Cette thèse se compose de 3 chapitres indépendants s’attachant à analyser les politiques publiques de gestion et de contrôle de la qualité, ainsi que celles visant à stimuler l’innovation. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous nous intéressons au marché de la santé, et plus précisément à la concurrence entre différents plans de santé offrant des offres de soin de qualités différentes. Nous modélisons ce marché comme un marché biface avec des externalités de qualité. Nous examinons ce qui se passe lorsque les médecins de haute qualité, tels par exemple que les spécialistes, sont autorisés à s’enregistrer dans plusieurs plans de santé (« multi-homing ») et nous comparons cet équilibre à celui où ils ne peuvent s’enregistrer que dans un seul plan. Un enregistrement multiple des médecins de haute qualité donne des plans de santé de meilleure qualité, mais un enregistrement exclusif peut générer les meilleurs résultats pour le bien-être des assurés et de protection sociale. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse à la gestion de la qualité dans le contexte de la production alimentaire. Il compare deux approches réglementaires de gestion de la qualité : inspection ex-post des produits par échantillonnage ou contrôle ex-ante du processus de production et certification de ce dernier. Ce chapitre analyse dans le cadre d’une compétition à la Cournot si la certification du processus de production doit être utilisée comme substitut ou complément à l'inspection ad-hoc des produits. Notre analyse révèle que la combinaison des deux approches n’est pas synonyme d’une amélioration de l'efficacité et que la certification du processus de production est préférable lorsque la compétition entre les producteurs est intense. Le quatrième chapitre est inspiré par l'hypothèse d’Heller et Eisenberg (1998) selon laquelle les activités de recherche et développement (R&D) pourraient être entravées par la protection des brevets (anti-communs). Cependant, des études récentes suggèrent que cet effet est surestimé. Ce chapitre examine une situation où la valeur d’une innovation est inconnue et commune à deux chercheurs: son évaluation par un scientifique dépend de l’évaluation que s’en fait l’autre. Cela donne lieu à surinvestissement en R&D qui peut masquer la présence d'anti-communs, en particulier lorsque l'évaluation commune dépend largement des informations privées des deux scientifiques. / Numerous economics thoughts highlight the positive effect of innovations on economic growth and of quality on welfare of human beings. This thesis consists 3 independent chapters, which study public policies with purpose of encouraging innovations and improving quality provision. The second chapter studies what happens when high quality providers are allowed to patronize multiple health plans (multi-homing) and compare it to single-homing within a 2-sided framework. The results suggest that high quality providers’ multi-homing yields the highest quality of both plans. But single-homing may generate the best results for policyholders and social welfare. The third chapter compares two food quality regulatory approaches: sampling and testing products (product inspections) and controlling verifiable production process control (process certifications). It is debatable whether process certification is best used as substitute for, or supplement to product inspection. This chapter formally analyzes this issue under Cournot competition framework and suggests that combining these two approaches may not improve efficiency. Moreover, process certification should be used when competition is intense. The forth chapter is inspired by the anticommons hypothesis of Heller and Eisenberg (1998), which implies that research and development (R&D) activities could be hindered by patent protections. However, recent studies suggest that this effect is over-stated. This chapter considers a common-value situation: the scientists' valuation relies on each others' perspectives. It yields an over-investment outcome which may mask the presence of anticommons, especially when the common valuation largely depends on both scientists' private information.

No description available.

As companies are expanding their R&D activities establishing themselves on new markets, they are also encountering opportunities and obligations. How they take advantage of the opportunities and manage the obligations will somehow depend on how they conduct their R&D activities. The existing concepts about innovation processes suggest the need for financial support and more specifically the financing in the early stages of innovation in order to conduct the process. But what they suggest and what is really being carried out differ, whereas this need is not always met. The empirical findings in this study bring the structure of the financial support mechanisms within a Brazilian context, exemplifying how companies established in Brazil can reach financial funding in order to develop their R&D activities. The Triple Helix model is a tool used as a way of analyzing these financial aspects and the existing mechanisms involved. Government, industry and academia constitute the actors within the model, which altogether generate steering mechanisms supporting each actor through the cooperation. How each actor manages the available mechanisms depends on the national system, which requires knowledge and comprehension.

