Heavy vehicles are major emitters of noise. Especially at idle or low vehicle speeds a large portion of the noise emanates from the fan that forces the flow through the cooling module. The aim of this work is to investigate and reveal aerodynamic and acoustic installation effects linked to the cooling package. This introduces a multidisciplinary approach involving examination of the flow field, sound generation and sound propagation. The work includes two main parts: an experimental and a numerical part. The cooling module used throughout this work, named reduced cooling module, primarily includes a radiator, a shroud, a fan and a hydraulic engine to simplify the aeroacoustics analysis. The experimental part comprises measurements of the sound emanated from the cooling package. A new approach to the spectral decomposition method is developed yielding the fan sound power or spectrum to be formulated as a product of a source part and a system part scaling with the Strouhal number and the Helmholtz number. Also, a separate determination of the transmission loss of the radiator is performed. The impact of the radiator on the transmitted noise was found to be negligible. The numerical part incorporates comparisons from two aeroacoustics studies; a configuration where the fan is forced to operate at a fixed operation point and measured flow and turbulence statistics are available and the reduced cooling module. A hybrid turbulence modeling technique, IDDES, is adopted for the flow simulations. The sound propagation is calculated by the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy when assuming a free-field sound propagation and by a finite element solver in the frequency domain to capture the installation effects. The simulated SPL conforms to the measured SPL and the blade response to the turbulent inflow and to the tip resolution, respectively, produce noise which spectral shape distribution is modified in accordance with earlier experimental findings published. Furthermore, the influence of an upstream radiator in close contact with the fan on the flow and sound fields is investigated. Here, the simulated aeroacoustic characteristics were found to change similarly to the acoustic measurements with and without radiator.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_5744_Dissertation_MartinsRS20131108-144619.pdf: 9401224 bytes, checksum: 3db21435dc365ec6e0dd83f6c3b5e644 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-23 / A indústria de petróleo e gás requer medições de vazão com baixa incerteza, uma vez que são estabelecidas por lei. Contudo, curvas e outros obstáculos são comumente encontrados nesse cenário, o que pode afetar a qualidade da medição de vazão em função de perturbações no escoamento, tais como swirl e assimetrias no peril de velocidades. Medidores de vazão por ultrassom de um canal são frequentemente utilizados em instalações de gás de queimadores, apesar de serem sensíveis a tais perturbações. O presente trabalho usa códigos comerciais de CFD para obter o escoamento à jusante de instalações com uma curva e duas curvas, visando a investigar a magnitude e o comportamento de tais efeitos na medição de vazão. Integração numérica é utilizada para diversos arranjos de caminho acústico, simulando medidores de vazão por ultrassom de um canal em várias condições para avaliar o desvio do fator de correção em escoamentos perturbados. Números de Reynolds de 1 x 104 a 2 x 106 são considerados. Ângulos de montagem dos transdutores de 0° a 180° são testados e posições axiais até 80D à jusante do obstáculo são avaliadas. Os resultados indicam que medidores de vazão por ultrassom são sensíveis aos efeitos de acidente de linha. O desvio do fator de correção mostra-se, em geral, consideravelmente maior que 2% em distâncias menores que 20D, conforme recomendado por alguns fabricantes e por leis. Não obstante, tais desvios podem atingir 0,01% em algumas configurações específicas, o que sugere que a medição de vazão por ultrassom pode ser melhorada pelo rearranjo do aparato em posição angular favorável e, principalmente, pela implementação de funções específicas para fatores de correção em condições perturbadas.

This thesis studies the prediction and reduction of installed jet noise, combining both analytical and experimental techniques. In the prediction part, it starts with formulating a low-order but robust isolated jet noise prediction model, based on which a remarkably fast code with pre-informed data is developed. A semi-empirical low-order model is then developed to predict installed jet noise. The model consists of two parts, the first of which is based on the Lighthill's acoustic analogy theory. The second part embraces Amiet's approach to model the sound due to the scattering of jet instability waves. It is shown that the significant low-frequency noise enhancement observed in installed jet experiments is due to the scattering of near-field instability waves. The trailing edge scattering model can successfully predict noise spectra at all distinct angles. The quadrupole-induced high-frequency sound is either efficiently shielded at $90^\circ$ to the jet axis on the shielded side or enhanced by around $3$ dB at $90^\circ$ on the reflected side. But these effects gradually diminish as the observer angle decreases. The high-frequency spectra can be robustly predicted at large observer angles while deviation occurs at low observer angles due to jet refraction effects. An experimental study on installed jet noise is then conducted. The effects of plate positions and Mach numbers are studied. Excellent agreement between the experimental results and model predictions is achieved at low frequencies for all plate positions and Mach numbers tested. At high frequencies, the noise spectra at $90^\circ$ on the reflected side can also be correctly predicted. At lower observer angles, deviations occur due to jet refraction effects. In the noise reduction part, an experimental study is firstly carried out to study the effects of lobed nozzles on installed jet noise at constant flow rates. It is found that lobed nozzles do not noticeably change the installed jet noise spectra at low frequencies. However, they do result in a slight noise reduction at high frequencies. To understand why lobed nozzles hardly change low-frequency installed jet noise, an analytical stability analysis for lobed vortex sheets is performed. The results show that lobed jets change both the convection velocity and the temporal growth rate of instability waves. The changes become more pronounced as the number of lobes $N$ and the penetration ratio $\epsilon$ increase. A second set of experiments is carried out to explore the possibility of reducing installed jet noise by using two pylons. The results show that even in the most conservative case installed jet noise is reduced by around $2\sim3$ dB at low frequencies. It is concluded that using two pylons to reduce installed jet noise has significant practical potential.

