O trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a simulação de abertura e fechamento de trinca, durante o processo de propagação, utilizando um programa comercial de elementos finitos. Este programa é utilizado para determinar os fatores de intensidade de tensão de abertura e fechamento de trinca. É apresentado o modelo de Newman que serve de embasamento para o desenvolvimento da metodologia de liberação de nós na carga mínima, utilizada no trabalho para a propagação da trinca. São avaliados quatro tipos de corpos de prova SE-(B) (corpo de prova de três pontos de apoio submetido a flexão), SE-(T)(corpo de prova com trinca lateral submetido a tração), M-(T) (corpo de prova com trinca central submetido a tração) de uma liga de alumínio Al 2024-T351 e um aço bifásico ( ferrita + martensita). Um corpo de prova do tipo C-(T) (corpo de prova compacto submetido a tração) de aço bifásico também foi avaliado. Os corpos de prova SE-(B), SE-(T) e M-(T) da liga de alumínio Al 2024-T351 foram submetidos a carregamentos de amplitude constante, com razões de carga R = 0 e R = 0,5. Os resultados das análises são comparados com resultados do código FASTRAN, principal código numérico utilizado para simular abertura e fechamento de trinca por plasticidade induzida, através de uma normalização dos fatores de intensidade de tensão máxima e de abertura da trinca. Os resultados numéricos com o corpo de prova C-(T) submetido a carregamento de amplitude constante, com razão de carga R = 0,1 foram comparados com resultados de ensaio, objetivando validar o fator de intensidade de fechamento de trinca obtido através da análise numérica. Essa comparação é feita através de normalização numérica e experimental do fator de intensidade de tensão de fechamento de trinca com o fator de intensidade de tensão máxima. A metodologia de simulação de propagação de trincas, já aplicada na industria aeronáutica, pode ser aplicada em outras áreas como, por exemplo, na indústria automotiva, uma vez que o consumidor está cada vez mais exigente e o desenvolvimento de novos critérios de projeto se faz necessário. / The work introduces a methodology to simulate fatigue crack opening and closing during crack propagation, using a commercial finite element code. This code is used to determine the crack opening and closure stress intensity factors. The Newman model is used as a baseline to develop the methodology. The nodes are released at the minimum load, during the crack propagation process. Four kinds of specimens SE-(T) ( Single Edge Tension), SE-(B) ( Single Edge Bending), M-(T) ( Middle Tension) of the an aluminum alloy Al–2024-T351 and a dual phase steel (ferrite + martensite) were evaluated. A compact tension specimen C-(T) of a dual phase steel was evaluated. The aluminum alloy specimens, SE -(T), SE-(B) and M-(T), were evaluated under constant amplitude loading with load ratios R = 0 and R = 0.5. The results of these analyses are compared with the results of FASTRAN, principal numerical code used to simulate crack opening and closing plasticity induced by, normalizing the opening stress intensity factor. The numerical results from a C-(T) specimen, under constant amplitude loading and a load ratio R = 0.1, were compared with results from a test performed in the laboratory. The numerical and experimental closure stress intensity factors are normalized with the maximum stress intensity factor. Crack closure simulations are currently used in the aircraft industry. They are now being incorporated in same automotive and other ground vehicle fatigue analysis procedures.

O trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a simulação de abertura e fechamento de trinca, durante o processo de propagação, utilizando um programa comercial de elementos finitos. Este programa é utilizado para determinar os fatores de intensidade de tensão de abertura e fechamento de trinca. É apresentado o modelo de Newman que serve de embasamento para o desenvolvimento da metodologia de liberação de nós na carga mínima, utilizada no trabalho para a propagação da trinca. São avaliados quatro tipos de corpos de prova SE-(B) (corpo de prova de três pontos de apoio submetido a flexão), SE-(T)(corpo de prova com trinca lateral submetido a tração), M-(T) (corpo de prova com trinca central submetido a tração) de uma liga de alumínio Al 2024-T351 e um aço bifásico ( ferrita + martensita). Um corpo de prova do tipo C-(T) (corpo de prova compacto submetido a tração) de aço bifásico também foi avaliado. Os corpos de prova SE-(B), SE-(T) e M-(T) da liga de alumínio Al 2024-T351 foram submetidos a carregamentos de amplitude constante, com razões de carga R = 0 e R = 0,5. Os resultados das análises são comparados com resultados do código FASTRAN, principal código numérico utilizado para simular abertura e fechamento de trinca por plasticidade induzida, através de uma normalização dos fatores de intensidade de tensão máxima e de abertura da trinca. Os resultados numéricos com o corpo de prova C-(T) submetido a carregamento de amplitude constante, com razão de carga R = 0,1 foram comparados com resultados de ensaio, objetivando validar o fator de intensidade de fechamento de trinca obtido através da análise numérica. Essa comparação é feita através de normalização numérica e experimental do fator de intensidade de tensão de fechamento de trinca com o fator de intensidade de tensão máxima. A metodologia de simulação de propagação de trincas, já aplicada na industria aeronáutica, pode ser aplicada em outras áreas como, por exemplo, na indústria automotiva, uma vez que o consumidor está cada vez mais exigente e o desenvolvimento de novos critérios de projeto se faz necessário. / The work introduces a methodology to simulate fatigue crack opening and closing during crack propagation, using a commercial finite element code. This code is used to determine the crack opening and closure stress intensity factors. The Newman model is used as a baseline to develop the methodology. The nodes are released at the minimum load, during the crack propagation process. Four kinds of specimens SE-(T) ( Single Edge Tension), SE-(B) ( Single Edge Bending), M-(T) ( Middle Tension) of the an aluminum alloy Al–2024-T351 and a dual phase steel (ferrite + martensite) were evaluated. A compact tension specimen C-(T) of a dual phase steel was evaluated. The aluminum alloy specimens, SE -(T), SE-(B) and M-(T), were evaluated under constant amplitude loading with load ratios R = 0 and R = 0.5. The results of these analyses are compared with the results of FASTRAN, principal numerical code used to simulate crack opening and closing plasticity induced by, normalizing the opening stress intensity factor. The numerical results from a C-(T) specimen, under constant amplitude loading and a load ratio R = 0.1, were compared with results from a test performed in the laboratory. The numerical and experimental closure stress intensity factors are normalized with the maximum stress intensity factor. Crack closure simulations are currently used in the aircraft industry. They are now being incorporated in same automotive and other ground vehicle fatigue analysis procedures.

The relatively new concept of ambidextrous leadership in innovation with the opposing yet complementary opening and closing leader behaviors has been proven to be positively related to fostering explorative and exploitative behaviors respectively among subordinates. The initiators of this concept propose that leaders in innovation need a ‘temporal flexibility to switch’ between opening and closing leader behaviors, which implies a sequential alignment of these behaviors. This proposition has yet remained theoretically and empirically unexplored and is initially questioned in this thesis with respect to related theoretical concepts. Therefore, this thesis aims to explain how innovation leaders align the recently defined opening and closing leader behaviors throughout the innovation process. By following a qualitative and inductive research approach, a multiple case study of five innovation leaders in German manufacturing companies was conducted. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The empirical data reveal that the initiators’ proposition of a sequential alignment is not sufficient to explain the complex alignment of opening and closing leader behaviors. Accordingly, a model which illustrates a predominantly simultaneous alignment of the two leader behaviors was developed. However, this model also considers that urgent situations or specific project phases and times of the year require innovation leaders to sequentially demonstrate one behavior at a time.