The objective of this research is to examine the institutional development of biotechnology in Brazil and, in particular, the role played by small firms in fostering biotechnology in the health and agriculture sectors and their relationship with both universities and large firms. The interest in this study stems from the crucial role played by small, high technology firms in innovation and diffusion of new technologies. Case studies emphasising the innovative capacity of small firms in several advanced countries are now available. In the US, in particular, there has been a proliferation of hundreds of small firms in biotechnology since the late 70s. The pattern of biotechnology development in the US suggests that small firms are functioning as a "bridge" between academia and large corporations. In developing countries, very little is known about the role of small firms in innovation, especially in a new, high technology area such as biotechnology. In the early 1980s, however, the emergence of a number of small companies operating in biotechnology in Brazil suggested that this might be the beginning of a new indigenous industry in this area. The purpose of this study was therefore to find out precisely what these biotechnology companies were doing, how far they fitted the American model of the new biotechnology firms and their links with the academic base, financial structures and large firms. It is the first study in this area, and it has been deliberately directed towards concentrating on the role of these small companies have played in the development and diffusion of this new technology. The empirical research presents original data collected from detailed interviews with twelve representative firms and relevant governmental agencies, carried out in 1989. Interviews were also conducted with academics in order to assess how far the small biotechnology firms were linked into the growing competence in this area of Brazilian universities. The main findings show that there are differences but also similarities between the American and the Brazilian pattern of biotechnology development. The Brazilian companies are not operating at the cutting-edge of this technology. On the contrary. they are using older and well tried techniques such as plant tissue culture. They do, however. link into the universities and large corporations.

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In recent years the funds spent on research and development (R & D) have grown considerably. An indication of the extent of the growth in the U.K. was given by Hart (1) who noted that in 1900 approximately 0.05% of the gross national product was spent on research. This percentage increased to 0.25% in 1938, 1.6% in 1954 and 2.7% in 1962. Villiers (2) quotes a similar growth in the U.S., where research expenditure grew from <1% of gross national product in 1947, to about 3% in 1962. (In the U.K. it appears, from some statistics produced by the Ministry of Technology (3), that research expenditure has remained at about 2.7% of GNP over the period 1962-1967). The allocation of these resources poses a number of challenging questions in governmental, industrial and academic spheres. At a national level the kind of questions that might be asked are (a) what proportion of the gross national product should be devoted to government sponsored research, or (b) how should funds be divided between the claims of the aerospace, computer, or machine tool industries, or (c) how should funds be divided between the competing claims of the nuclear physicists and marine biologists. The large industrial concern is faced with similar problems though the resources involved are smaller. ICI for example spent about £30M on R & D in 1968, and during the later 1960's, the growth rate was about 8% per year. The Company must decide on the total amount to be spent on R & D and how it is to be allocated between different Divisions of the Company and different research categories. At lower levels of management two of the questions arising are (a) which projects shall be selected, and (b) how should the flow of resources to projects be controlled. It is now generally accepted that there is a need for techniques for assisting in the management of R & D. Jones (4) summed up the situation well when he wrote "It is not surprising that there is an increasing amount of discussion on the management of R & D for profit. Business becomes increasingly competitive and R & D activities, just as those of production and marketing must be examined to see how they can best play their part." Already a large number of relevant papers have been published, but as yet no significant breakthrough has been achieved. An important feature of the literature has been the concentration on theoretical models as a means of assisting research managers: reports of new methodology considerably out-number