<p>This thesis investigates the challenges within the work of different types of professions; technical professions and human caretaking professions. These professions are faced special challenges in use and development of information systems. Professions within two different complex and critical work practices are focused; aircraft maintenance and emergency medical care. Within the work of these professions some judgements and decisions can imply risks for life and equipment. The use and development of information systems in general is emphasised, decision support systems and other systems for specific tasks have not been studied. The research question in this thesis is:</p><p><em>Which challenges can be related to use and development of information systems within complex and critical work practices, from a profession-oriented perspective?</em></p><p>Two ethnographical studies have been performed within two different work practices. The studies have been rather explorative and inductive. One study has been performed within the aircraft maintenance in the Swedish Airforce and the other study has been performed within the emergency medical care within NU Healthcare, Västra Götaland, Sweden.</p><p>From the thesis it has been derived three main challenges for professions within complex and critical work practices; <em>trust</em>, <em>knowledge integration</em> and <em>professional barriers</em>. The main contribution in the thesis is about certain aspects, which can have an impact on a profession-oriented view on use and development of information systems. These aspects concern bridging professional barriers and managing knowledge integration. Furthermore the thesis reflects that a <em>hard systems thinking</em> on use and development of information systems is prevalent within the human caretaking professions, while a <em>soft systems thinking</em> is obvious within the technical professions.</p>

<p>ERP systems link together an organization’s strategy, structure, and business processes with the IT system. The different way of handling the process of ERP implementation brings about many success and failure stories. By doing research on 1) what are the critical success factors in the implementation of ERP 2) why are these factors critical 3) what is the criticality degree of each factor 4) how important are these factors for customers, consultants, and vendors, the report aims to to identify the critical success factors in ERP implementation and understand the criticality degree of each factor from the perspectives of three parties (companies, consultants & vendors).</p><p>The research is proceeded with combined methods of qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative method for the interviews was chosen in order to get the information in depth. A semi-structured interview helps to provide some basic questions as guideline.</p><p>Furthermore, the quantitative approach contributes to manipulating the data for a more comprehensive analysis of empirical findings. This report states 11 CSFs (Critical Success Factors) from three points of view: strategic, tactical, and cultural. They are: Top management support and ERP strategy, Business Process Reengineering, Project team & change management, Retain the experienced employee, Consultant and vendor support, Monitoring and evaluation of performance, Problems anticipation (troubleshooting, bugs, etc.), Organizational culture, Effective communication, and Cultural diversity. By testing the perceived CSFs in six respondents (VSM Group, Scania, Sogeti, SYSteam, Oracle, and SAP), this report puts the 11 factors into three overall ranks (most critical, medium critical, and less critical), gains 3 other new critical factors (testing, business model, and client’s resources), and clarifies the diverse opinions about CSFs from customers/companies, consultants, and vendors. The most critical factors are Top management support, BPR, Project team & change management, and Effective communication. The medium critical factors go to ERP strategy, Consultant and vendor support, and Organizational culture. And the remaining 4 factors belong to less critical category.</p><p>For the differences, their agreement comes into the 4 most critical factors. In monitoring and evaluation of performance they agree on its less criticality. All customers, consultants and vendors have quite different opinions about the remaining 6 factors.</p><p>Reviewing the research questions, this report has fulfilled the main objectives and purpose. With better understanding of the comprehensive identification of CSFs and criticality rank of each factor, management will be able to judge and allocate essential resources that are required to bring ERP implementation into success.</p>

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<p>Då den tekniska utvecklingen ständigt går framåt kommer det nya tekniska lösningar som kan ersätta gamla och ineffektiva arbetssätt. Systemet eCopy är ett resultat av den tekniska utvecklingen som bidrar till att digitalisera pappersdokument. Med hjälp av eCopy kan arbetsprocesserna effektiviseras och företaget kan göra kostnadsbesparingar.</p><p>Syftet är att undersöka hur anställda ser på förändringar och vilka faktorer som motiverar ett företag att övergå till en ny teknik, samt ett helt nytt arbetssätt.</p><p>Med hjälp av en kvalitativ studie på ett svenskt företag har vi uppfyllt syftet med denna undersökning. Studien genomfördes med intervjuer riktade till anställda och beslutsfattare på olika avdelningar på företaget.</p><p>Resultatet från vår studie visar att en förändringsprocess ska beaktas och genomföras med noggrannhet för att få ut bästa möjliga nytta av förändringen. Att det alltid sker motstånd är oundvikligt då den mänskliga faktorn är en viktig företeelse i processen.</p>

