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Le présent travail de thèse se propose de développer des techniques innovantes pour l'automatisation de tri de déchets de bois. L'idée est de combiner les techniques de spectrométrie proche-infra-rouge à des méthodes robustes de traitement de données pour la classification. Après avoir exposé le contexte du travail dans le premier chapitre, un état de l'art sur la classification de données spectrales est présenté dans le chapitre 2. Le troisième chapitre traite du problème de sélection de variables par des approches parcimonieuses. En particulier nous proposons d'étendre quelques méthodes gloutonnes pour l'approximation parcimonieuse simultanée. Les simulations réalisées pour l'approximation d'une matrice d'observations montrent l'intérêt des approches proposées. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous développons des méthodes de sélection de variables basées sur la représentation parcimonieuse simultanée et régularisée, afin d'augmenter les performances du classifieur SVM pour la classification des spectres IR ainsi que des images hyperspectrales de déchets de bois. Enfin, nous présentons dans le dernier chapitre les améliorations apportées aux systèmes de tri de bois existants. Les résultats des tests réalisés avec logiciel de traitement mis en place, montrent qu'un gain considérable peut être atteint en termes de quantités de bois recyclées / In this thesis, innovative techniques for sorting wood wastes are developed. The idea is to combine infrared spectrometry techniques with robust data processing methods for classification task. After exposing the context of the work in the first chapter, a state of the art on the spectral data classification is presented in the chapter 2. The third chapter deals with variable selection problem using sparse approaches. In particular we propose to extend some greedy methods for the simultaneous sparse approximation. The simulations performed for the approximation of an observation matrix validate the advantages of the proposed approaches. In the fourth chapter, we develop variable selection methods based on simultaneous sparse and regularized representation, to increase the performances of SVM classifier for the classification of NIR spectra and hyperspectral images of wood wastes. In the final chapter, we present the improvements made to the existing sorting systems. The results of the conducted tests using the processing software confirm that significant benefits can be achieved in terms of recycled wood quantities

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo elaborar um modelo que explique as cores obtidas em amostras de quartzo de São José da Safira (MG) após submetê-las a tratamento (irradiação e tratamento térmico). O quartzo natural sem cor é rotineiramente irradiado com raios gama e depois aquecido para adquirir cores que vão desde o verde-oliva até o marromavermelhado, passando entre essas cores por tons de amarelo-esverdeado e amarelo-marrom. Com essa mudança na coloração da gema, há um aumento considerável no seu valor econômico. As técnicas de espectroscopia no infravermelho, ultravioleta-visível, de absorção e de emissão atômica juntamente com análise por ativação neutrônica e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica foram empregadas para caracterizar e estudar impurezas e defeitos nas amostras de quartzo de São José da Safira. Pela interpretação dos resultados obtidos, pôde ser verificado que o defeito ] / [ 4 + h O AlSi , formado durante a exposição do quartzo a raios gama, é o responsável pelo enegrecimento do mesmo. Quanto maior a exposição aos raios gama, maior será a concentração desse defeito e mais acentuado será o enegrecimento da amostra. Durante o aquecimento da amostra, o defeito ] / [ 4 + h O AlSi é eliminado, motivo pelo qual se observa o clareamento do quartzo. O defeito relacionado com − ] [ 4 O AlSi , produzido na eliminação do defeito ] / [ 4 + h O AlSi , causa absorções de luz nas regiões do ultravioleta próximo e visível, causando sucessivamente as cores verde, amarelo e marrom à medida que a dose aumenta. A população de defeitos − ] [ 4 O AlSi e a cor após o aquecimento dependem da natureza do íon alcalino compensador de carga. O lítio proporciona a melhor condição para a existência de uma significativa população de defeitos − ] [ 4 O AlSi após o aquecimento. Sódio e hidrogênio tornam o quartzo fumê sem cor após o aquecimento. / This research intends to propose a model that explains the colors obtained in samples of natural quartz from São José da Safira (MG) after submitting them to gamma irradiation and heat treatment. In the gemstone industry colorless quartz is routinely