reports of practical testing of the methods in research laboratories. Throughout the author's research the opposite bias, that is to say towards a practical rather than a theoretical approach has been maintained. This was facilitated by the author completing most of his research in the R & D Department of the Mond Division of ICI (of which he is a member). The research presented in this thesis began with the very general objective of examining and developing methods for the allocation of resources (capital and manpower) to R & D and so Chapter 1 discusses some relevant methods that have been proposed in the literature. It was later decided to concentrate on the development of an improved system of project evaluation and control. Chapter 2 analyses an established system in this field, and looks at past projects to demonstrate some of the problems such a system should accept. Later chapters present the system that was developed during the research and record experience of testing the various procedures on a number of Mond Division R & D projects. As these are either still in progress or are only recently completed it has been necessary, for reasons of security, to limit descriptive detail and to normalize numerical data. Such normalization has been made in a manner that preserves the essential financial characteristics of the project. It is well perhaps, in the Introduction, to distinguish between the terms research and development. Following Baines, Bradbury and Suckling ( (5), page (2) ) process definition will be the term used to cover the steps required to take exploratory production activities from laboratory scale to full-scale. Development will refer to the problems of opening up a business area with a new product and will include economic assessment and marketing activities. For the most part these activities are closely linked to research activities and are usually performed by members of the same project team. The convention followed in the thesis will be to use the term 'research' to refer to all the activities of the project team and to assume that these also include some development activities as defined above. Only when discussing the work of others who have used the term R & D, or when there is a reason to emphasise the commercial exploitation content of a project will the word development be used.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T15:00:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA LUÍZA SOUZA CARVALHO.pdf: 10625961 bytes, checksum: aa542af17bad777ba7ab09257912c4fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T15:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA LUÍZA SOUZA CARVALHO.pdf: 10625961 bytes, checksum: aa542af17bad777ba7ab09257912c4fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-26 / The State of Goiás in the period 2015-2018 has created a program called "Inova Goiás", which intends to transform the state into Brazil's third largest innovation platform. Supported by this program, the State Government has launched a slogan "Goiás Estado Inovador" that brings the idea that Goiás intends to be innovative. Innovation is a contemporary theme, Joseph Shumpeter, father of innovation says that economic development can only exist through innovation. Because "Inova Goiás" is a public policy, the theoretical analysis developed by Mariana Mazzucato was important for understanding the role of the State in innovation systems, and consequently to understand Goiás in this innovation dynamic. Goiás is a Brazilian state that has no tradition of innovation and technology, and for that to happen structural changes must take place, so that the state can be innovative. The present study aims to analyze the program "Inova Goiás", in its proposals, goals, budget forecasts, a verification of the progress of the program, in order to analyze which actions proposed in the program were executed, how much resource was assigned to The program, and whether the program has succeeded as a public innovation policy. / Goiás é um estado brasileiro que não possui tradição em inovação e tecnologia. Assim, visando mudar esse quadro, o governo estadual criou, para o período de 2015 a 2018, o programa Inova Goiás, que pretende transformar o estado na terceira maior plataforma de inovação do Brasil. Pelo fato de o programa consistir em uma política pública, a análise teórica desenvolvida por Mariana Mazzucato foi importante para a compreensão do papel do Estado nos sistemas de inovação, e, consequentemente, para entender Goiás nessa dinâmica. A par dessas considerações, objetivou-se, nesta dissertação, analisar o Inova Goiás em suas propostas, metas e previsões orçamentárias. Para tanto, procedeu-se a uma verificação do andamento do programa, analisando a execução das ações propostas, os recursos designados, e se o programa tem conseguido obter êxito enquanto política pública de inovação.

