Various biological relationships between the myramid egg parasite, Anaphes ovijentatus (Crosby and Leonard), and its hosts were studied. Eggs of the four major species of Lygus that occur on crops were highly parasitized. Other mirid hosts in southern Arizona were collected from weeds in agricultural areas. Small numbers of Nabis alternatus Parshley and N. americoferus Carayon, predators of several insect pests, were parasitized in the laboratory. The membracid Spissistilus festinus (Say) was an infrequent host. Parasitism of L. hesperus was similar (82-88%) for eggs 1-6 days old at 25°C, but parasitism of 7-day-old eggs was significantly reduced (18.9%). Parasitism must occur at least 24 hours prior to host egg hatch to be successful; the period of time required for A. ovijentatus egg development. Anaphes ovijentatus developed from egg to adult in L. hesperus eggs at a constant temperature of 12.8°C and at variable regimes with means of 12.8, 10.6, and 32.8°C. An average of 26 progeny per female were produced at the variable 12.8 and 10.6°C regimes, only a few progeny were produced at a constant 12.8°C and none were produced at the variable 32.8°C regime. Lygus hesperus eggs hatched at all four temperature regimes, but nymphs survived to adulthood only at the variable regimes of 12.8 and 10.6°C. Total egg to egg periods at the variable 12.8°C was approximately 103 days for L. hesperus and about 54 days for A. ovijentatus. The majority of the L. hesperus eggs were deposited in the upper halves of cotton, alfalfa, and the crucifer Sisymbrium irio L. plants. L. hesperus deposited more eggs in alfalfa than in cotton plants, but showed no preference between alfalfa and S. irio. Anaphes ovijentatus did not demonstrate clear preferences for L. hesperus eggs in any plant species or plant section.

No description available.

This study focuses on the effective biocontrol agent Chilocorus nigritus (Fabricius). Its behaviour and ecology were compared with other Chilocorus spp. where appropriate, to elucidate why this species is such an effective biocontrol agent, and how to improve methodology for its deployment as a natural enemy. An artificial diet for C. nigritus was developed, but was still sub-optimal. Asterolecanium miliaris (Boisduval) was a suitable prey for all life stages of C. nigritus and the adults of Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus) and Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, but was inadequate for larvae of the last two species. Adult weight, measured at one day after adult eclosion, was an appropriate indicator of the effects of larval treatment on their development and on the fitness of subsequent adults. There was no improvement in culture vigour due to a behavioural response of individuals within one generation to fluctuating as opposed to constant temperature. starvation for between 10h and 24h was appropriate for standardisation of hunger. Measuring feeding rate at a range of static temperatures did not reflect differences in the climatic adaptations of six Chilocorus spp., but mortality rates at increasingly high temperatures were useful. Chilocorus spp. showed little ability to choose between prey species. Prey substitutions adversely affected adults and larvae. Introduction of adults was the most effective method for field establishment. Giant bamboo Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro was a valuable site for field releases of C. nigritus, but less useful for C. bipustulatus and C. infernalis. Counter to assumptions on which interference models have been based, no significant intraspecific interference, reducing predatory efficiency, was observed. Visually prominent features on the horizon and a specific leaf shape, were attractive to foraging C. nigritus. The location of prey patches by adults was facilitated by prey odour, but not so for larvae. Adults detected individual prey olfactorily and visually over short distances, but physical contact was required for detection by larvae. Prey location by larvae and adults was facilitated by alterations in movement patterns in response to prey consumption. Differences in prey detection and the effects of prey substitutions, between the life stages, were related to field behaviour. The relevance to biological control, of responses to rearing conditions and feeding and foraging behaviour, was investigated. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1991.