exposed to gamma rays and heat to become greenish, yellowish or brownish. This change in coloration of gemstone involves a valorization of its economic value. The techniques of infrared, ultraviolet-visible, atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy combined with neutron activation analysis and electronic paramagnetic resonance were utilized to characterize and to study the impurities and defects in samples of natural quartz from São José da Safira. It is well established that the ] / [ 4 + h O AlSi defect, formed during the exposition of quartz to gamma rays, is the responsible for its smokening. The concentration of this defect is proportional to the dose. During heating of the sample, the ] / [ 4 + h O AlSi defect is eliminated. Because of this reaction, the clearing up of quartz can be observed during the heating. We suggest that a − ] [ 4 O AlSi related defect, produced from ] / [ 4 + h O AlSi defect by heating, has absorption bands of light in the near UV region with extension into the visible region, causing successively the greenish, yellowish, and brownish colors as the irradiation dose increases. The population of − ] [ 4 O AlSi and the color after heating depends on the nature of the alkaline charge compensator. Lithium gives the best condition for color formation. Sodium and hydrogen make the smoky quartz colorless after heating.

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Hydrocarbon chains are a basic component in a number of systems as diverse as biological membranes, phospholipids and polymers. A better understanding of the physical properties of n-alkane chains should provide a better understanding of these more complex systems. With this aim, vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively used. This technique, sensitive to molecular details, is the only one able to both identify and quantify conformational disorder present in paraffinic systems. To achieve this, methyl deformations have been widely used as "internal standards" for the normalisation of peak areas. However, in the case of n-alkanes with short chain length, such as n-C[44]H[90] for example, the infrared spectra recorded at liquid nitrogen temperature and reported here show the sensitivity of these latter peaks to the various crystal structures formed. Indeed, the main frequencies of the symmetric methyl bending mode were found between 1384 cm[-1] and 1368 cm[-1] as a function of the crystal form. Changes in the frequency of the first order of the L.A.M. present in the Raman spectra were also observed. At higher temperatures, non all-trans conformers, inferred from different infrared bands present in the wagging mode region, were found to be essentially placed at the end of the n-alkane chains. At the monoclinic phase transition, the concentration of end-gauche conformers, proportional to the area of the infrared band at 1342 cm[-1], increases abruptly. On the contrary, in the spectra recorded at liquid nitrogen temperature no such band is observed. We also studied the degree of disorder in two purely monodisperse long chain n-alkanes, namely n-C[198]H[398] and n-C[246]H[494]. The chain conformation as well as the tilt angle of the chains from the crystal surfaces were determined by means of low frequency Raman spectroscopy and S.A.X.S. measurements on solution-crystallised samples. The increase in the number of end-gauche conformers which was expected to occur with the increase of the tilt angle as a function of the temperature was not detected due to a perfecting of the crystals. Indeed, due to successive heating and cooling to -173°C, the concentration of non all-trans conformers was found to decrease within the crystals. Their numbers were found to be up to six times higher in n-C[198]H[398] crystallised in once folded form than when crystallised in extended form. The C-C stretching mode region of the spectra was used to identify the chain conformation and to estimate the length of the all-trans stem passing through the crystal layers at -173°C. The transition between once folded and extended form crystals was indicated by the presence of additional bands in this region at 1089 cm[-1], 1078 cm[-1] and 1064 cm[-1]. Some of those bands may be related to the fold itself. At the same time, a strong decrease of the intensity of the infrared bands present in the wagging mode region was observed. Finally, the triple layered structure proposed on the basis of X-ray measurements obtained from the crystals of a binary mixture of long chain n-alkanes, namely n-C[162]H[326] and n-C[246]H[494], was confirmed from the study of the C-C stretching mode region of the infrared spectra.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP