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Produced water presents economical and environmental challenges to oil producers. Downhole separation technology is able to separate oil or gas from produced fluid in downhole environment and injects waste water into deeper formations, thus saving energy and reducing waste emission. More than 120 downhole separation systems have been installed worldwide, but only about 60% of the installations achieved success. Most of the failures were due to the injectivity decline under the invasion of impurities in the injected water, such as suspended particles and oil droplets. A reliable model is needed to predict the reaction of reservoir permeability under the invasion of such impurities and serves as a tool to screen appropriate formations for downhole separator installations. / Previous experimental studies on particle-induced permeability damage reveal that high particle concentration, low fluid velocity, large particle size lead to more severe damage. The damage mechanisms are attributed to surface interception, bridging and size exclusion of particles in porous media. While for droplets, the resultant permeability decline is mostly due to surface interception. Empirical correlations with key parameters determined by core flooding data are widely applied to the simulation of permeability decline under invasion of particles and droplets. These correlations are developed based on characteristics of certain rocks and fluids, thus their applications are very restricted. / A more scientific method is to model the flow and capture of particulates at pore level. Reservoir rocks are porous media composed of pores of various sizes. Pore network models employ certain assumptions to imitate real porous media, and have been proved realistic in simulating fluid flow in porous media. In this study, a 2-dimensional square network model is used to simulate capture of particles and droplets in porous media. Pore bodies are represented by globes and pore throats are imitated with capillary tubes. The flow rates in the network are obtained by simultaneously solving mass balance equations at each pore body. The network model is tuned to match the porosity and permeability of a certain rock and serves as the infrastructure where the capture process takes place. / Particles are categorized as Brownian and non-Brownian particles according to size. For Brownian particles, diffusion is dominant and Fick’s law is applied to each pore inside the network to obtain deposition rate. For non-Brownian particles, their trajectories are mainly governed by gravity and drag force acting on them. Besides, the size of each particle is compared with the size of the pore where it is captured to determine the damage mechanism. For particles much smaller than the pore size, surface deposition is dominant and the permeability decline is gradual. For particles with sizes comparable to pore size, bridging and clogging are dominant and the permeability decline is much more severe. / Unlike particles, droplets can not be captured on top of each other. Accordingly, a captureequilibrium theory is proposed. Once the pore surface is covered by droplets, equilibrium is reached and droplets flow freely through porous media without being captured. The simulation on capture of oil droplets reveals that the surface wettability has significant influence on the resultant permeability damage. Most natural reservoirs are neutrally or oil wet. It is thus recommended to apply these surface conditions to future simulations. / The proposed model is validated with test data and reasonably good agreements are obtained. This new mechanistic model provides more insights into the capture process and greatly reduces the dependence on core flooding data.

Orientador: Marise Aparecida Rodrigues Pollonio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T00:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mota_BruceFonseca_M.pdf: 10963370 bytes, checksum: 44ddff474514853143ae4c7394b3577b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O presente trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa avaliou-se o efeito dos ingredientes (sal, tripolifosfato de sódio, vinagre, alho e cebola em pó e maltodextrina), presentes em diferentes formulações de salmoura de marinação sobre aparência de lagarto (M. semitendinosus) bovino injetado com estas salmouras segundo um planejamento fatorial fracionário 2 5-1. Também foramanalisados o rendimento do processo de marinação e o pH dos cortes cárneos, para que se tentasse correlacioná-los com parâmetros de cor L, a e b dos mesmos. Nos níveis estudados, constatou-se que o sal e o tripolifosfato de sódio apresentaram efeito estaticamente significativo (p<0,05) sobre o rendimento do processo de marinação, melhorando-o. Quando estes dois ingredientes estiveram presentes conjuntamente na salmoura de marinação, os redimentos foram ainda melhores. Além, disso o tripolifosfato de sódio também mostrou desempenhar efeito sobre o pH (p<0,05) das peças de lagarto bovino injetadas, aumentando-o. O sal e o tripolifosfato de sódio também apresentaram efeito estaticamente significativo, sobre o parâmentro de cor L (p<0,05), sendo que cortes cárneos marinados com salmoura contendo estes ingredientes ficaram maisescuros (menorL). Existiu, ainda uma correlação entre o parâmetrode cor L e o rendomento do processo durante a estocagem dos produtos marinados, sendo que quanto mais escuros os cortes cárneos (menor L), melhores são os redimentos do processo. Em seguida, foi realizado um teste sensorial da aparência onde o tripolifosfato de sódio desempenhou efeito (p<0,05) sobre os escores médicos de aceitação sensorial conferidos pelos consumidores à aparência dos cortes cárneos de lagarto bovino injetados. Cortes cárneos marinados em salmoura contendo este ingrediente, receberam escores, em média, maiores que os demais. Baseando-se nos resultafos da avaliação sensorial da parência foram selecionadas três formulações de salmoura para a segunda etapa, onde se avaliou a influência do tempo e temperatura de estocagem ( 5°C/ cinco dias ou -18°C / dois meses),da presença ou não do vácuo durante a embalagem e do processo de cozimento sobre a aparência dos cortes cárneos de lagarto bovino injetadis. Além disso, foram analisados os rendimentos do processo de marinação, as pedras de peso após o cozimento, o pH e a composição centesinal dos cortes cárneos marinados, a fim de tentar correlaciona-los com a aparência. Constatou-se que o tempo e temperatura de estocagem apresentaram efeito significativo (p<0,05) sobre o rendimento do processo de marinação, sobre as perdas de peso dos cortes cárneos após o cozimento, sobre o pH e o parâmentro de cor L. Já a forma de embalagem apresentou efeito apenas sobre os parâmetros de cor a e b, sendo que par algumas formulações estudadas apresentou efeito também sobre parâmetro de cor L. Além disso, em algumas combinações de formulação, tempo e temperatura de estocagem e forma de embalagem foi possivel estabelecer correlações entre o pH, o redimento do processo de marinação e as perdas de peso após o cozimento com os parâmetros de cor L, a, b. Finalmente , através da análise de aceitação sensorial da aparência dos cortes de lagartos bovino injetados antes e após o cozimento, perdeu-se que tanto o tempo e a temperatura de estogagem, quanto a forma de embalagem apresentam efeito estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05) sobre os escores de aceitação sensorial conferidos pelos provadores à aparência dos cortes cárneos marinados / Abstract: This study could be divided into two stages. In the first stage, the effects of the ingredients (salt, sodium tripolyphosphate, vinegar, powered garlic and onion appearance of eye round (M. semitendinosus) beef injected with this brines, according to a fractional factorial design 2 5-1, was valued. The marination process performance and the pH of the beef cuts was also analyzed, so that correlations among color parameters L , a e b and these could be done. In the studied levels, it could be proved that salt and spdium tripolyphosphate presented significant statistically effect (p<0,05) on the marination process performance, improvong that. When these two ingredients were present together in the enhancing brine, the performance was still better. Besides, sodium trypoliphosphate also showed to play effect on the pH (p<0,05) of the enhanced eye round beef cuts, increasing that. Salt and spdium tripolyphosphate also presented significant statistically effect (p<0,05) on color parameter L, so that beef cuts enhaced with brine containing these ingredients was darker (smaller L) beef cuts, presents better process performance. Next, a sensorial acceptance test was realized, where sodium trypolisphosphate played effect (p<0,05) on sensorial acceptance average scores awarded by the consumers for the apperance of injected, received, in average, grater scores than others. Based on the results of appearance sensory evaluation, three brine formulations was selected for the second stage, where the influence of storage time and temperature (5°C / five days or - 18°c / two months), of the presence or absence of vacuum during packaging, and of cooking process over apperance of injected eye round beef cuts was evaluated. Besides, the pH, the marination process performance, the weighting loss after cooking process, and the composition of enhanced beef cuts were analyzed so that it could be correlated to beef cuts apperance. It has been proved that storage time and temperature showed significsnt effect (p<0,05) on the marination process performance, on the weighting loss of beef cuts after cooking process, on the pH and on the color parameter L. Packaging type showed effect only on the color parameter L too. Besides, in some brine formulation, storage time and temperature, and packaging type combinations it was possible to correlate pH, the marination process performance and the weighting loss after cooking with color parameters L a, b. For last, it was realized, through appearance sensorial accepatence test, that storage time and temperature, and also packaging type showed statistically significant effect (p<0,05) on the sensorial acceptance scores awarded by the consumers for the apperance of enhanced beef cuts / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Ce travail est consacré à l’étude des interactions d’un grand nombre de solitons dans un laser à fibre dopée erbium/ytterbium. Les impulsions interagissent entre elles et se structurent pour former des distributions plus ou moins organisées. Deux cavités ont été réalisées, l’une basée sur la rotation non-linéaire de la polarisation (RNLP) et l’autre sur le miroir optique à boucle non-linéaire (NOLM) en configuration de laser en forme de huit. Avec la RNLP, nous nous sommes intéressés d’abord à une distribution où les impulsions sont liées (cristal de solitons). Ce cristal, stable pour des puissances moyennes, devient instable lorsque la puissance augmente : il se disloque. Les solitons se réorganisent pour former un régime de verrouillage harmonique (HLM) de 50 cristaux. Nous avons ensuite cherché s’il était possible de contrôler les distributions de solitons par l’injection d’une composante continue externe. Nous avons montré que le HLM peut être forcé par l’injection de cette composante. Nous avons développé deux approches afin de modéliser un laser verrouillé en phase et soumis à l'injection d'une composante continue, l'une est scalaire et l'autre vectorielle. Ces modèles démontrent que le signal injecté peut modifier les interactions entre les solitons. Enfin, le NOLM a permis d’observer plusieurs dynamiques : pluie de solitons, gaz de solitons, liquide de solitons, poly-cristal de solitons, multi-cristal de solitons, cristal de solitons, états liés et verrouillage harmonique d’états liés. Ce laser a permis également d’observer une émission laser continue et impulsionnelle autour de 1600 nm. / This work has been devoted to study the interaction of the large number of solitons in the erbium/ytterbium doped fiber laser. The interaction of pulses with each other causes to form more or less organized distribution. Two laser cavities have been constructed, one based on the non-linear polarization rotation (NLPR) and the other based on the nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) in a figure-eight laser configuration. With the NLPR, we were interested to the distribution of coherent pulses (crystal solitons). This crystal, stable for moderate power, becomes unstable at high power, which means to get loose from the initial soliton. These solitons rearrange their relative position to form one harmonic-mode locking regime (HML) of 50 crystals. Afterward, we have investigated the possibility of controlling the solitons distribution by injecting an external continuous wave (cw). It has been observed that cw could force the laser to operate at HLM regime. Moreover, we have developed two theoretical approaches, such as scalar and vectorial, to model the passively mode-locked fiber laser submitted to the cw. Both models confirm that the injected signal could modify the interactions between the solitons. Finally, the NOLM allowed us to observe several dynamics, including rain solitons, gas solitons, liquid solutions, poly-crystal solitons, multi-crystal solitons, crystal solitons, bound states and harmonic-mode locking of bound states. Furthermore, it made possible to observe the continuous as well as pulsed laser emission around 1600 nm.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T22:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Mesquita Tonhá - 2017.pdf: 3159304 bytes, checksum: 5bac33b411dcef9b02cd77d8fda8d1a8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-06-02T11:12:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Mesquita Tonhá - 2017.pdf: 3159304 bytes, checksum: 5bac33b411dcef9b02cd77d8fda8d1a8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T11:12:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Mesquita Tonhá - 2017.pdf: 3159304 bytes, checksum: 5bac33b411dcef9b02cd77d8fda8d1a8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Electricity distribution networks around the world are able to receive generators installed along their length. As the studies of the impacts of distributed generators emerge and deepen in the solution of the problems arising from the granting of installation of DGs, their benefits become more attractive than impediments not yet overcome and their dissemination becomes a irreversible tendency. One of the inconveniences faced by enterprising to the electrical system is the power limitation to be injected in the network to the situation that the enterprising one behaves like exporter, this limitation can become a factor of discouraging his