An in depth review is given of Host Plant Resistance research on borers in general, and on B. fusca in particular. The general biology and economic importance of B. fusca are also discussed. Several aspects of the general methodology of breeding for resistance to B. fusca are discussed. These topics include collection of overwintering larvae, termination of diapause, field infestation methodology and damage assessment. Approximately 20 first instar larvae were applied to the plant whorl when plants were about 30 - 40 cm tall. The primary method of damage assessment was to evaluate leaf damage on a 1 to 5 scale. Further criteria for selection of resistant germplasm are assessment of stunting due to stem boring and yield at harvest. The effect of plant resistance on B. fusca was investigated. There were clearly defined differences in leaf damage evident between different maize genotypes. Heritability of this resistance was demonstrated, and presumed to be an additive mechanism that reduced insect feeding, indicating antibiosis. There were significant differences between the number of larvae recovered from whorl tissue of different cultivars. This was ascribed to two resistance mechanisms exerting their effects within the first few days' feeding by larvae. One mechanism was short lived, but effective, antibiosis resulting in larval death, while the other, also short lived, was repellence, resulting in larval migration. Both mechanisms resulted in fewer larva feeding in the plants. Another longer lasting resistant mechanism affected larval growth and mass gain, resulting in smaller larvae. These mechanisms were found to be heritable traits. Differences in levels of resistance affecting larval mass gain were also determined for various parts of the tassel. For all inbreds, the peduncles were more susceptible than the tassel Cultivars also differed in the levels of resistance in the stern tissue. Resistance in leaf tissue did not necessarily mean that resistance occurred in the stern of that genotype. Some cultivars had resistance mechanisms present in both leaves and sterns, some had only one resistance mechanism in either part, and some were totally susceptible. The effect of the borer on the plant was investigated. Leaf damage was found to not be of any consequence, but severe stern damage caused extensive yield losses. There was good correlation between leaf damage and stern damage. Yield loss was most pronounced in longer season hybrids than in quick maturing hybrids. Methodologies utilized in the development of inbreds, populations and hybrids are discussed. It was concluded that borer resistant hybrids do have a place in the commercial market. However their performance under conditions of low or no infestation must be similar to that of other susceptible hybrids because control measures for B. fusca are not excessively expensive. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1989.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 S56 / Master of Science / Entomology

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Orientador: Antonio Batista Filho / Banca: Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken / Banca: Luis Garrigós Leite / Resumo: Dentre os insetos pragas mais freqüentes e limitantes à produção de frutas, incluem-se a mosca-do-mediterrâneo, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), e o gorgulho-da-goiaba, Conotrachelus psidii (Marshal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). As larvas desses insetos se alimentam da polpa das frutas, sendo que no final dessa fase, os insetos descem para o solo onde se enterram e atravessam a fase de pupa. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a virulência de 7 nematóides dos gêneros Steinernema e Heterorhabditis contra a mosca-do-mediterrâneo, e o potencial de Heterorhabditis indica Poinar, Karunakar & David 1992 no controle desse inseto e do gorgulho-da-goiaba. Foram realizados cinco experimentos, sendo um experimento em laboratório, três em casa de vegetação e um em campo. De acordo com os resultados, a mosca-do-mediterrâneo é suscetível aos nematóides quando exposta no estágio de pré-pupa e fase de pupa com 1 dia de desenvolvimento; O nematóide H. indica IBCB n5 mostrou-se como o mais virulento contra C. capitata. No teste de campo procurando avaliar H. indica IBCB n5 contra C. capitata e contra