous utilisons aussi des souris transgéniques CRP-cast qui surexpriment la calpastatine extracellulaire sous le contrôle du promoteur CRP (protéine C-réactive) pour étudier les effets de la calpaïne extracellulaire. Finalement, nous examinons les effets d'un traitement avec le PD150606, inhibiteur de calpaïne, chez des souris C57BL/6j (WT) hypoxiques et SM22-5HTT+ qui dévélopent l'HP spontanément. Nous avons constaté que les protéines calpaïne et calpastatine sont augmentées immédiatement dans un état hypoxique. Les calpaïnes ont ensuite culminé le jour 8 et sont restées élevées jusqu'au jour 18 chez les souris WT hypoxiques, alors que la calpastatine a augmenté du jour 1 au jour 3, retournant au niveau basal jusqu'au jour 18. Les activités des calpaïnes intra- et extra-cellulaires ont augmenté progressivement pour atteindre un sommet au jour 8, restant aux niveaux élevés jusqu'au jour 18 chez les souris WT hypoxiques. En utilisant l'immunofluorescence, nous avons constaté que l'augmentation des calpaïnes sont principalement colocalisés avec les CML vasculaires pulmonaires (α-SMA+). Cependant, chez la souris CMV-cast, la surexpression de la calpastatine a atténué le développement d'HP. Chez les souris CMV-cast hypoxiques les niveaux de calpastatine sont restés plus élevés que ceux des souris WT à tous les moments de l'hypoxie. Les niveaux de calpastatine plus élevés chez les souris CMV-cast ont empêché de manière significative une augmentation des niveaux de protéines calpaïnes et des activités intra- et extra-cellulaires de la calpaïne au cours de l'hypoxie. Les résultats d'immunofluorescence également ont confirmé que moins de calpaïnes colocalisent avec les CML vasculaires pulmonaires (α-SMA+) chez la souris CMV-cast. Après 18 jours hypoxie, CRP-cast mice ont attenué le développement d'HP. En outre, cette surexpression a montré des effets similaires par rapport à celle intracellulaire. Cependant, le PD150606 a eu que des effets supplémentaires chez les souris WT hypoxiques par rapport aux souris CMV-cast et CRP-cast hypoxiques. Chez les souris SM22-5HTT+, les niveaux de calpastatine, de calpaïnes ainsi que des activités intra- et extra-cellulaires de la calpaïne ont été significativement augmentés dans les poumons. Le PD150606 n'a pas modifié les niveaux de calpastatine, mais il a diminué de manière significative des calpaïnes ainsi que des activités intra- et extra-cellulaire de calpaïne. Les niveaux de calpastatine et des calpaïnes ont également paru augmentées dans les vessaux pulmonaires remodelés chez les patients atteints de maladie pulmonaire chronique par rapport à ceux nonremodelés. En résumé, nos résultats indiquent un nouveau rôle des calpaïnes extracellulaires dans la prolifération des CML-AP dans l'HP. Les stratégies d'inhibition des calpaïnes extracellulaires sembleraient être une stratégie thérapeutique dans le traitement de la progression de l'HP. / Targeting the Calpain/Calpastatin System to Protect against Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice. Calpain knockout mice exhibited protective effects against hypoxia-induced PH. Our aim was to study the role of the calpain/calpastatin system on PH development in mice. To this end, we used mice ubiquitously overexpressing intracellular calpastatin (cast) under the control of a CMV promoter (CMV-cast) to explore the effects of intracellular calpains. We also used mice overexpressing extracellular calpastatin under the control of a CRP (C-reactive protein) promoter (CRP-cast) to explore the effect of extracellular calpains. Finally, we examined the effects of treatment with PD150606, an inhibitor of calpain, in WT mice exposed to hypoxia and in SM22-5HTT+ mice with spontaneous PH. During time-course of hypoxia, we found that calpain and calpastatin protein levels increased immediately after hypoxic exposure. Calpain protein levels then peaked on day 8 and remained elevated until day 18 in hypoxic WT mice; however, calpastatin protein levels increased from day 1 to day 3, and returned to basal level until day 18. Both intra- and extra-cellular calpain activities were upregulated gradually and peaked on days 8, and still markedly remained in high levels until day 18 in hypoxic WT mice. By using immunofluorescence, we found that increased calpains were predominantly colocalized with α-SMA positive pulmonary vascular SMCs. In CMV-cast mice, intracellular calpastatin overexpression successfully attenuated PH development. In CMV-cast mice, calpastatin protein levels remained higher than those in WT mice at all time points of hypoxia. The higher calpastatin protein levels in CMV-cast mice did significantly prevent an increase in calpain protein levels and calpain intra- and extra-cellular activities during hypoxia. After 18 days hypoxia, CRP-cast mice exhibited less PH severity. Moreover, extracellular calpastatin overexpression showed similar effects as intracellular calpastatin overexpression. Treatment with PD150606 induced an additional protective effect in hypoxic WT mice but not CMV-cast and CRP-cast mice. In SM22-5HTT+ mice, lung calpastatin and calpain proteins as well as calpain intra- and extra-cellular activities were significantly increased. PD150606 did not alter lung tissue calpastatin. However, it significantly decreased calpain protein levels as well as calpain intra- and extra-cellular activities. In summary, our present results demonstrate that calpain inhibition prevents PH development. Either increasing extracellular calpastatin or increasing both extra- and intra-cellular calpastatin is efficient to attenuate PH. Treatment with PD150606 which inhibits both extra- and intra-cellular calpain activities may be useful in teh setting of PH.

Parmi les innovations technologiques récentes, la téléphonie mobile a connu une progression fulgurante. Les expositions aux champs électromagnétiques radiofréquences (CEM RF) apparaissent de plus en plus tôt, lors de l’adolescence, voire dès l’enfance. Parallèlement la littérature scientifique rapporte des effets des CEM RF (GSM 900 MHz) à forts niveaux d’exposition sur l’expression de la glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), le principal filament intermédiaire des astrocytes. Ces cellules jouent un rôle dans la transmission synaptique et dans la réparation des lésions cérébrales. Ce contexte nous a amené à poser l’hypothèse d’une perturbation des fonctions astrocytaires et cérébrales par des expositions aux CEM RF à niveaux élevés réalisées durant les stades de maturation cérébrale du foetus ou de l’adolescent. Nous avons posé une seconde hypothèse selon laquelle la fragilisation des organismes en développement par un épisode inflammatoire les rendrait plus vulnérables aux expositions environnementales, favorisant ainsi l’expression des effets neuro-biologiques des CEM RF.Afin de tester ces hypothèses, nous avons mimé les effets foeto-toxiques consécutifs à un état pathologique de la mère dans un modèle d’inflammation gestationnelle de rat utilisant des injections intra-péritonéales de lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Ce modèle a été exposé aux CEM RF, soit durant toute la gestation (co-exposition avec le LPS), soit durant le stade adolescent. Dans un autre groupe expérimental, nous avons mimé une astrogliose réactive consécutive à une infection ou un état neuro-pathologique au stade adolescent par micro-perfusion de LPS dans les ventricules cérébraux. Dans ce modèle, les rats adolescents ont été co-exposés au LPS aux CEM RF. Les variables d’intérêt ont été mesurées chez le jeune adulte et, dans le cas des co-expositions gestationnelles, au cours des stades juvénile et adolescent. Des paradigmes comportementaux ont été utilisés pour examiner les états émotionnels, la perception et l’adaptation à la nouveauté. Les niveaux de GFAP ont été quantifiés dans le cortex préfrontal, l’hippocampe, le striatum et l’amygdale. Nos résultats indiquent des perturbations comportementales (notamment en réponse à la nouveauté) chez le jeune adulte antérieurement exposé durant la gestation (et non pas durant l’adolescence) aux CEM RF. Une seule interaction du LPS et des CEM RF a été montrée dans le cas d’une co-exposition chez l’adolescent, par une plus faible augmentation des niveaux de GFAP à 1,5W/kg. D’un point de vue de santé publique, ces résultats sont obtenus avec des niveaux d’exposition aux CEM RF bien supérieurs (10 à 50 fois) à ceux environnementaux induits par le port du téléphone portable à proximité du foetus par la femme enceinte ou proche de l’oreille par un appel téléphonique. Dans un premier temps, il sera important de reproduire ces effets avant d’envisager des hypothèses mécanistiques d’interaction des CEM RF sur le développement foetal et sur le processus neuro-inflammatoire au stade adolescent. Il conviendra par ailleurs d’identifier si ces effets sont induits à des niveaux de CEM RF environnementaux afin de contribuer à l’évaluation du risque neuro-toxicologique des CEM RF. / The widespread use of mobile phones raises the question of the possible health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF, GSM 900 MHz) on the brain. Acquisition of the first cell phone occurs predominantly before adolescence. Scientific literature reports effects of high levels of RF EMF exposure on the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The GFAP is the principal intermediate filament of the astrocytes. These cells play a role in the synaptic transmission and brain damages repair. In this context, we hypothesized a disturbance of the astrocytes and brain functions by the exposure of high RF EMF levels carried out during foetal or adolescent cerebral maturation. A second assumption is made that the organisms under development sensitised by an inflammatory episode would be more vulnerable to the environmental exposures and lead the expression of the neuro-biological effects of RF EMF. To test these hypotheses, we mimicked the foetotoxic effects of a pathological state of the mother. We used a gestational inflammation model of rat obtained with intra-peritoneal injections of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This model was exposed to RF EMF, either during all gestation (co-exposure with LPS), or during the adolescent stage. In another experimental group, we mimicked a reactive astrogliosis consecutive to an infection or a neuro-pathological state at the adolescent stage by micro-perfusion of LPS in the cerebral ventricle. In this model, adolescent rats were co-exposed to LPS and RF EMF. The different endpoints were measured in the young adult. In gestational co-exposure, endpoints were measured during juvenile and adolescent stages. Behavioural paradigms were used to examine the emotional states, the perception and the adaptation to novelty. The GFAP levels were quantified in the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, striatum and amygdala. Our results indicate effects on behavioural endpoints (particularly in novelty perception) in the young adult previously exposed to RF EMF during gestation (and not during adolescence). Only one interaction between the LPS and RF EMF was shown in co-exposure during adolescence. A weaker increase of the GFAP levels was shown after a 1,5W/kg exposure. These results were obtained with levels of RF EMF exposure which were much higher (10 to 50 times) than those induced by the mobile phone held near the foetus by the pregnant woman or near the ear during a phone call. It will be important to reproduce these effects before considering mechanistic interactions of RF EMF on the foetal development and the neuro-inflammatory process at the adolescent stage. In addition, it will be necessary to identify if these effects are induced at environmental RF EMF levels in order to contribute to the neuro-toxicological risk evaluation of RF EMF.