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoJCS_DISSERT.pdf: 3148033 bytes, checksum: 1d6e571d5bcd941b37b01b5a7eb6cb07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study is part of interactional perspective, focusing on Conversation Analysis theories, from the Textual Interactive Perspective and Text Linguistics . This research, from its guiding questions, aims at understanding the interaction between teacher and students in the process of the knowledge construction as well as at describing, analyzing and understanding aspects of topical organization speech in the classroom in elementary school, observing the opening and closing procedures of the speech topics in that particular space. Considering that the procedures for opening and closing of discursive topics occur through language marks, we tried to identify which speech marks are used in the opening and closing of the topics studied in the classroom, in interaction during the collaborative process of the discourse established between teacher and students. Therefore, this study is based on authors who analyze specific questions of the text in real context of language use: Koch (1993, 1999), Jubran et al (1991), Jubran (2006), Pine (2005), Penhavel (2010), Galembeck (2012), Barros (1991), Marcuschi (1986 , 1990, 1991 , 1998 , 1999, 2003 , 2004a), Kerbrat - Orecchioni (2006), Favero (1999, 2002) and Galv?o (2004, 2010). As a methodology of investigation, the study is focused on the postulates of ethnographic research in order to carry out data collection, through audio and video recordings which were transcribed, according to the NURC project proposal, with some adaptations. Data analysis showed that the procedures for opening and closing of the speech topics occurred by the use of discourse markers, in particular the marker "then", allowing us to understand that these elements are important in the topical organization speech, contributing to ensure textual cohesion and coherence. We conclude that the organization of the discursive topic in the classroom occurs through events that support the explicitness of the content of teaching and learning, considering the diverse necessity of an institutional academic plan, whose main objective is the construction of knowledge / Este trabalho se insere em perspectivas interacionais, com base nos pressupostos da An?lise da Conversa??o, da Perspectiva Textual Interativa e da Lingu?stica de Texto. A partir da quest?o norteadora que busca uma compreens?o acerca da intera??o entre professor e alunos no processo de constru??o do conhecimento, temos como objetivos: descrever, analisar e interpretar aspectos da organiza??o t?pica em sala de aula no Ensino Fundamental, observando os procedimentos de abertura e fechamento dos t?picos nesse espa?o espec?fico. Partindo da expectativa de que os procedimentos de abertura e fechamento dos t?picos discursivos ocorrem por meio de marcas lingu?sticas, buscamos identificar que marcas s?o usadas nas aberturas e fechamentos dos t?picos na sala de aula investigada, no transcurso das intera??es durante o processo colaborativo do discurso instaurado entre professora e alunos. Assim sendo, embasamo-nos em autores que analisam quest?es espec?ficas do texto em situa??o concreta de uso da linguagem, entre estes, Koch (1993, 1999), Jubran et al (1991), Jubran (2006), Pinheiro (2005), Penhavel (2010), Galembeck (2012), Barros (1991), Marcuschi (1986, 1990, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004a), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006), F?vero (1999, 2002) e Galv?o (2004, 2010). Metodologicamente, orientamo-nos nos postulados da pesquisa etnogr?fica, a fim de realizar a coleta dos dados, atrav?s de grava??es em ?udio e v?deo, que foram transcritos, em seguida, conforme a proposta do projeto NURC, com algumas adapta??es. A an?lise dos dados ressaltados revelou que os procedimentos de abertura e de fechamento dos t?picos ocorreram pelo uso de marcadores discursivos, em especial o marcador ent?o , propiciando-nos ? compreens?o de que esses elementos s?o importantes na organiza??o t?pica, contribuindo para assegurar a coer?ncia e a coes?o textual. Conclu?mos que a organiza??o do t?pico discursivo em sala de aula acontece mediante ocorr?ncias que auxiliam a explicita??o do conte?do de ensino e aprendizagem, tendo em vista ?s diversas necessidades de um plano acad?mico institucional, cujo objetivo principal ? a constru??o do conhecimento

This study focused on the functions of Igoru music in Okpe land. It also examined the compositional techniques of the music typology. The primary source for data collection was oral interview. Secondary sources include publications, and records. Unstructured research questions formed basis for the study. The texts of eighty seven (87) songs were transcribed and translated for this study. Fifty songs from this sample were further transcribed in staff notation, for analysis and discussion. At the end of the study, the following findings were made: <ul> <li>Igoru musicians, in their foresight, investigate, evaluate, probe, counsel, warn, and foretell future events in Okpe, to avoid painful experiences, since in traditional Okpe society, life experiences are shared.</li> <li>Most of the themes in Igoru music are derived from the sense of realism than idealism. The songs being quite topical had to be realistic than idealistic in tendency. Various sound and speech elements are put together to make communication effective. </li> <li>Igoru music praises and commends deserving members, in order to encourage those who are doing well in the society to continue in their good deeds, as well as stimulate others to emulate them.</li> <li>The musicians defend their political system, their territorial land mass, traditional religion and themselves from various attacks.</li> <li>Igoru music represents the Okpe identity, thus it was selected amongst other music typologies of the culture to represent it, both in social and political-oriented activities in Lagos and elsewhere.</li> <li>Igoru music uses the hexatonic scale system. Almost all the songs were found to be composed in compound quadruple metre. The performers involve in two-part polyphonic singing. Consecutive parallel 3rds, 4ths, and 5ths are prevalent and melodic cadences resolve upwards than downwards. Shifts of tonal centre (key), according to the convenience of performers, as well as recycling of themes are also common features. </li></ul> / Thesis (Doctor of Music (DMus))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / unrestricted