C. psidii, todos os tratamentos diferenciaram significativamente da testemunha. O nematóide apresentou-se bem mais eficiente contra a mosca-do¬mediterrâneo, com mortalidade do inseto de 66% e 93% para as dosagens de 1 e 10 JI/cm², respectivamente, do que contra o gorgulho-da-goiaba, com mortalidade de 33% e 50%, respectivamente, tendo todos esses tratamentos diferidos significativamente da testemunha / Abstract: The fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii, are among the most frequent and injurious pest of fruit crops. The insects larva feed on the fruit pulp and, at the end of this phase, the insects reach the soil where they spent their pupa phase. This research aimed to evaluate the virulence of 7 strains of entomopathogenic nematodes against the fruit fly in laboratory and green house conditions, and the efficiency of Heterorhabditis indica IBCB n5 against this insect and the guava weevil on field conditions. Five trials were done, being one trial done in laboratory, 3 in green house, and one at field condition. According to the results, the fruit fly is susceptible to the nematodes when exposed at the phases of pre-pupa and one day aged pupa. H. indica IBCB n5 was the most virulent nematode against C. capitata. At the field trial aiming to evaluate the efficiency of H. indica IBCB n5 against C. capitata and C. psidii, all the treatments with the nematode differed significantly from the control. H. indica IBCB n5 showed being much more virulent to the fruit fly, with insect mortality ranging from 66% to 93% at the dosages from 1 to 10 IJ/cm2, respective than to the guava weevil, with mortality ranging from 33 to 50%, respectively / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Cinco inibidores de tripsina da famÃlia Kunitz (JB1, JB2, JB3-1, JB3-2 e JB4) foram purificados de sementes de Pithecellobium dumosum, uma Ãrvore da subfamÃlia Mimosoideae, por precipitaÃÃo com Ãcido tricloroÃcetico (TCA), cromatografia de afinidade sobre tripsina imobilizada em Sepharose e coluna de fase reversa em sistema de CLAE. Os cinco inibidores possuem massa molecular entre 18 e 20 kDa formados por uma cadeia polipeptÃdica como determinado por SDS-PAGE na presenÃa ou ausÃncia de -mercaptoetanol. JB1, JB3-1 e JB3-2 tÃm massas moleculares de 19,70, 19,69 e 19,69 kDa, respectivamente, por MALDI-TOF. JB2 e JB4 tÃm massa molecular de 18,08 e 20,85 kDa, respectivamente. A seqÃÃncia N-terminal de JB1, JB3-1 e JB3-2 mostrou identidade com outros inibidores da famÃlia Kunitz. Os cinco inibidores foram estÃveis Ãs variaÃÃes de temperatura e pH. A inibiÃÃo da tripsina por JB1, JB2 e JB4 foi do tipo competitivo. JB1, JB2, JB3-1 e JB3-2 tiveram Kis de 3,56 x 10-8 M, 1,65 x 10-8 M, 4,20 x10-8 M, 2,88 x 10-8 M, respectivamente para a tripsina bovina. Em comparaÃÃo com os outros inibidores JB4, com Ki de 5,70 x 10-10 M, apresentou maior afinidade para tripsina. Entre os inibidores purificados apenas JB4 inibiu moderadamente a atividade da quimotripsina. A atividade da elastase e bromelaÃna nÃo foi inibida efetivamente por esses inibidores. A inibiÃÃo de JB1, JB2, JB3-1 e JB3-2 sobre a papaÃna variaram entre 32,93 a 48,82% e foi indicativo de sua bifuncionalidade, com exceÃÃo de JB4 que inibiu fracamente essa atividade (9,93% de inibiÃÃo). A inibiÃÃo da papaÃna por JB1 e JB2 foi do tipo nÃo competitiva e os valores de Ki foram de 7,6 x 10-7 e 5,1 x 10-7 M, respectivamente. Ensaios in vitro sobre as proteinases digestÃrias de Lepidoptera, Diptera e Coleoptera foram feitos. Esses inibidores foram efetivos para enzimas digestÃrias semelhantes à tripsina desses insetos em diferentes graus. As enzimas digestivas de Zabrotes subfasciatus e Ceratitis capitata foram inibidas por JB1 em 68,87 e 65,53%, respectivamente, e as enzimas de Callosobruchus maculatus, Alabama argillaceae e Plodia interpunctella foram inibidas entre 29,18 e 44,35%. Enzimas digestÃrias de Z. subfasciatus, C. maculatus e C. capitata foram inibidas por JB2 entre 70,04 e 74,54% e as enzimas de larvas de A argillaceae e P. interpunctella foram suprimidas em 13,58 e 48,67%, respectivamente. A atividade semelhante à tripsina de larvas de Z. subfasciatus foi suprimida em 67,33 e 56,93% por JB3-1 e JB3-2, respectivamente, e a atividade de C. maculatus, A argillaceae, P. interpunctella e C. capitata foram suprimidas por esses inibidores entre 5,17 e 49,00%. JB4 inibiu