Esta pesquisa vem ao modo de um diálogo ou ponte entre fenomenologia e ciência geográfica. O percurso tem início com o reconhecimento da ontologia comum entre sujeito e mundo, continua com a experiência da percepção com abertura e fechamento das coisas, numa operação constituinte do meio como mundo e lugar, pela atividade humana, diante daquele instituído, passivo, acabado. Das coisas chega-se ao lugar, deste vai-se ao mundo, até que dele se retorna; um ciclo. A ontologia comum estabelecida como ontologia encarnada permite procurar no recuo ao pré-objetivo, outros atributos normalmente desconsiderados dos lugares, os quais serviram de parâmetro à sugestão de avaliação e prognóstico. Para tanto, foram realizados trabalhos de campo como oportunidade de aplicação das noções consideradas. / This research is the way of dialogue or a bridge between phenomenology and geographical science. The route begins with the common ontology between subject and world, continues with the experience of perception with opening and closing of things, a constituent of operation as a means world and place for the activity, given that up, liabilities, finished. Of the things you get to the place, this go to the world, even if it returns, is a cycle. The ontology established as common ontology makes searching in the red throwback to pre-order, the pre-purpose other attributes normally disregarded, the places, thinking on assessment and prognosis of these places. To this end, the field work was conducted as an opportunity for the application of the concepts considered.

Foreign aid project exit strategies that contribute to sustainable development have been rarely considered throughout the history of development studies and practice. The philosophical underpinnings of early development were based on economic theories. Over the years initiatives have manifested themselves by investments through international aid projects. As aid projects are donor-driven, most exit strategy planning involves closing down a project without turning it over to another organization to continue implementation. This means that aid benefits end with whatever impact the project has made, leaving ill-equipped local ministries or under-resourced NGOs to meet local development needs and fill the gap of terminated services. The project cycle—a popular development tool used by multinational and bilateral organizations alike—provides a framework to induce development, but makes no accommodation for an exit strategy that perpetuates development. This is a missed opportunity that reveals a flaw in the project cycle. This flaw can be corrected by revising the project cycle implementation stage to include building the capacity of people to perform the functions the project was designed for, as well as a local implementing entity through which they can work. Once accomplished, a sponsor can transfer project activities and resources to the local implementing entity though a phase-over process to extend development post-project for ongoing impact. / The aim of this thesis is to promote a greater understanding of exit strategies and analyze an aspect of project management essential to all foreign aid projects since every project must eventually end its interventions upon completion of its goals or within prescribed financial and time constraints. What are the conditions necessary to complete a foreign aid project phase-over to a local institution successfully? How can in-country local project staff contribute to institution-building before, during, and after a phase-over? What are the appropriate ways to measure the success of a phase-over? / This thesis examines the concept of exit strategy within the context of a case study of the United States Department of Agriculture’s Marketing Assistance Project (USDA-MAP) in Armenia (1995-2005) and the innovative phase-over approach it used to establish the Center for Agribusiness & Rural Development (CARD). To do this, the writings of Levinger & McLeod (2002), Gardner et al. (2005), and Esman (1972) are drawn upon to analyze this case. The actions taken by the USDA illustrate how an emphasis on internal local project staff, over external technical interventions, furthers development. The USDA’s exit strategy incorporated collective participation, empowered local stakeholders, promoted development ownership through localization, and built individual and institutional capacity. The resulting organization that was created is evidence of a successful phase-over and an innovative institution. This phase-over model offers a paradigm that embraces and promotes social/human assets within aid projects for sustainable development, and in so doing has ramifications for policy makers, project designers, and development practitioners to rethink conventional development practices.

