No description available.

An investigation was undertaken in some detail of three virus strains of insect pests of agricultural importance, viz. a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the lucerne caterpillar, Colias electo, and a granulosis virus of the bollworm, Heliothis armigera, both found in South Africa, and a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the bollworm, Heliothis zea, isolated in America, with a view to ascertaining a knowledge of some of the fundamental properties and basic biology of these infective agents. On the basis of the information gained the viruses could be differentiated and their broad classification was established. The morphology of the polyhedra, capsules and virus particles observed by light and electron microscopy has been completed and measurements of the viral elements have been made. Some biophysical properties of the virus particles and their inclusion bodies were recorded, i.e. their resistance to chemical and physical treatments and their relative mobility in an electric field under standard conditions. Observations were made on procedures which brought about varying degrees of purification and concentration of the virus particles from putrefying larvae and the most successful of these were found to be reproducible. They involved the purification of the inclusion bodies and their digestion by weak alkali to release the virus particles. Both preparations of the viral elements were further purified by zone electrophoresis in sucrose density gradients. Some information was gathered on the mode of transmission of the infection from insect to insect by contact or cannibalism, from one generation to the next through the eggs, and particularly from one area to another by virus survival in avian faeces. The incidence and rate of the infection in the larvae was increased by environmental changes such as raising the temperature and also to some extent by spraying with a suspension of endospores of Bacillus thuringiensis. Exposure to other stress conditions was not successful in initiating a fatal infection in the insects. Of particular interest, however, was the observation that by injecting a 'foreign' virus a fatal infection was induced by activation of a native occult virus in the larvae of the silkworm, Bornbyx mori. In the context of the possible application of these infective agents to future methods of biological control of economically disastrous pests, these preliminary experiments were not unrewarding.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22898号 / 農博第2441号 / 新制||農||1083(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5318(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 松浦 健二, 教授 大門 高明, 教授 寺内 良平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A traça-da-batata, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), é praga-chave da batata (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae), causando sérios prejuízos em países produtores do mundo inteiro, com danos que podem atingir 100% em tubérculos armazenados. O uso de inseticidas químicos para controle de P. operculella geralmente aumenta os custos de produção, gera resíduos tóxicos e causa intoxicações nos produtores. O controle biológico é uma alternativa desejável para ser incorporado no Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP). O granulovírus, PhopGV (Baculoviridae), é um importante inimigo natural de P. operculella, causando epizootias frequentes nas populações dessa praga. O presente trabalho investigou o potencial de um isolado nativo de PhopGV sobre a fase larval de P. operculella a diferentes temperaturas de incubação em tubérculo (18, 24 e 30 °C) e na parte aérea de batata. Estudos relacionados à persistência do vírus aplicado em tubérculos e aos efeitos subletais da infecção viral sobre o peso pupal e o sistema imune de lagartas desse inseto foram executados. A suscetibilidade de um hospedeiro alternativo ao vírus, a traça-do-tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepid.: Gelechiidae), foi avaliada em folhas de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersium L., Solanaceae). Em outros bioensaios, avaliou-se o efeito combinado de dois produtos à base de nim (DalNeem® e NeemAZAl®) com PhopGV sobre a mortalidade larval e rendimento de lagartas infectadas de P. operculella. Uma formulação em pó seco do vírus com talco foi desenvolvida para conferir proteção aos tubérculos. As temperaturas de incubação não afetaram a suscetibilidade de lagartas de P. operculella ao vírus, nem o rendimento de lagartas infectadas e a proporção de lagartas não recuperadas nos bioensaios em