entre 54,53 a 66,15 % as enzimas digestivas de C. maculatus, Z. subfasciatus e A argillaceae e inibiu as enzimas digestivas de larvas de P. intepunctella e C. capitata em 8,97 e 37,47%, respectivamente. A inibiÃÃo de proteinases semelhantes à tripsina e à papaÃna presentes no intestino de vÃrios insetos sugere que esses inibidores possam afetar o crescimento e sobrevivÃncia desses insetos pragas quando incorporados em sementes artificiais e esta bifuncionalidade à indicativo de que estes inibidores possam ser fortes candidatos para os programas de melhoramento de plantas via transgenia. / Five Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors (JB1, JB2, JB3-1, JB3-2 and JB4) were purified from Pithecellobium dumosum seeds, a tree of the sub-family Mimosoideae, by TCA precipitation, affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin-Sepharose and reverse phase HPLC using Vydac C-18 column. The five inhibitors had Mr between 18 and 20 kDa with a single polypeptide chain as determined by SDS-PAGE with and without reduction. JB1, JB3-1 and JB3-2 had Mr of 19.70, 19.69 and 19.69 kDa, respectively, by MALDI-TOF. JB2 and JB4 had Mr of 18.08 and 20.85, respectively, by SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal sequences of JB1, JB3-1 and JB3-2 showed identity with others Kunitz-type inhibitors. The five inhibitors were stable over a wide range of temperature and pH. The inhibition of trypsin by JB1, JB2 and JB4 was competitive. JB1, JB2, JB3-1 and JB3-2 showed Ki values of 3.56 x 10-8 M, 1.65 x 10-8 M, 4.20 x 10-8 M, 2.88 x 10-8 M, respectively, against bovine trypsin. In comparison with others inhibitors JB4, with Ki of 5.70 x 10-10 M, showed a high affinity toward trypsin. Among the inhibitors purified only JB4 inhibited chymotrypsin activity. The activities of elastase and bromelain were not inhibited for these inhibitors. The inhibition of JB1, JB2, JB3-1 and JB3-2 on papain varied between 32.93 to 48.82% of inhibition and was indicative of its bifunctionality with exception of JB4 that inhibited this activity in 9.9%. The papain inhibition by JB1 and JB2 were noncompetitive type and the Kivalues were 7.6 x 10-7 and 5.1 x 10-7 M, respectively. In vitro assays against digestive proteinases from Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera pests were carried out. These inhibitors were effective towards trypsin-like digestive enzymes of the insect in different degrees. The digestive enzymes from Zabrotes subfasciatus and Ceratitis capitata were inhibited by JB1 in 68.87 and 65.53% respectively, and Callosobruchus maculatus, Alabama argillaceae and Plodia intepunctella enzymes were inhibited in the range of 29.18 to 44.35%. Digestive enzymes from Z. subfasciatus, C. maculatus and C. capitata were inhibited by JB2 in the range of 70.04 to 74.54%, and the enzymes of A. argillaceae and P. intepunctella were suppressed in 13.58 and 48.67%, respectively. Trypsin-like activities of larval from Z. subfasciatus were suppressed in 67.33 and 56.93% by JB3-1 and JB3-2, respectively, and the activities of C. maculatus, A. argillaceae, P. intepunctella and C. capitata were inhibited by these inhibitors in the range of 5.17-49.00%. JB4 inhibited around 54.53 to 66.15% the digestive enzymes of C. maculatus, Z. subfasciatus and A. argillaceae and the digestive enzymes from P. intepunctella and C. capitata larvae in 8.97% and 37.47%, respectively. The inhibition of trypsin-like and papain-like proteinases of several insects suggested that these inhibitors may affect the growth and survival of these insect pests when incorporated into artificial diet and their bifunctionality are indicative that these inhibitors could be strong candidates to plant management programs cross transgenia.