Foreign aid project exit strategies that contribute to sustainable development have been rarely considered throughout the history of development studies and practice. The philosophical underpinnings of early development were based on economic theories. Over the years initiatives have manifested themselves by investments through international aid projects. As aid projects are donor-driven, most exit strategy planning involves closing down a project without turning it over to another organization to continue implementation. This means that aid benefits end with whatever impact the project has made, leaving ill-equipped local ministries or under-resourced NGOs to meet local development needs and fill the gap of terminated services. The project cycle—a popular development tool used by multinational and bilateral organizations alike—provides a framework to induce development, but makes no accommodation for an exit strategy that perpetuates development. This is a missed opportunity that reveals a flaw in the project cycle. This flaw can be corrected by revising the project cycle implementation stage to include building the capacity of people to perform the functions the project was designed for, as well as a local implementing entity through which they can work. Once accomplished, a sponsor can transfer project activities and resources to the local implementing entity though a phase-over process to extend development post-project for ongoing impact. / The aim of this thesis is to promote a greater understanding of exit strategies and analyze an aspect of project management essential to all foreign aid projects since every project must eventually end its interventions upon completion of its goals or within prescribed financial and time constraints. What are the conditions necessary to complete a foreign aid project phase-over to a local institution successfully? How can in-country local project staff contribute to institution-building before, during, and after a phase-over? What are the appropriate ways to measure the success of a phase-over? / This thesis examines the concept of exit strategy within the context of a case study of the United States Department of Agriculture’s Marketing Assistance Project (USDA-MAP) in Armenia (1995-2005) and the innovative phase-over approach it used to establish the Center for Agribusiness & Rural Development (CARD). To do this, the writings of Levinger & McLeod (2002), Gardner et al. (2005), and Esman (1972) are drawn upon to analyze this case. The actions taken by the USDA illustrate how an emphasis on internal local project staff, over external technical interventions, furthers development. The USDA’s exit strategy incorporated collective participation, empowered local stakeholders, promoted development ownership through localization, and built individual and institutional capacity. The resulting organization that was created is evidence of a successful phase-over and an innovative institution. This phase-over model offers a paradigm that embraces and promotes social/human assets within aid projects for sustainable development, and in so doing has ramifications for policy makers, project designers, and development practitioners to rethink conventional development practices.

Orientador: Elide Rugai Bastos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T09:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meucci_Simone_D.pdf: 1785324 bytes, checksum: a2281fde9a7d1aebfdb04955506edc59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é reconstruir alguns aspectos da trajetória intelectual de Gilberto Freyre no período compreendido entre o final dos anos 20 e o final dos anos 50, especialmente referidos à sistematização de suas idéias sociológicas. O ponto de partida da análise é a sua experiência docente na Escola Normal de Pernambuco durante os anos de 1929 e 1930, quando o autor reuniu as primeiras ferramentas conceituais a partir das quais foi possível produzir sua singular interpretação da sociedade brasileira e consagrar os estudos sociológicos no meio intelectual brasileiro. Em seguida, investigamos sua experiência docente na Universidade do Distrito Federal entre os anos de 1935 e 1937. Trata-se da única experiência em que o autor permaneceu, de forma mais ou menos estável, nos quadros de uma instituição de ensino superior brasileiro. A análise dos manuscritos de suas aulas permite compreender o sentido das suas idéias naquele período. Por fim, apresentamos uma análise das duas primeiras edições do compêndio Sociologia: uma introdução aos seus princípios, publicado pela primeira vez em 1945, um livro singular no conjunto da obra do autor, resultante de experiência docente nas duas instituições acima referidas. Na reconstrução desta trajetória - que compreende desde a artesania de suas idéias sociológicas até ambiência social e política que serviu de substrato para sua atividade intelectual - constatamos as diferentes expectativas de que a ciência sociológica foi depositária no Brasil / Abstract: This research aims at reconstructing some aspects of Gilberto Freyre¿s intellectual trajectory between the late 1920s and the late 1950s, with a focus on the systematization of his sociological ideas. The analysis starts with his teaching experience at the Pernambuco¿s Normal School in 1929-1930, when the author produced his first conceptual tools that enabled him to produce his particular interpretation of Brazilian society, consolidating at he same time sociological studies. Following this his teaching experience at the Federal District¿s University, between 1935-1937, is investigated. It was the only experience Freyre had as a fixed member of the faculty of a Brazilian university. The analysis of the manuscripts from his classes allows for a comprehension of his ideas in that period. An investigation of the first two editions of his compedium Sociologia: uma introdução aos seus princípios (Sociology: an introduction to its principles), first published in 1945, is presented at last. This was a singular book in his trajectory, resulting from teaching experience at the above mentioned institutions. In the process of reconstructing Freyre¿s trajectory ¿ including the crafting of his sociological ideas and the social and political context that served as a basis for his intelectual activity ¿ one notices the different expectations one had on Sociology in Brazil / Doutorado / Doutor em Sociologia