tubérculos. Porém, esses parâmetros foram altamente dependentes da concentração viral e 100% de mortalidade larval foi obtida a partir de 1 x 106 OB.mL-1. Apesar de não ter ocorrido diferenças no rendimento de lagartas infectadas entre as temperaturas, o período de incubação até a coleta destas lagartas foi menor a 30 °C. Na parte aérea, lagartas de P. operculella foram menos suscetíveis ao patógeno do que em tubérculos, sugerindo aplicação de diferentes dosagens do vírus para lavoura de batata e tubérculo armazenado. O vírus demonstrou alta persistência durante o armazenamento, mantendo-se viável por até 60 dias com mortalidade > 80%. A transmissão do vírus da lagarta para pupa em baixas concentrações (< 1 x 106 OB.mL- 1) foi confirmada. As pupas infectadas não apresentaram pesos diferentes daquelas sadias. A infecção viral provocou drástica redução no número total de hemócitos circulantes na hemolinfa de lagartas doentes. A melhor combinação de vírus com nim foi obtida pela mistura de 4 ppm DalNeem + 1 x 104 OB.mL-1 PhopGV, que resultou em maior mortalidade larval do que os agentes aplicados sozinhos. NeemAzal teve efeito antagônico na mistura com PhopGV em razão da baixa mortalidade larval registrada. O vírus formulado com talco proporcionou altos níveis de mortalidade (> 70%) nas concentrações < 5 x 106 OB.mL-1 do que o vírus não formulado. PhopGV pode ser produzido in vivo em tubérculos de batata a 24-30 °C, e a sua combinação com talco ou DalNeem, ambos em baixas concentrações, foi muito eficiente contra P. operculella, devendo ser considerada em programas de manejo integrado. / The Potato Tuber Moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major pest of potato causing up to 100% damage worldwide, especially under storage conditions. The use of chemical pesticides to control PTM usually increases production costs, generates toxic residues and farmer intoxications. Biological control is a desired alternative to be incorporated in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. The granulovirus, PhopGV (Baculoviridae) is one of the most important natural enemies of PTM, frequently causing epizootics in host populations. The current research focused on basic studies to evaluate the potential of PhopGV to control PTM at different incubation temperatures (18, 24 e 30 °C) on potato tuber and on foliage. Investigations about virus persistence were done for treated tubers, and side-effects due to viral infection were assessed on pupal weight and immune system of PTM larvae. The susceptibility of a related host, the tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepid.: Gelechiidae), to the virus was also investigated on tomato leaves (Solanum lycopersium L., Solanaceae). In order to improve larval mortality by the pathogen, the virus was tested at different concentrations in combination with two neem products (DalNeem® and NeemAZAl®), and PhopGV was also tested in talc dust formulation. All tested temperatures did not affect the susceptibility of PTM larvae to PhopGV, neither the yield of infected larvae nor the rate of larvae not recovered on tuber bioassays. These parameters were highly dependent on the virus concentration and concentrations > 1 x 106 OB.mL-1 resulted in 100% larval mortality. Although the yield of infected larvae did not vary among the temperatures, the incubation period until the harvest of these larvae was shorter at 30 °C. On potato foliage, PTM larvae were less susceptible to the virus than on tubers, indicating that different virus dosages must be used for applications in field and storage conditions. The pathogen showed high persistence resulting in more than 80% larval mortality 60 days post-treatment. The transmission of the virus from larva to pupa at lower virus inoculum (< 1 x 106 OB.mL-1) was confirmed. However, the infected pupae had similar weights to those healthy ones. Infected larvae presented much lower densities of haemocytes compared to uninfected larvae. The best combination of PhopGV and neem products was achieved by the mixture of 4 ppm DalNeem with 1 x 104 OB.mL-1 PhopGV, which resulted in higher PTM mortalities than both agents applied alone. NeemAzal had antagonistic effect when mixed with PhopGV resulting on reduced larval mortality. The talc dust formulation of virus promoted higher mortalities (> 70%) at concentrations < 5 x 106 OB.mL-1 than to nonformulated virus. PhopGV can be produced in vivo on potato tubers at 24-30 °C, and the use of this virus in combination with talc or DalNeem, both at lower concentrations, was very efficient against PTM and must be considered in integrated management programs.