input in the system. In this sense, this work searches through a well-known tool of load flow - OpenDSS to carry out tests proposing the substitution of the conductor in part of the network in order to enable more ambitious distributed generation projects from the point of view of the injected power. In addition, the impact of the voltage regulator, often found in the networks, on the maximum permissible potency to be inserted in the studied network, as well as the impact on the electric losses profile and the proposed overcurrent protection are also analyzed. The tests demonstrated that the substitution of the conductor was adequate for the maximization of power, especially when the network operates with voltage regulator. In view of the distributed generation connection and the replace the cable proposed of part of the network, the losses presented a relative reduction and the protection times were reduced due to the necessary replacement of some devices / As redes de distribuição de energia elétrica em todo o mundo encontram-se aptas a receber geradores instalados ao longo de sua abrangência. À medida que os estudos dos impactos dos geradores distribuídos surgem e se aprofundam na solução dos problemas provenientes da concessão de instalação de GD’s, seus benefícios mostram-se mais atrativos que os impedimentos ainda não superados e sua disseminação torna-se uma tendência irreversível. Um dos inconvenientes enfrentados por acessantes ao sistema elétrico é a limitação de potência a ser injetada na rede para a situação que o acessante se comporte como exportador, essa limitação pode se tornar um fator de desestímulo à sua entrada no sistema. Nesse sentido, este trabalho busca através de uma ferramenta conceituada de fluxo de carga - OpenDSS realizar testes propondo a substituição do condutor em parte da rede a fim de viabilizar projetos de geração distribuída mais ambiciosos do ponto de vista da potência injetada. Além disso, o impacto do regulador de tensão, frequentemente encontrado nas redes, sobre a potência máxima admissível a ser inserida na rede estudada, bem como o impacto sobre o perfil das perdas elétricas e da proposta de proteção de sobrecorrente são também analisados. Os testes demonstraram que a substituição do condutor se mostrou adequada à maximização de potência, em especial quando a rede opera com regulador de tensão. Diante da proposta de recondutoramento de parte da rede, as perdas apresentaram redução relativa e os tempos de atuação da proteção foram reduzidos em razão da substituição necessária de alguns dispositivos.

This thesis discusses optoelectronic devices at mm-wave frequencies, focusing on optoelectronic beamforming and non-mechanical beam steering based on an optically excited Fresnel zone plate plasma. The optically controlled zone plate, termed the photo-injected Fresnel zone plate antenna (piFZPA) within this work, is introduced and a comprehensive theoretical framework developed. The design and optimisation of Fresnel zone plates are detailed, which determine the inherent performance of the piFZPA. A range of zone plates were designed, fabricated, and characterised at 94 GHz with up to 46 dBi gain, -26 dB sidelobe levels, and 67% aperture efficiency being measured for a quarter-wave design. The control of (sub) mm-wave beams by optical modulation of the complex permittivity of a semiconductor substrate is discussed. The significance of the free-carrier plasma dynamics, the effective lifetime, surface recombination, and the limits of the substrate which are imposed by the spatial resolution of the free-carrier plasma are highlighted, with the optimisation of these parameters discussed. The passivation quality of high-resistivity silicon wafers were characterised using a mm-wave photoconductance decay method, which yielded lifetime improvements from τ[subscript(eff)] = 60 us up to τ[subscript(eff)] ≈ 4,000 us, resulting in lowered recombination velocities (S = 15 cm/s). W-band characterisations of the passivated wafers illustrate the significance of surface recombination, with measured attenuations of up to 24 dB. Novel theoretical models are developed throughout this thesis, which yield insight into the requirements of optoelectronic devices, and are shown to agree well with measured data. The theoretical framework developed details the requirements, limitations, suitability, and design of piFZPAs at any frequency. A range of transmission-type piFZPAs are demonstrated and characterised at 94 GHz, both on-axis and off-axis, based on a novel architecture, with up to 8% aperture efficiency. Finally, the hybridisation of the piFZPA technique and well established visible display technologies, which has been developed throughout this thesis, enable low-cost, simple, and highly flexible optoelectronic devices, highlighting this method as an attractive solution to adaptive beamforming and non-mechanical steering at mm-wave and submm-wave frequencies.