A FINEP é uma empresa pública vinculada ao Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), que tem a missão de promover e financiar a inovação e a pesquisa científica e tecnológica. A partir de 1999, foram criados os Fundos Setoriais de Ciência e Tecnologia, administrados pela FINEP, que são instrumentos de financiamento de projetos de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação no País. Há 16 Fundos Setoriais, sendo 14 relativos a setores específicos e dois transversais. Dentre esses, há o Fundo Verde Amarelo (FVA), que tem por objetivo promover o desenvolvimento tecnológico a partir da interação universidade-empresa. O presente estudo identificou as contribuições e impactos do FVA sobre as empresas usuárias do fundo, por meio de um levantamento (survey) junto a essas empresas, considerando as que tiveram os projetos finalizados até abril de 2008. Foram identificados os perfis das empresas contempladas pelo FVA e também as vantagens competitivas auferidas pelas empresas em virtude do desenvolvimento de projeto em cooperação com ICTs, por meio do financiamento realizado pelo FVA. O interesse do trabalho é a disseminação dos resultados para incentivo a adesão de um volume maior de empresas em projetos cooperativos para seus produtos e processos voltados para a inovação tecnológica, podendo inclusive fornecer informações adicionais para os gestores do FVA a fim de melhorar a política de gestão do fundo. / FINEP is a Brazilian public company connected to the Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (Technology and Sciences Ministry), which aims at promoting and financing the innovation and the scientific and technological research. From 1999 on, Science and Technology Sectorial Funds have been created, managed by FINEP, which are instruments of financing of research projects, development and innovation in the Country. There are 16 Sectorial Funds, where 14 are related to specific sectors and two are transversal lines. Of these, one is aimed at the university-company interaction (FVA - Fundo Verde-Amarelo). The present study identified the contributions from FVA over the companies, through a survey together companies that received contributions from FVA, considering those companies that finished their projects before April 2008. It was analyzed the profile of these companies and the competitive advantages got through developed project in cooperation with universities and research institutes, with financial from FVA. The idea of this study is the dissemination of results to incentivate the adhesion by a greater number of companies in cooperative projects for their products and processes on focus to innovation technology. This study hopes to contribute supplying additional information to the managers of FVA, that able to get better the fund management politic.

O trabalho propõe uma Metodologia para implantação de tecnologias construtivas racionalizadas na produção de edifícios pelo processo construtivo tradicional, objetivando a evolução tecnológica do processo de produção. Inicialmente, os conceitos relacionados ao desenvolvimento e a implantação de tecnologias construtivas racionalizadas são apresentados e discutidos. Na seqüência, discutem-se as estratégias que as empresas tem utilizado para atuarem num mercado altamente competitivo. E, completando os fundamentos do trabalho, apresentam-se e analisam-se os modelos para implantação de inovações tecnológicas na indústria seriada e da construção civil. A partir desse quadro referencial, propõe-se uma metodologia para implantação de tecnologias construtivas racionalizadas, fundamentada em um conjunto de diretrizes balizadoras e numa estratégia de ação. As diretrizes contemplam a organização da empresa, o processo de projeto, a documentação, os recursos humanos e o controle do processo de produção; enquanto a estratégia de ação contém uma sugestão de como conduzir o processo de implantação no interior da organização. Finalmente, realiza-se uma análise das ações de empresas de construção ao introduzirem mudanças tecnológicas na construção de edifícios, concluindo-se pela importância de se empregar uma adequada metodologia para a condução do processo de implantação de Tecnologias Construtivas Racionalizadas. / This thesis proposes a model to introduce innovative Technologies into the traditional building construction with the purpose of achieving the continuous improvement in building construction. Firstly, the main concepts related to development and introduction of innovative technologies are presented and discussed. Then, the building construction companies organization and the majors strategies to increase their effectiveness are presented and analysed. The work discusses available models used for introducing innovation processes in the manufacturing and the construction industries in order to identify the barriers and key factors to introduce the innovative technologies. Based on this framework, it is proposed a model including guidelines related to companies organization, design process, process of documentation, human resources development and the control of production process. Finally, the companies actions about the introduction of innovative technologies are analysed. This shows that the correct development and use of a capable formal approach does help introducing innovative technologies into the building construction.

User groups have been recognised as one of the most important coupling mechanisms between users and vendors. There are hundreds of such groups around the world attached to complex technological artefacts and systems. Innovation scholars have referred to these groups as the new sites of innovation and gone as far to suggest that vendors may struggle to survive without the user-led innovation that derives from these forums (von Hippel, 2005). This is particularly the case for software products. However, despite their growing academic and policy importance, and notwithstanding the fact these communities have been in existence for more than three decades, the Information Systems literature has not yet explained the complex workings of such groups. This study produces one of the first ethnographic studies of a major software user group linked to a complex packaged enterprise system. It describes and characterises the range of functions carried out by this group, which includes their internal workings and organisation, how members relate to each other, how the group links to the vendor and other intermediaries, and the group’s attempts to shape the development of its technology. A key focus of the work is the various tensions and barriers found in these communities. To analyse this group the study adopts and extends the Social Shaping of Technology (SST) and its recent offshoot, the ‘Biography of Artefact’ (BoA) framework. This thesis contributes to these approaches by showing the importance of multifaceted time dimensions and heterogeneity of spaces in examining users groups. Whilst existing studies using these approaches have looked at the evolution of technology over extended periods, this thesis contributes by considering the coevolution of the technology and the community attached at the same time. This allows us not only to gain a better conceptualisation of the user group but as a result see new forms of innovation invisible to more dominant perspectives. It challenges economist led understandings of user-led innovation which tend to give only a rather superficial understanding of the process by which users create new innovation. In particular, and through arguing for the need to take into account both ‘success’ and ‘failure’ in the process of user-led innovation, the thesis offers the concept of ‘artification’ to explain further complex outputs originating from the interaction of these actors in multiple spaces and over long periods of time. The thesis also extends theories of the Social Shaping of Technology by depicting innovation as an arena where different actor spaces act collectively, but also compete, and as a result wield influence on different stages of the technology lifecycle. This leads to a further contribution of this thesis in the field of Information Systems research by suggesting that enterprise software innovation is a community achievement. In particular, the research proposes the concept of ‘unification’ to show the collective acts of users in aggregating their needs to participate in the development of technology. The study concludes by offering insights and recommendation to practitioners and policy makers for deploying user communities for better technological outcomes, both in terms of design and development as well as implementation and use.

This study aims to probe into the key to success of Internet user¡¦s usage of virtual community websites. The craze of Internet community has swept the market since 2009 as it innovates by combining functional application programs and becomes very popular. With the development of Internet mobility and mobile technology service, the concept of multiple devices and mobility sharing rises, showing Internet community¡¦s ability to integrate different websites. By literature review, the content of evaluation is prepared in order to list six major factors of success and the subordinate 37 items of evaluation are also found. ¡@¡@By Analytic Hierarchy Process, the first-stage questionnaire takes domestic users of Internet community as subject and the first half subordinate items are selected. In the second stage, six professionals in relevant fields and three severely-addicted Internet community users are interviewed. The interview is analyzed by matrix to decide the sequence of importance of major content of evaluation. ¡@¡@The research result shows that the most important key to the success of using virtual community websites is private information confidential system. With the progress of technology service, there should be complete protection offered by the community website for the purpose of providing uses a safe Internet environment. Then, innovative function and cross-website system can bring the website more attention. When the user interface is easy to learn, the website would be more practical. With users¡¦ work published on the website and interactive activities held by members, the user¡¦s loyalty and stickiness would also increase. Furthermore, a vivid image of the website and the ability to create talking topics are factors influencing Internet users. ¡@¡@The result may work as reference for domestic social network users and be adopted by the operator for establishment or marketing as feedback with a view to satisfying Internet user¡¦s need and expectation.

This study investigates the indicators of the number of ATMs (automated teller machines) in the provinces of Turkey by examining two banks: T.C. Ziraat Bankasi and T. iS Bankasi. The study depends on annual panel data from 1990 to 2004 for seventy-three provinces of Turkey. The information about the number of ATMs of the two banks is gathered after a study in the archives of the banks. In this study it is concluded that the number of ATMs of T. iS Bankasi and T. C. Ziraat Bankasi in the previous year and the total number of branches of the banks in Turkey are the indicators of ATM adoption for both of the banks concerned. However, population has a negative sign for T. C. Ziraat Bankasi which is a state bank whereas it has a positive sign for T. iS Bankasi which is a quasi-private bank. The findings also indicate that the ATM number of T. iS Bankasi is more sensitive to the number of total bank branches.