A traça-da-batata, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), é praga-chave da batata (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae), causando sérios prejuízos em países produtores do mundo inteiro, com danos que podem atingir 100% em tubérculos armazenados. O uso de inseticidas químicos para controle de P. operculella geralmente aumenta os custos de produção, gera resíduos tóxicos e causa intoxicações nos produtores. O controle biológico é uma alternativa desejável para ser incorporado no Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP). O granulovírus, PhopGV (Baculoviridae), é um importante inimigo natural de P. operculella, causando epizootias frequentes nas populações dessa praga. O presente trabalho investigou o potencial de um isolado nativo de PhopGV sobre a fase larval de P. operculella a diferentes temperaturas de incubação em tubérculo (18, 24 e 30 °C) e na parte aérea de batata. Estudos relacionados à persistência do vírus aplicado em tubérculos e aos efeitos subletais da infecção viral sobre o peso pupal e o sistema imune de lagartas desse inseto foram executados. A suscetibilidade de um hospedeiro alternativo ao vírus, a traça-do-tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepid.: Gelechiidae), foi avaliada em folhas de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersium L., Solanaceae). Em outros bioensaios, avaliou-se o efeito combinado de dois produtos à base de nim (DalNeem® e NeemAZAl®) com PhopGV sobre a mortalidade larval e rendimento de lagartas infectadas de P. operculella. Uma formulação em pó seco do vírus com talco foi desenvolvida para conferir proteção aos tubérculos. As temperaturas de incubação não afetaram a suscetibilidade de lagartas de P. operculella ao vírus, nem o rendimento de lagartas infectadas e a proporção de lagartas não recuperadas nos bioensaios em tubérculos. Porém, esses parâmetros foram altamente dependentes da concentração viral e 100% de mortalidade larval foi obtida a partir de 1 x 106 OB.mL-1. Apesar de não ter ocorrido diferenças no rendimento de lagartas infectadas entre as temperaturas, o período de incubação até a coleta destas lagartas foi menor a 30 °C. Na parte aérea, lagartas de P. operculella foram menos suscetíveis ao patógeno do que em tubérculos, sugerindo aplicação de diferentes dosagens do vírus para lavoura de batata e tubérculo armazenado. O vírus demonstrou alta persistência durante o armazenamento, mantendo-se viável por até 60 dias com mortalidade > 80%. A transmissão do vírus da lagarta para pupa em baixas concentrações (< 1 x 106 OB.mL- 1) foi confirmada. As pupas infectadas não apresentaram pesos diferentes daquelas sadias. A infecção viral provocou drástica redução no número total de hemócitos circulantes na hemolinfa de lagartas doentes. A melhor combinação de vírus com nim foi obtida pela mistura de 4 ppm DalNeem + 1 x 104 OB.mL-1 PhopGV, que resultou em maior mortalidade larval do que os agentes aplicados sozinhos. NeemAzal teve efeito antagônico na mistura com PhopGV em razão da baixa mortalidade larval registrada. O vírus formulado com talco proporcionou altos níveis de mortalidade (> 70%) nas concentrações < 5 x 106 OB.mL-1 do que o vírus não formulado. PhopGV pode ser produzido in vivo em tubérculos de batata a 24-30 °C, e a sua combinação com talco ou DalNeem, ambos em baixas concentrações, foi muito eficiente contra P. operculella, devendo ser considerada em programas de manejo integrado. / The Potato Tuber Moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major pest of potato causing up to 100% damage worldwide, especially under storage conditions. The use of chemical pesticides to control PTM usually increases production costs, generates toxic residues and farmer intoxications. Biological control is a desired alternative to be incorporated in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. The granulovirus, PhopGV (Baculoviridae) is one of the most important natural enemies of PTM, frequently causing epizootics in host populations. The current research focused on basic studies to evaluate the potential of PhopGV to control PTM at different incubation temperatures (18, 24 e 30 °C) on potato tuber and on foliage. Investigations about virus persistence were done for treated tubers, and side-effects due to viral infection were assessed on pupal weight and immune system of PTM larvae. The susceptibility of a related host, the tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepid.: Gelechiidae), to the virus was also investigated on tomato leaves (Solanum lycopersium L., Solanaceae). In order to improve larval mortality by the pathogen, the virus was tested at different concentrations in combination with two neem products (DalNeem® and NeemAZAl®), and PhopGV was also tested in talc dust formulation. All tested temperatures did not affect the susceptibility of PTM larvae to PhopGV, neither the yield of infected larvae nor the rate of larvae not recovered on tuber bioassays. These parameters were highly dependent on the virus concentration and concentrations > 1 x 106 OB.mL-1 resulted in 100% larval mortality. Although the yield of infected larvae did not vary among the temperatures, the incubation period until the harvest of these larvae was shorter at 30 °C. On potato foliage, PTM larvae were less susceptible to the virus than on tubers, indicating that different virus dosages must be used for applications in field and storage conditions. The pathogen showed high persistence resulting in more than 80% larval mortality 60 days post-treatment. The transmission of the virus from larva to pupa at lower virus inoculum (< 1 x 106 OB.mL-1) was confirmed. However, the infected pupae had similar weights to those healthy ones. Infected larvae presented much lower densities of haemocytes compared to uninfected larvae. The best combination of PhopGV and neem products was achieved by the mixture of 4 ppm DalNeem with 1 x 104 OB.mL-1 PhopGV, which resulted in higher PTM mortalities than both agents applied alone. NeemAzal had antagonistic effect when mixed with PhopGV resulting on reduced larval mortality. The talc dust formulation of virus promoted higher mortalities (> 70%) at concentrations < 5 x 106 OB.mL-1 than to nonformulated virus. PhopGV can be produced in vivo on potato tubers at 24-30 °C, and the use of this virus in combination with talc or DalNeem, both at lower concentrations, was very efficient against PTM and must be considered in integrated management programs.