Abstract Most of the iron in the world is produced using a blast furnace process, which has iron ore (iron oxides) and coke as its raw materials. When pellets are used in a blast furnace, the iron burden material is charged in the form of pellets and fine, iron-rich by-products are charged typically in the form of cold-bonded briquettes at the top of the blast furnace. Coke is the primary fuel and reductant in the blast furnace. Coke reacts with the oxygen of the blast air and forms carbon monoxide in the up-flowing gas, which reduces the descending iron oxide burden. In addition, carbon and hydrogen bearing reductants are injected from the tuyeres in the lower part of the furnace. Hydrogen partially replaces the carbon monoxide as a reducing agent and changes the composition of the reducing gas. The high temperature properties of the burden have a significant effect on the flow of reducing gas and formation of the cohesive zone which markedly affect the furnace efficiency. The raw materials are commonly stored outdoors and therefore include moisture in varying amounts. In addition, the briquette contains chemically bound water. The rate of injected reductants, the high temperature properties and the water content of the raw materials have significant effects on blast furnace performance. They cause various phenomena in the blast furnace which set limitations on the process. The limiting phenomena related to the use of pellets in the blast furnace were studied in this doctoral thesis with the aim of obtaining additional knowledge about the limiting phenomena. The results show that hydrogen increases the reduction rate of iron oxides at temperatures below 850 °C. High water vapour concentration causes a rapid conversion through a catalysed water-gas shift reaction at above 300 °C in a gas mixture similar to the one in the upper part of the blast furnace. The reduction rate of the cold-bonded briquette is higher than pellets due to a self-reducing effect. The phase transformations occurring in the briquette during reduction follow the path of phase equilibria. The softening of the pellet is caused by the formation of melt which initiates wüstite dissolution in the surrounding slag phase. / Tiivistelmä Suurin osa maailmassa valmistettavasta raudasta tuotetaan masuuniprosessilla, jonka pääraaka-aineita ovat rautarikaste eli raudan oksidit ja koksi. Masuunissa, jossa käytetään pellettiä, rautarikaste panostetaan pelletin muodossa ja hienojakeiset rautapitoiset sivutuotteet tyypillisesti kylmäsidottuna brikettinä masuunin huipulta. Koksi on masuunin pääasiallinen polttoaine ja pelkistin, joka masuunin sisään puhallettavan ilman hapen kanssa reagoidessaan muodostaa ylöspäin virtaavaan kaasuun hiilimonoksidia, joka pelkistää masuunin kuilussa vajoavat rautaoksidit. Lisäksi yleensä käytetään hiiltä ja vetyä sisältäviä pelkistysaineita, jotka injektoidaan masuuniin alaosan hormeilta. Vety korvaa osittain hiilimonoksidia rautaoksidien pelkistimenä ja muuttaa pelkistävän kaasun koostumusta. Panosmateriaalien korkealämpötilaominaisuudet vaikuttavat suuresti kuilun kaasuvirtauksiin ja koheesiovyöhykkeen muodostumiseen masuunissa, mitkä vaikuttavat merkittävästi masuunin tehokkuuteen. Suurista määristä johtuen raaka-aineet varastoidaan usein ulkona, joten ne sisältävät kosteutta vaihtelevissa määrin. Lisäksi briketti sisältää kemiallisesti sitoutunutta vettä. Injektoitavien pelkistysaineiden käyttömäärällä, raaka-aineiden korkealämpötilaominaisuuksilla ja vesipitoisuudella on merkittäviä vaikutuksia masuunin toimintaan. Ne aikaansaavat masuunissa erilaisia ilmiöitä, jotka asettavat prosessille rajoituksia. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin näitä masuunille rajoituksia asettavia ilmiöitä ja pyrittiin lisäämään tietämystä niistä. Tulokset osoittavat, että vety nopeuttaa rautaoksidien pelkistymistä alle 850 °C lämpötilassa. Suuri vesihöyrymäärä johtaa nopeaan konversioon masuunin yläkuilun aluetta vastaavassa kaasuseoksessa yli 300 °C lämpötilassa katalysoidun vesikaasun siirtoreaktion kautta. Kylmäsidottu briketti pelkistyy pellettiä nopeammin itsepelkistymisen vaikutuksesta. Briketin pelkistyessään läpikäymät faasitransformaatiot seuraavat faasien tasapainotiloja. Pelletin pehmenemisen aiheuttaa sulan muodostuminen, joka laukaisee wüstiitin liukenemisen sitä ympäröivään sulaan kuonafaasiin.

This master's thesis deals with study of the injected charge contrast mechanism of doped semiconductors by using the ultra – high vacuum scanning low electron energy microscope (UHV SLEEM). The aims of this work were to explain the injected charge contrast mechanism, to ability of this contrast mechanism to map the dopant density quantitatively and to identify the influencing factors.