No description available.

No description available.

A pilot scale nitrogen (N) removal system was constructed and operated for approximately 365 days and was designed to remove inorganic total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) from solids-separated dairy manure. An anaerobic fermenter, upstream of the N removal reactor, produced volatile fatty acids (VFAs), to be used as an electron donor to fuel denitrification, and TAN at a COD:N ratio of 18:1. However, sufficient amounts of non-VFA COD was produced by the fermenter to fuel the denitrification reaction at an average NO3- removal rate of 5.3 ± 2 mg/L NO₃--N. Total ammonia N was removed from the fermenter effluent in an N removal reactor where a series of aerobic and anoxic zones facilitated aerobic TAN oxidation and anoxic NO₃- and NO₂- reduction. The minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration allowing for complete TAN removal was found to be 0.8 mg/L. However, TAN removal rates were less than predicted using default nitrifying kinetic parameters in BioWin®, a biological modeling simulator, which indicated the presence of a nitrification inhibitor in fermented dairy manure. Furthermore, an N balance during the aerobic zone indicated that simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) was occurring in the aerobic zone of the N removal reactor and was most apparent at DO concentrations below 1.3 mg/L. A series of nitrite generation rate (NGR) experiments confirmed the presence of an inhibitor in fermented dairy manure. A model sensitivity analysis determined that the most sensitive ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) kinetic parameters were the maximum specific growth rate, , and the substrate half saturation coefficient, . Nitrifying inhibition terms of competitive, non-competitive, mixed competitive, and un-competitive were applied to the growth rate equation in BioWin® but an accurate representation of the observed TAN removal rates in the pilot scale system could not be found by adjusting the kinetic parameters alone. Reducing the default BioWin® hydrolysis rate by approximately 50% produced a more accurate calibration for all inhibition terms tested indicating that the hydrolyization of organic N in dairy manure is less than typical municipal waste water. / Master of Science

Le canal Kv11.1, dont l’inhibition occasionne une prolongation de l’intervalle QT, est directement impliqué dans des cas d’effets secondaires cardiotoxiques. Depuis 2006, Santé Canada exige que les nouvelles molécules et leurs métabolites soient évalués en phase préclinique pour le risque d’allongement de l’intervalle QT. La méthode de référence évalue l’électrophysiologie des cardiomyocytes en culture lors d’une courte exposition au médicament (<30min). Bien que cette méthode soit la plus fiable actuellement, elle permet seulement d’identifier les molécules qui bloquent directement le passage des ions dans le pore du canal (effet aigu). La méthode HERG-BRET vise à identifier les molécules susceptibles d’interagir avec le canal Kv11.1 par le moyen d’une altération du trafic vésiculaire (effet chronique). Ce type d’interaction est considéré comme un biomarqueur de la capacité à bloquer l’activité de ce canal. L’étude présentée tente de déterminer si un test de localisation cellulaire de hERG basé sur le BRET permettra un criblage à haut débit et une meilleure évaluation de l’affinité d’interaction avec hERG, comparativement aux méthodes alternatives actuelles. Dans le modèle HERG-BRET, la protéine hERG fusionnée à la luciférase de renilla (donneur d’énergie) est exprimée dans une lignée cellulaire HEK293. Cette même lignée exprime également une protéine verte fluorescente modifiée (accepteur d’énergie) qui est ancrée à la membrane plasmique. L’échange d’énergie entre le donneur et l’accepteur est un indice de la localisation de hERG à la membrane plasmique. Les fluctuations de ratio BRET suite à une exposition de 16h à un composé pharmaceutique reflètent donc l’effet du composé sur la translocation de Kv11.1. Vingt-cinq composés pharmaceutiques déjà caractérisés dans la littérature scientifique ont été testés : 12 ont été classés comme chaperons pharmacologiques, 4 comme inhibiteurs du trafic, 1 comme inhibiteur ayant les deux effets mentionnés et 8 n’ont pas pu être classés. Le comportement du biosenseur à l’égard des composés testés suggère que la méthode HERG-BRET ne peut pas être utilisée seule pour évaluer le risque cardiotoxique des médicaments. Toutefois, elle peut fournir des informations complémentaires pertinentes quand à la nature de l’interaction entre un composé pharmaceutique et la sous unité hERG du canal Kv11.1. / The Kv11.1 channel is directly involved in cardiotoxic adverse effects since its inhibition is responsible for a prolongation of the QT interval. In 2006, Health Canada established a guideline that constrains drug developers to a preclinical evaluation of QT prolongation risks for new molecules and their metabolites. The gold standard method (patch-clamp) consists in electrophysiology measurements on cultured cardiomyocytes for a brief exposition to the tested compound (<30min). Even though this method is the most reliable, it only allows the identification of molecules that inhibit the channel by preventing ions from traveling through the pore (acute effect). The HERG-BRET method aims to identify molecules that can interact with Kv11.1 and alter its vesicular transport as a proxy for inhibiting the activity of the channel (chronic effects). This study attemps to determine if a BRET-based cellular localization assay will allow a high throughput screening and a better evaluation of the affinity of pharmaceuticals compounds with hERG, in comparison to alternative methods. In the HERG-BRET model, a fusion protein generated with the gene sequence for hERG and the one for the renilla luciferase (energy donor) is stably expressed in a HEK 293 cell line. The same cell line also stably expresses a green fluorescent protein (energy acceptor) that is anchored at the plasma membrane. The energy transfer that occurs between the donor and the acceptor suggests that hERG is located at the membrane. Variations of BRET ratios following a 16 hours inucabtion with a compound reflects the compound’s effects on Kv11.1’s translocation. Twenty-five compounds that have been previously characterized in the literature were tested: 12 were categorized as pharmacological chaperones, 4 as traffic inhibitors, 1 as an inhibitor that undergoes both effects and 8 remain uncategorized. The biosensor’s behavior towards the tested compounds suggests that the HERG-BRET method cannot be used alone to assess cardiotoxic liability, but it can bring interesting facts to our attention regarding the nature of the interaction between the hERG subunits of Kv11.1 and a tested compound.