Due to space limitations in urban areas, underground construction has become a common practice worldwide. When using deep excavations, excessive lateral movements are a major concern because they can lead to significant displacements and rotations in adjacent structures. Therefore, accurate predictions of lateral wall deflections and surface settlements are important design criteria in the analysis and design of excavation support systems. This research shows that the current design methods, based on plane strain analyses, are not accurate for designing excavation support systems and that fully three-dimensional (3D) analyses including wall installation effects are needed. A complete 3D finite element simulation of the wall installation at the Chicago and State Street excavation case history is carried out to show the effects of modeling: (i) the installation sequence of the supporting wall, (ii) the excavation method for the wall, and (iii) existing adjacent infrastructure. This model is the starting point of a series of parametric analyses that show the effects of the system stiffness on the resulting excavation-related ground movements. Furthermore, a deformation-based methodology for the analysis and design of excavation support systems is proposed in order to guide the engineer in the different stages of the design. The methodology is condensed in comprehensive flow charts that allow the designer to size the wall and supports, given the allowable soil distortion of adjacent structures or predict ground movements, given data about the soil and support system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins RS Part 1.pdf: 212782 bytes, checksum: 40ca14a4b97179f5b3af71f964306b97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-23 / Oil and gas industry requires accurate flow measurements since they are stated by law. Nevertheless, curves and other obstacles are commonly found in such industry field, which may affect the quality of flow measurement due to flow disturbances, such as swirl and velocity profile asymmetries. Single-path ultrasonic flow meters are often used in flare gas installations, despite being sensitive to such disturbances. The present work use commercial CFD codes to obtain disturbed flow fields downstream from single and double elbow pipe installations, aiming to investigate both magnitude and behaviour of such effects on ultrasonic flow measurement. Numerical integration is applied for several acoustic path arrangements, simulating single-path ultrasonic flow meters in different situations in order to evaluate its correction factor deviation under disturbed conditions. Reynolds numbers from 1X10 4 to 2 X10 6 are considered. Transducers mounting angles from 0° to 180° are tested and axial positions up to 80D downstream from the curve are evaluated. Results indicate that single-path ultrasonic flow meters are sensitive to installation effects. Correction factor deviations usually showed to be significantly higher than 2% for axial positions shorter than 20D, as recommended by several manufacturers or regulations. Nevertheless, deviations may reach 0.01% in some specific configurations, which suggests that ultrasonic flow measurement might be improved by rearranging flow meter device in favourable angular position and mainly by implementation of specific functions for correction factors under disturbed conditions / A indústria de petróleo e gás requer medições de vazão de baixa incerteza, uma vez que são estabelecidas por lei. Contudo, curvas e outros obstáculos são comumente encontrados nesse cenário e podem afetar a qualidade da medição de vazão em função de perturbações no escoamento, tais como swirl e assimetrias no perfil de velocidades. Medidores de vazão por ultrassom de um canal são frequentemente utilizados em instalações de gás de queimadores, apesar de serem sensíveis a tais perturbações. O presente trabalho usa códigos comerciais de CFD para obter o escoamento à jusante de instalações com uma curva e duas curvas, visando a investigar a magnitude e o comportamento de tais efeitos na medição de vazão. Integração numérica é utilizada para diversos arranjos de caminho acústico, simulando medidores de vazão por ultrassom de um canal em várias condições para avaliar o desvio do fator de correção em escoamentos perturbados. Números de Reynolds de 1×10 4 a 2×10 6 são considerados. Ângulos de montagem dos transdutores de 0° a 180° são testados e posições axiais até 80D à jusante do obstáculo são avaliadas. Os resultados indicam que medidores de vazão por ultrassom são sensíveis aos efeitos de acidente de linha. O desvio do fator de correção mostra-se, em geral, consideravelmente maior que 2% em distâncias menores que 20D, conforme recomendado por alguns fabricantes e por leis. Não obstante, tais desvios podem atingir 0,01% em algumas configurações específicas, o que sugere que a medição de vazão por ultrassom pode ser melhorada pelo rearranjo do aparato em posição angular favorável e, principalmente, pela implementação de funções específicas para fatores de correção em condições perturbadas