<p>Elektronisk marknadsföring är på stark frammarsch. Det finns dock många hinder att komma över för att kunna se effekten av denna marknadsföring på ett effektivt sätt. Det svåra för företagare nu och tidigare är att kunna värdera elektroniska tjänster som inte direkt handlar om pengar. Informationsuppföljningen i stort är oftast bristfällig och nya system krävs för att ge en klar bild. Denna rapport går igenom konstruktionen av en prototyp som skall klara av att hantera denna form av information samt kunna visa den effektivt. Tyngdpunkten ligger på konstruktionsfasen och dokumenteringen av denna, med hänsyn till frågeställningen. Projektet har utförts i samarbete med ett företag, Altus, som sysslar med sökmotorspositionering. Resultatet visar att ett företag kan stärka sin konkurrens kraftigt genom att ta hänsyn till statistik och följa upp besökartrender på sina webbplatser. Det visar också att företag som tillhandahåller sådan tjänster, såsom Altus, kan få mycket bra underlag vid fortsatt försäljning då informationen underlättar och visualiserar säljargument.</p> / <p>Electronic marketing is advancing. There are, however many obstacles to overcome to be able to see the effect of this type of marketing effectively. Nowadays it’s hard for companies to value electronic services which doesn’t directly involve money. There are often a lack of follow-up of the information and new systems are required to be able to give a clear picture. This essay describes the construction of a prototype which shall be able to handle this type of information and present it efficiently. Most efforts have been laid on the construction phase and the documentation of this, considering the problem described. The project has been conducted for a company, Altus AB, who is in the business of searchenginepositioning. The result reveals that a company can enhance its force of competition by taking part of statistics and follow up visitor trends at their WebPages. It also shows that companies who can offer this kind of services, as Altus AB, can get a very good basis to use as an argument when to sell their services.</p>

<p>Denna uppsats kommer att ta upp teorier och olika lösningar för hur en utvecklare för en webbplats kan gå till väga för att skapa en community för webben av olika slag. För att få reda på hur de olika momenten och problemen kan lösas så har en fullständig community utvecklats. Denna community har som profilering att rikta sig mot högskolestuderande på Växjö universitet.</p><p>Webbplatsen i fråga har varit under utveckling sedan hösten 2003 och blev officiell för första gången under februari månad 2004. Därefter började medlemmarna registrera sig, och fram till sommaren 2004 var det strax över 600 som registrerat sig på sidan. Under hösten 2004 så beslutade utvecklaren sig för att skapa en ny version av sidan efter att den första lagts ner under sommaren strax innan på grund av komplikationer med serverleverantören.</p><p>Den nya versionen började utvecklas och såg sedan dagens ljus under februari månad 2005. Sidan och utvecklaren ifråga är Campusportalen och Erik Flachmeyer (som även är författaren till denna uppsats).</p> / <p>This thesis will consider theories and different solutions that a developer of a website can take advantage of when creating a community for the web. To find out how the different questions and problems can be solved, a complete community for the web has been developed. This community has as a profile to concentrate on students at Växjö University.</p><p>This Internet site has been under development since the autumn of 2003 and became official for the first time during the month of February 2004. Afterwards, the members started to drop in and in the front of the summer of 2004 there had become just above 600 members that registered themselves of the site. During the autumn of 2004, the developer decided to create a new version of the site, after that the first one had been closed, due to complications with the server supplier.</p><p>The new site started to be developed and became available to the public during the month of February 2005. The site and developer in question is Campusportalen and Erik Flachmeyer (which also is the author of this thesis).</p>