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania_ Claudia Pintro.pdf: 1091369 bytes, checksum: f8c1d3904413167a06cca540a4fcaa7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of insect infestation Sitophilus zeamais on the physicochemical and microbiological quality in wheat grains, during storage in times of 0, 45, 90 and 135 days, in three temperatures: 20, 25 and 30 ºC. For the conduct of the experiment, wheat grain samples were collected (Triticum aestivum L.) of the cultivar BRS Tanager, produced in Western Paraná, from the harvest of 2013. For storage, the grains had water contents below 13%, being stored about 400 g in sealed glass containers with fabric type voil in order to facilitate gas exchange, totaling 72 containers stored in incubator BOD the temperature of 20, 25 and 30 ° C for 135 days. Of the total of containers, 36 were infested with 20 adults of Sitophilus zeamais and the other 36 were kept without infestation. Every 45 days, were samples for subsequent chemical-physical analysis (moisture, ash, and total protein population variation of insects), microbiological (filamentous fungi count and identification of fungi producing of deoxynivalenol) and quantifying of deoxynivalenol for the three temperatures at baseline and 135 days with and without infestation. The samples were evaluated by the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and for test of comparison of means the Tukey test was applied, with 5% level of significance. It was observed that, with increased storage time, increased population of insects, mainly at temperatures of 20 and 25° C, reducing the value of the weight of the hectolitre at both temperatures. In general, the water content was reduced with increasing temperature and time of the storage. The contents of protein, in the treatments with and without infestation, increased with storage time. In general, the ash content increased with time of storage in grain, with and without infestation in the three temperatures evaluated. The total count of CFU of filamentous fungi was greater for grains of wheat infested. The results obtained indicate that all samples of grain stored, analyzed in the initial time and 135 days, with and without infestation, for use at temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 ᵒC, are within the maximum tolerable limit of 3000 μg of deoxynivalenol per kg of wheat. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da infestação de insetos Sitophilus zeamais sobre a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica de grãos de trigo, durante o armazenamento nos tempos de 0, 45, 90 e 135 dias e em três, temperaturas: 20, 25 e 30 ºC. Para a condução do experimento, foram coletadas amostras de grãos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) do cultivar BRS Tangará, produzido na região Oeste do Paraná e provenientes da safra de 2013. Para o armazenamento, os grãos apresentaram teores de água abaixo de 13%, sendo armazenados cerca de 400 g em recipientes de vidros, fechados com tecido tipo voil a fim de facilitar as trocas gasosas, totalizando 72 recipientes armazenados em câmara incubadora B.O.D. nas temperaturas de 20, 25 e 30 °C, no tempo de 135 dias. Do total de recipientes, 36 foram infestados com 20 insetos adultos de Sitophilus zeamais e os outros 36 foram mantidos sem infestação. A cada 45 dias, foram retiradas amostras, para posterior análise físico-química, (teor de água, cinzas, proteína total e variação populacional de insetos), microbiológicas (contagem de fungos filamentosos e identificação dos fungos produtores de desoxinivalenol) e de quantificação de desoxinivalenol, para as três temperaturas no tempo inicial e de 135 dias com e sem infestação. As amostras foram avaliadas pelo emprego da análise de variância (ANOVA) e para o teste de comparação de médias foi aplicado o teste de Tukey, com nível de 5% de significância. Observou-se que conforme aumentava o tempo de armazenamento aumentava também a população de insetos, principalmente para as temperaturas de 20 e 25 °C, reduzindo o valor do peso hectolitro em ambas as temperaturas. Em geral, o teor de água diminuiu quando ocorreu aumento de temperatura e tempo de armazenamento. Os teores de proteínas, nos tratamentos com e sem infestação, aumentaram com o tempo de armazenamento. Em geral, o teor de cinzas aumentou com o tempo de armazenamento nos grãos com e sem infestação, nas três temperaturas avaliadas. A contagem total de UFC de fungos filamentosos foi maior para grãos de trigo infestados. Os resultados obtidos mostram que todas as amostras de grãos armazenados, analisadas no tempo inicial e de 135 dias, com e sem infestação para as temperaturas de 20 25 e 30 ᵒC, estão dentro do limite máximo tolerável de 3000 μg de desoxinivalenol por kg de trigo

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2006. / Mode of access: Internet. Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 8, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-72).