Baculoviruses are lytic insect viruses. Upon internalisation, the viral genome orchestrates a sequential expression process ultimately leading to lysis of the infected cell. Release of progeny capable of infecting other cells during the process completes the infection cycle. Studies of the infection cycle in cell culture are typically conducted by synchronous infection, i.e. near simultaneous infection of all cells, by means of high virus concentrations. The behaviour of the synchronously infected culture, such as the timing of onset of progeny release, is considered representative for the infection progression within individual cells. In reality, however, the synchronously infected culture only reflects the average behaviour of all infected cells. The infection progresses in individual cells display large variability; this is most obvious in the observation that within the same culture some cells undergo cell lysis at two days post infection while others remain viable up to four days post infection. Such variabilities or asynchronies observed in synchronously infected culture is the topic of this thesis. Using a simple phenomenological model, it is demonstrated that cell death and associated intracellular product release is adequately described assuming that the waiting time from infection to cell death follows a Gaussian distribution with a mean of 59 hours post infection (hpi) and a standard deviation of 15hpi. Unlike other deterministic models developed over the last decade (Licari and Bailey 1992; Nielsen 2000), this stochastic model does not make the biologically inconsistent assumption that cells continue to be metabolically active following loss of membrane integrity. While elegant in its simplicity, the model provides no explanation for the underlying stochasticity. Investigations into the cause of this dispersion of cell death highlighted further asynchronies in the specific recombinant protein yield, in viral DNA content, in virus budding rate, and in cell volume increase instead of clarifying the issue. A modelling framework developed by Licari & Bailey (1992) and later Hu & Bentley (2000) incorporates the number of infectious particles each individual cell receives as a possible source of the dispersions in the host cell responses. However, this was found NOT to be the cause of the observed asynchronies under non-substrate limiting conditions. The timing of cell death, cell volume increase, recombinant product yield, viral DNA content, and virus budding rate is identical in Sf9 cell cultures infected at multiplicities of infection of ~5, ~15, and ~45 infectious particles per cell. Cell cycle variation has previously been suggested as a possible cause for observed asynchronies in baculovirus infections (Brown and Faulkner, 1975). The cell cycle phase is indirectly linked to the cell volume, because a G_2-phase cell prior to division is inherently twice the cell volume of a G_1- phase cell after cell division. By the same logic, it is also apparent that a G_2-phase cell possesses twice the number of ribosomes of a G_1-phase cell and thus a doubled protein production capacity. The effect of the cell cycle or cell volume on the baculovirus infection was determined by splitting an exponentially growing Sf9 cell culture into 5 cell size dependent fractions by centrifugal elutriation. The subsequent infection of these fractions showed (1) no dependency of the timing of cell lysis and cell volume increase and (2) approximately twofold increase of a) recombinant protein yield, b) viral DNA concentration, and c) budded virus yield. The recombinant protein yield showed a strong proportionality to the initial cell volume and the total RNA concentration during the late phase of the infection. As argued in chapter 6, these proportionalities suggest that the observed differences in the responses of the cell fractions to the baculovirus infection are more likely caused by the difference in the protein production capacity than by cell cycle specific molecules. This investigation gave also reason to speculate that infected cells cannot progress beyond the G_2/M phase, and cell cycle progression continues undisturbed until ~8hpi when all cellular DNA replication appears to cease. Resuspended, infected Sf9 cells synchronised by centrifugal elutriation showed an identical cell cycle distribution as the non-infected control cultures for the first ~8hpi; G_1 and G_2/M phase cell proportions remained unchanged, whereas S phase cells progress to G_2/M phase. Subsequently, the non-infected control cells resumed normal cycling whereas all infected cells remained at the same cell cycle phase from 8 to 11hpi. The initial cell cycle arrests in G_2/M phase in both infected and non-infected cultures were caused through medium exchange.