<p>The history of technology has shown that with the advance of science almost any manual human task could also be done by a machine. This story of success gives hope for the subject area of artificial intelligence and Cognitive simulation. It is easily</p><p>comprehensible that the automation of manual tasks is very successful, since it is of very obvious nature. Exactly this factor is the biggest problem in understanding cognitive processes and other products of our mind, that they are not obvious at all. AIl scientists assume that the human brain conducts tasks comparable to a digital computer and must therefore be reproducible as a computer. This view is supported by psychologists who use basic information processing models adapted from computer science to explain the human thought process (Lindsay et. al., 1977). Unfortunately, psychologists are still not completely sure of the way our mind works. We are well aware of the outcome and can predict some of them, but the working procedure behind our decisions remain a mystery. Hubert Dreyfus (Dreyfus, 1999) critically reviewed the psychological, epistemological and ontological grounded expectations of Artificial Intelligence workers. It is his conclusion that the enduring failure of AI to technologically reproduce the function of the human brain serves as empirical evidence against the Foundations of AI itself. According to the Author, it has also not been scientifically proven by the AI community that “the mind must obey a heuristic program”. In fact, psychology suggests that humans commonly make decisions without even considering the situation or their set of standards (Smith, 2003). Dreyfus proves that “arguments which are supposed to show that formalization must be possible are either incoherent or self-contradictory”. Therefore it seems to me, that the current state of the art in AI and Cognitive simulation is at the very limits of technology. For this reason it seems relevant to explore to what extend the current findings and technological solutions can be used to support the activity of the human brain, since it is not possible to replace the human brain by a computational device.</p>

<p>Web services are now a day often mentioned when speaking of systems communicating with each other online. This master thesis describes how we, with a grounded theory, developed a web service from scratch and then used it to describe how to develop a method for this case scenario. The purpose of the web service is to simplify the information exchange between Infra Gaming, which is the company who assigned this project to us, and their customers. This master thesis is not a guide to how you develop a web service. It is a master thesis that describes how we, in three steps, solved the assignment from Infra Gaming and our problem, with a web service.</p> / <p>Webservices nämns för tiden ofta i samband med informationsutbyte mellan system som kommunicerar med varandra online. Denna uppsats ämnar beskriva, med hjälp av grounded theory, hur vi gick tillväga för att skapa en webservice från grunden för att sedan beskriva hur metodutveckling ser ut för design av webservices. Webservicens syfte är att förenkla informationsutbytet mellan företaget Infra Gaming, som vi gör uppdraget åt, och deras kunder. Rapporten är ingen manual till webserviceutveckling utan den beskriver hur vi, med hjälp av tre steg, gick tillväga för att lösa uppdraget och vår problemformulering vid hand.</p>

Named entity recognition (NER) is one of the fundamental tasks for building clinical natural language processing (NLP) systems. Machine learning (ML) based approaches can achieve good performance. However, they often require large numbers of annotated samples, which are expensive to build with the use of domain experts in annotation. Active learning (AL), a sample selection approach that can be integrated with supervised ML, has shown the promising potential to minimize the annotation cost while maximizing the performance of ML-based models in various NLP tasks. However, very few studies have investigated AL for clinical NER in a real-life setting. In this dissertation research, I systematically studied AL in a clinical NER task to identify medical problems, treatments, and lab tests in clinical notes. Novel AL algorithms were developed to query the most informative and least costly sentences based on three properties: uncertainty, representativeness, and annotation time. I also developed the first AL-enabled annotation system for clinical NER. Using this system, I further conducted user studies to assess the performance of AL in real world annotation processes for building clinical NER systems. The initial user study shows that conventional AL methods with no consideration of annotation time did not always perform better than random sampling for different users. However, our newly developed AL algorithms with cost models for estimating annotation time were more promising in practice. To achieve an NER model with 0.70 in F-measure, simulated results show that the new AL method saved ~33.3% in estimated annotation time, compared to random sampling. In the user study, the new AL algorithm achieved better performance than random sampling and saved up to ~26.5% real annotation time for one of the users. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study examining the practical AL systems for clinical NER. Our study demonstrates that AL has the potential to save annotation time and improve model quality for building ML-based NER systems, when novel querying algorithms are implemented. Our future work includes developing better querying algorithms and evaluating the system with larger number of users.