Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 143 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-127).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 1962. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University, 1896. / "Reprinted from Volume XVI of the Journal of Morphology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-56).

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin, 1937. / Cover title. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [81]-82).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004. / Title from title page screen (viewed May 18, 2004). Thesis advisor: Paris Lambdin. Document formatted into pages (vii, 76 p. : ill., maps). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-65).

The colour of the green and brown forms of Silobion avenae result from qualitative and quantitative differences in their carotene pigments. The green form contained mainly a-carotene (bicyclic), and the brown form mainly y-carotene (monocyclic), lycopene, torulene and 3', 4'-didehydrolycopene (acyclic). The total carotene content of the brown form was approximately three times higher than the green form. The striking pink colour of male Metopolophium dirhodum was the result of qualitative differences in carotenes present in the green vir'ginoparae of this species. To investigate the possibility that *brown clones had a selective advantage over green clones at long " daylengths, six clones of S. avenae (three green and three dark), were reared on artificial diet, at photoperiods of either 8,16 or 24 h. The fecundity of five of the clones was highest at 16 h and lowest at 8h. One of the brown clones had its highest fecundity at 24 h and lowest at 8h. These results do not support the hypothesis that brown clones have a selective advantage at long daylengths. When a green and a brown clone were exposed to UV light (58 tmol m-2), the brown clone suffered the least mortality and had a significantly lower reduction in fecundity. This result suggests that at high light intensities brown clones have a selective advantage over green clones. Another possible source of selective advantage investigated was the number of bacteriacytes individuals of the above clones possessed. This was estimated by histological examination and no significant difference was foundThe carotenes of S. avenae are not derived from an exogenous source, as three clones were reared on a diet lacking carotenoids for up to three generations, with no loss of pigmentation. Adding chlorotetracycline to the diet did not inhibit the production of carotenes. This result suggests that the symbionts are not synthesising the carotenes. The colour of the offspring of virginoparae, reared on artificial diet at a number of different daylengths, was not affected. When sexual morphs were induced, the oviparae of the brown forms were green. Individuals of an insecticide resistant strain of Myzus persicae, whose symbionts were disrupted by feeding them on a diet containing antibiotic did not show a reduction in the base level of esterase E4 activity, the enzyme conferring resistance in this species. This demonstrates that the bacteriasome is probably not the major site of synthesis of this enzyme

This thesis addresses the potential of archaeoentomology for reconstructing rural life-ways and the processes of modernisation and the implementation of ‘improvement’ ideas in 19th- and early 20th-century Iceland. Previous archaeoentomological research employed insect remains to reconstruct activity areas, domestic practices and aspects of past living conditions in Icelandic turf farmhouses. However, as there is a lack of comparative modern and ethnoarchaeological data from analogous buildings, the ecological requirements of insect taxa exploiting indoor habitats and the processes by which they may become incorporated in the archaeological record are still poorly understood. To address this lacuna, this thesis presents two studies – a modern analogues study and an ethnoarchaeological one – aimed specifically at testing the potential and limitations of archaeoentomology in the Icelandic context. These studies provide an analytical framework for the reconstruction of life-ways and living conditions on two 19th- and early 20th-century Icelandic sites: Hornbrekka and Vatnsfjörður. These case studies also explore how insect remains may help to improve our understanding of the social and economic changes involved in the modernisation of daily life in rural Iceland. The modern analogues study includes a survey of live and dead insect faunas from farm buildings – animal houses, hay barns and eiderdown workshops – combined with the systematic recording of local environmental and material conditions in the sampling locations. The study refines our understanding of the ecological preferences and tolerances of synanthropic beetles exploiting microhabitats in stable manure and stored hay and identifies duck fleas as potential archaeoentomological indicators of eiderdown processing and storage areas. This dissertation also includes an analysis of insect remains preserved in floor layers in recently abandoned, extant 19th- and 20th-century turf buildings at the farm of Þverá, in Laxárdalur, northeast Iceland, where details regarding the rooms’ functions and cleaning and maintenance practices are known. This study clarifies some of the taphonomic processes involved in the formation of archaeological floors and archaeoentomological assemblages, while also highlighting difficulties related to the identification of resources such as peat, turf and hay using outdoor insects. It also reveals subtle variations between synanthropic communities and ectoparasites recovered from human living quarters, storage areas and animal stalls. Archaeoentomological analyses were applied to the investigation of past activities and living conditions on the 19th- and early 20th-century archaeological sites of Hornbrekka, in northern Iceland, and Vatnsfjörður, in northwest Iceland. Insect remains from Hornbrekka support the previous archaeological interpretations regarding the functions of the excavated rooms and provide new information regarding past activities on the site, including cleaning and floor maintenance practices, participation in trade, and local resource exploitation. At Vatnsfjörður, archaeoentomological assemblages help identify a room’s function as a storage room for animal products, including eiderdown. They also provide supporting evidence for the use of materials from byre and habitation floors as manure in the fields. The archaeoentomological evidence obtained from these 19th- and early 20th-century sites suggest that insect remains have the potential to contribute to a clarification of the processes by which Icelandic rural life-ways came to be modernised.

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