Ph.D. afhandling, Roskilde universitetscenter 1995.

Zugl.: Würzburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2003.

Zugl.: Freiberg (Sachsen), Bergakad., Diss., 1999.

Zugl.: Marburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2002. / Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2003.

No description available.

The capacity to innovate is commonly regarded as a key response mechanism, a critical organisational competence for success, even survival, for organisations operating in turbulent conditions. Understanding how innovation works, therefore, continues to be a significant agenda item for many researchers. Innovation, however, is generally recognised to be a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon. Classificatory approaches have been used to provide conceptual frameworks for descriptive purposes and to help better understand innovation. Further, by the facility of pattern recognition, classificatory approaches also attempt to elevate theorising from the specific and contextual to something more abstract and generalisable. Over the last 50 years researchers have sought to explain variance in innovation activities and processes, adoption and diffusion patterns and, performance outcomes in terms of these different ‘types’ of innovation. Three generic approaches to the classification of innovations can be found in the literature (innovation newness, area of focus and attributes). In this research, several limitations of these approaches are identified: narrow specification, inconsistent application across studies and, indistinct and permeable boundaries between categories. One consequence is that opportunities for cumulative and comparative research are hampered. The assumption underpinning this research is that, given artefact multidimensionality, it is not unreasonable to assume that we might expect to see the diversity of attributes being patterned into distinct configurations. In a mixed-method study, comprising of three empirical phases, the innovation classification problem is addressed through the design, testing and application of a multi-dimensional framework of innovation, predicated on perceived attributes. Phase I is characterised by an iterative process, in which data from four case studies of successful innovation in the UK National Health Service are synthesised with those drawn from an extensive thematic interrogation of the literature, in order to develop the framework. The second phase is concerned with identifying whether or not innovations configure into discrete, identifiable types based on the multidimensional conceptualisation of innovation artefact, construed in terms of innovation attributes. The framework is operationalised in the form of a 56-item survey instrument, administered to a sample consisting of 310 different innovations. 196 returns were analysed using methods developed in biological systematics. From this analysis, a taxonomy consisting of three discrete types (type 1, type 2 and type 3 innovations) emerges. The taxonomy provides the basis for additional theoretical development. In phase III of the research, the utility of the taxonomy is explored in a qualitative investigation of the processes underpinning the development of exemplar cases of each of the three innovation types. This research presents an integrative approach to the study of innovation based on the attributes of the innovation itself, rather than its effects. Where the challenge is to manage multiple discrete data combinations along a number of dimensions, the configurational approach is especially relevant and can provide a richer understanding and description of the phenomenon of interest. Whilst none of the dimensions that comprise the proposed framework are new in themselves, what is original is the attempt to deal with them simultaneously in order that innovations may be classified according to differences in the way in which their attributes configure. This more sensitive classification of the artefact permits a clearer exploration of relationship issues between the innovation, its processes and outcomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the Duhok region’s innovation strategy and to be able to see how regional development and the entrepreneurial development tackle the innovation and innovation strategy in everyday life. Theory: The starting point for the theoretical framework for this study is the concept of innovation – what is it and why is it valuable to an organization? But the focus of the study is to compare the Sörmland region innovation strategy with the Duhok region innovation strategy, if Duhok has an innovation strategy. The theoretical description that follows in this chapter is based mainly on secondary data in the form of scientific papers and books in the areas mentioned above. Great emphasis has been placed on the source-critical criteria mentioned in chapter two in both the selection and review. Method: This second chapter provides a detailed description of the approach used in the study. Selection of the research approach and perspective on the interpretation and analysis, and it will give the reader an understanding of the study process. Empirical Result: In the empirical chapter, the researcher has transcribed the interviews and made it clear they were interviewed response and summarized the text out of them replies received from persons interviewed. Analysis: The researcher will analyze what he thinks is the most important for the research. The analysis chapter is an important chapter because of the result and the discussion. Discussion: In this chapter there would be discussion about regional innovation for Duhok region. In the Discussion chapter the researcher talks about implementation of innovation strategy with help from a model called The Strategy Planning (TSP) model. The creation of TSP and further researcher are also included in discussion chapter.