Orientador: Ana Ines Borri Genovez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T04:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martim_AndreLuisSoteroSalustiano_M.pdf: 5209979 bytes, checksum: cd531521e2ae52a28d5dcfc9952e9dd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Martim, André Luís Sotero Salustiano. Avaliação do Desempenho de um Medidor de Vazão Eletromagnético em Situações Práticas Reais de Instalação. Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2005. 182 páginas. Dissertação. A busca do melhor aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos é uma característica permanente nas políticas atuais, e o gerenciamento de recursos hídricos implica no equacionamento entre a vazão disponível e a vazão de demanda, ou seja, na medição de vazão. A partir de 2004 os usuários de recursos hídricos são obrigados a declarar os volumes de água captados, é a declaração anual de uso de recursos hídricos. A qualidade da vazão medida depende das técnicas de medição, e um dos principais fatores intervenientes é a condição de instalação do medidor. A avaliação de um medidor eletromagnético de vazão em condições práticas de instalação foi desenvolvida experimentalmente neste trabalho. O medidor de vazão eletromagnético utilizado foi instalado em quatro situações diferentes e os valores de vazão obtidos foram comparados com os de dois medidores instalados adequadamente, um medidor Venturi e um medidor Ultra-sônico. Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos em uma bancada no Laboratório de Hidráulica e Mecânica dos Fluidos da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil da Unicamp. Para a configuração com o medidor eletromagnético instalado à jusante de uma curva 900 de raio curto, o desvio máximo foi de 0,742% com uma incerteza de 0,27%. Para a configuração com o medidor eletromagnético instalado à jusante de duas curvas 900 de raio curto, o desvio máximo foi de 0,447% com uma incerteza de 0,74%. Para a configuração com o medidor eletromagnético instalado à jusante de uma válvula de gaveta, com 50% de abertura, o desvio máximo foi de -2,046% e uma incerteza de 0,50%. Os resultados obtidos mostram claramente que a condição de instalação do medidor frente às singularidades da tubulação afetam sua performance. Os valores de desvio de indicação podem ser considerados baixos ou altos, dependendo da exatidão exigida do medidor dentro do sistema / Abstract: Martim, André Luís Sotero Salustiano. Evaluation of the performance of an electromagnetic flowmeter in real practical situations of installation. Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2005. The search of the best utilization of the water resources is a permanent characteristic in the current politics, and the management of water resources implies in the balance equally between the available flow and the flow of demand, or either, in the flow measurement. From 2004 the users of water resources are obliged to declare the caught volumes of water, is the annual declaration of use of water resources. The quality of the measured flow depends on the measurement techniques, and one of the main intervening factors is the condition of installation of the flowmeter. The evaluation of an electromagnetic flowmeter in practical conditions of installation was developed experimentally in this work. The electromagnetic flowmeter was installed in four different situations and the gotten values of flow measurement had been compared with the ones of two flowmeters installed adequately, an Venturi fi owmete r and an Ultrasonic flowmeter. The evaluation had been developed in a work-bench in the Laboratory of Hidraulical and Mechanic of fluid of the College of Civil Engineering of the Unicamp. For the configuration with the electromagnetic flowmeter installed downstream of a 90° elbow of short ray, the maximum deviation was of 0,742% with a 0,27% uncertainty. For the configuration with the electromagnetic flowmeter installed downstream of a two 90° elbow of short ray, the maximum deviation was of 0,447% with a 0,74% uncertainty. For the configuration with the installed electromagnetic flowmeter downstream a drawer valve, with 50% of opening, the maximum deviation was of a -2,046% and uncertainty of 0,50%. The gotten results show clearly that the condition of installation of the flowmeter front to the singularity of the tubing affects its performance. The values of deviation indication can be considered low or high, depending on the demanded accuracy of the flowmeter inside of the system / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Dans le contexte actuel, l'open-rotor contrarotatif connaît un regain d'intérêt. Cependant, en l'absence de carter extérieur, la prédiction des effets d'installation devient une problématique primordiale du cycle de conception. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de construire une méthode de calcul qui permette à la fois de rendre compte de l'impact du bloc moteur sur la traînée de l'avion et de l'impact de l'installation sur les performances aérodynamiques des hélices. Suite à une étude bibliographique, nous nous sommes orientés vers le couplage des codes ligne portante LPC2 et RANS elsA, développés à l'Onera. La méthode de couplage se base sur la condition de disque d'action et est itérative afin de rendre compte de l'interaction.Dans un second temps, des résultats de calculs instationnaires et d'essais en soufflerie ont été comparés aux résultats fournis par le couplage afin de confirmer que ce dernier rendait bien compte des performances aérodynamiques du moteur en configuration installée. Afin de valider sur un large domaine de calcul, plusieurs configurations ont été utilisées, prenant en compte différentes installations, différentes hélices et plusieurs points de vol.Enfin, nous avons proposé une amélioration de la condition de disque d'action par une modélisation de la turbulence représentant l'impact du passage des hélices sur l'écoulement. En effet, en l'état actuel, cette condition n'est pas en mesure de retranscrire l'impact des hélices sur la turbulence, en particulier sur l'augmentation du taux de turbulence. C'est pourquoi une formulation originale d'un modèle de turbulence, basée sur les travaux de Mr Benay, a été proposée. / The counter rotating open rotor entered a period of renewed interest because of the current circumstances. However, due to the absence of outer casing, predicting the installation's effects became an essential issue of the design process. The objective of this thesis is to elaborate a calculation method able to give the impact of the engine on the aircraft drag as well as the installation impact on the propellers aerodynamic performances. As a result of a literature review, we headed for the coupling of the LPC2 lifting-line code and elsA RANS code, developed by the Onera. The coupling method is based on the actuator disc condition and was made iterative in order to take the interaction into account.In a second phase, results from unsteady simulations and wind tunnel experiments were compared to the coupling results so as to confirm that the later was able to produce the engine's aerodynamic performances under the influence of the installation. In order to validate the coupling on a wide computational domain, multiple configurations were used, taking different installations into account, with different propellers and multiple flight conditions.Finally, an improvement of the actuator disc condition was proposed through a turbulence modeling showing the impact of the blades passages on the flow. Indeed, the actuator disc condition is currently unable to faithfully transpose the propellers impact on the turbulence, especially on the turbulence rate increase. Therefore, an original formulation of a turbulence model was given, based on the works of Mr. Benay.

Owing to the ever-changing developments of battery and electric powertrain, vehicle electrification is the trend in the future. Without the presence of a combustion engine, masking effect from it reduces and noises from other components become perceivable. Among all, the cooling fan is one of the major noise sources. The design of cooling fan modules is usually carried out in the early stage before building prototype vehicles. Therefore, it is essential to come up with a method for selecting optimal fan design without performing complete vehicle testing. This is a Master's degree project in collaboration with Volvo Cars, with a focus on cooling fan noise at the charging state of electric vehicles. The main objective of this thesis is to understand the effects of fan installation. Three different setups of acoustic measurement are carried out, namely free-space, wall-mounted, and in-vehicle measurement. Correlations of these measurements are investigated through comparisons of the measurement results and the installation effects are identified through spectrum difference between free-space and in-vehicle measurement. Moreover, the implementation of spectral decomposition method enables the separation of source strength and propagation effect. Analyses of sound pressure levels are studied by looking into tonal and broadband components. In addition, sound power levels are determined by following ISO standards. Finally, a subjective rating session is held to understand the human perception of cooling fan noise. / Med anledning av den pågående utvecklingen mot elektrifiering där bilarna går mot batterier och elmotorer för framdrivning så ändras ljudbilden. Utan förbränningsmotorer som tidigare maskerade mycket av ljudet från bilarna så framträder nya ljudkällor. En sådan är kylfläkten som allt mer blir en störningskälla. Vanligtvis sker designen av kylfläktsmodulen i en tidig fas innan det finns någon prototypbil att tillgå. Detta gör att det är viktigt att utveckla metoder för att i tidig fas kunna optimera designen av kylfläkten.  Detta är ett examensarbete i samarbete med Volvo Cars med fokus på det ljud som uppstår vid laddning av eldrivna bilar. Uppsatsens huvudsakliga mål är att förstå fläktinstallationens påverkan på ljud genom att korrelera olika typer av mätningar. Detta genomfördes m.h.a tre separata konfigurationer, fritt-upphängd mätning, väggmonterad och installerad i bil. Korrelation undersöktes genom att jämföra mätresultat och analys av spektrumet. Analysen av ljudtrycksnivåerna genom att titta på dels de tonala komponenterna men också på bredbandsnivåerna. Utöver detta fastställs även ljudeffekten genom att följa gängse ISO standard. Slutligen så gjordes en subjektiv utvärdering för att få en förståelse av upplevelsen av ljudet från en kylfläkt.