Esta pesquisa vem ao modo de um diálogo ou ponte entre fenomenologia e ciência geográfica. O percurso tem início com o reconhecimento da ontologia comum entre sujeito e mundo, continua com a experiência da percepção com abertura e fechamento das coisas, numa operação constituinte do meio como mundo e lugar, pela atividade humana, diante daquele instituído, passivo, acabado. Das coisas chega-se ao lugar, deste vai-se ao mundo, até que dele se retorna; um ciclo. A ontologia comum estabelecida como ontologia encarnada permite procurar no recuo ao pré-objetivo, outros atributos normalmente desconsiderados dos lugares, os quais serviram de parâmetro à sugestão de avaliação e prognóstico. Para tanto, foram realizados trabalhos de campo como oportunidade de aplicação das noções consideradas. / This research is the way of dialogue or a bridge between phenomenology and geographical science. The route begins with the common ontology between subject and world, continues with the experience of perception with opening and closing of things, a constituent of operation as a means world and place for the activity, given that up, liabilities, finished. Of the things you get to the place, this go to the world, even if it returns, is a cycle. The ontology established as common ontology makes searching in the red throwback to pre-order, the pre-purpose other attributes normally disregarded, the places, thinking on assessment and prognosis of these places. To this end, the field work was conducted as an opportunity for the application of the concepts considered.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This dissertation analyzes the development of the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), a Muslim-American religious association, from the Iranian Revolution to the inauguration of our nation's first African-American president. This case study of ISNA, the largest Muslim-American organization in North America, examines the organization's institution-building and governance as a way to illustrate Muslim-American civic and religious participation. Using nonprofit research and theory related to issues of diversity, legitimacy, power, and nonprofit governance and management, I challenge misconceptions about ISNA and dispel a number of myths about Muslim Americans and their institutions. In addition, I investigate the experiences of Muslim-Americans as they attempted to translate faith into practice within the framework of the American religious and civic experience. I arrive at three main conclusions. First, because of their incredible diversity, Muslim-Americans are largely cultural pluralists. They draw from each other and our national culture to develop their religious identity and values. Second, a nonprofit association that embraces the values of a liberal democracy by establishing itself as an open organization will include members that may damage the organization's reputation. I argue that ISNA's values should be assessed in light of its programs and actions rather than the views of a small portion of its membership. Reviewing the organization's actions and programs helps us discover a religious association that is centered on American civic and religious values. Third, ISNA's leaders were unable to balance their desire for an open, consensus-based organization with a strong nonprofit management power structure. Effective nonprofit associations need their boards, volunteers and staff to have well-defined roles and authority. ISNA's leaders failed to adopt such a management and governance structure because of their suspicion of an empowered chief executive officer.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis examines the widely unknown history and origins of Muscatatuck Colony, located in Butlerville, Indiana. The national eugenics movement impacted the United States politically, medically, legally, and socially. While the United States established mental institutions prior to the eugenics movement, many institutions, including ones in Indiana, were founded as eugenic tools to advance the agenda of achieving a “purer” society. Muscatatuck was one such state institution founded during this national movement. I explore various elements that made the national eugenics movement effective, how Indiana helped advance the movement, and how all these elements impacted Muscatatuck’s founding. I investigate the language used to describe people that were considered “mentally inferior,” specifically who the “feeble-minded” were and how Americans were grouped into this category. I research commonly held beliefs by eugenicists of this time-period, eugenic methods implemented, and how these discussions and actions led to the establishment of Muscatatuck in 1920. Muscatatuck Colony, though a byproduct of the national eugenics movement, outlived this scientific effort. Toward the mid and late twentieth century, Muscatatuck leadership executed institutional change to best reflect American society’s evolving thoughts on mental health and how best to treat people with mental disabilities. Muscatatuck Colony reveals a complicated narrative of how best to treat or care for people within these institutions, a complex narrative that many mental institutions share.