Dans le cadre de la formation sélective d'oligomères cycliques à partir du cyclo-octène, des matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques mésostructurés bien-définis contenant les unités Ru-NHC dissymétriques le long des canaux poreux de leur matrice de silice ont été développés et caractérisés à un niveau moléculaire. Tous les systèmes obtenus ont montré des fortes activités et sélectivités en oligomères cycliques (dimères : 50% et trimères : 25%) en RO-RCM du cyclo-octène, contrairement aux complexes homogènes Ru-NHC analogues symétriques (G-II et GH-II), qui conduisent préférentiellement à la formation de polymères. La variation de la longueur et de la flexibilité des bras espaceurs, dans le cas des catalyseurs hétérogènes, a prouvé que les bras courts et flexibles stabilisent grandement les sites actifs Ru-NHC pendant la réaction de métathèse et ce, grâce à la présence d'interactions entre les sites Ru-NHC catalytiquement actifs et la surface silicique. La présence de telles interactions a été mise en évidence par RMN du phosphore 31 à l'état solide. Des études supplémentaires concernant les performances catalytiques de complexes organométalliques Ru-NHC dissymétriques (analogues aux sites Ru-NHC contenus dans les catalyseurs hétérogènes) et Ru-NHC symétriques (G-II et Nolan) ont clairement montré que le facteur clé influençant la sélectivité en oligomères cycliques est la dissymétrie des ligands NHC. Cette dissymétrie génère la présence de deux sites actifs de configurations différentes au sein même des espèces Ru-NHC. Un des sites favorise la réaction intramoléculaire de fermeture de cycle par métathèse alors que l'autre site permet la réaction intermoléculaire d'ouverture de cycle conduisant ainsi à la formation des oligomères cycliques de petite taille / In the context of the selective formation of cyclic oligomers from cyclooctene, well-defined hybrid organic-inorganic mesoporous materials containing unsymmetrical Ru-NHC units along the pore channel of their silica matrix have been developed and characterized at a molecular level. All systems displayed high activity and selectivity towards the formation of lower cyclic oligomers in the RO-RCM of cyclooctene yielding mainly the dimer and the trimer with 50% and 25% selectivity, respectively, in contrast to classical symmetrical homogeneous analogues (G-II and GH-II), which yield mainly to polymers. Variation of length and flexibility of the tethers showed that flexible short tethers were critical for high stability of the catalysts during metathesis, which is consistent with the stabilization of Ru-NHC active sites by surface functionalities; this surface interaction was further corroborated by the absence of a PCy3 ligand coordinated to Ru when short flexible linkers are used. Further investigations using homogeneous symmetrical (G-II and Nolan) and unsymmetrical (analogues to heterogeneous catalysts) Ru-NHC catalysts clearly showed that the key factor influencing the selectivity towards low cyclic oligomers is the unsymmetrical nature of NHC ligands, which creates dual site configuration in the catalyst architecture thus alternatively favouring one reaction over another, Ring Opening (ROM) vs. Ring Closing (RCM) Metathesis (propagation vs. backbiting), thus leading to the selective tandem RO RCM of cyclooctene. Finally, we have also investigated Grubbs Hoveyda-II (GH-II) type catalysts immobilized on silica support through adsorption, which showed the same product selectivity as that of the well-defined Ru-NHC materials. This result implies that the adsorbed symmetrical GH-II catalyst “becomes unsymmetrical upon adsorption”. Adsorbing unsymmetrical molecular GH II catalysts did not however improve the performances of these types of catalysts. Overall, the unique property of unsymmetrical NHC Ru catalyst, whether supported or not, opens new perspectives in the selective synthesis of macrocycles from other cyclic alkenes via metathesis

Esta pesquisa vem ao modo de um diálogo ou ponte entre fenomenologia e ciência geográfica. O percurso tem início com o reconhecimento da ontologia comum entre sujeito e mundo, continua com a experiência da percepção com abertura e fechamento das coisas, numa operação constituinte do meio como mundo e lugar, pela atividade humana, diante daquele instituído, passivo, acabado. Das coisas chega-se ao lugar, deste vai-se ao mundo, até que dele se retorna; um ciclo. A ontologia comum estabelecida como ontologia encarnada permite procurar no recuo ao pré-objetivo, outros atributos normalmente desconsiderados dos lugares, os quais serviram de parâmetro à sugestão de avaliação e prognóstico. Para tanto, foram realizados trabalhos de campo como oportunidade de aplicação das noções consideradas. / This research is the way of dialogue or a bridge between phenomenology and geographical science. The route begins with the common ontology between subject and world, continues with the experience of perception with opening and closing of things, a constituent of operation as a means world and place for the activity, given that up, liabilities, finished. Of the things you get to the place, this go to the world, even if it returns, is a cycle. The ontology established as common ontology makes searching in the red throwback to pre-order, the pre-purpose other attributes normally disregarded, the places, thinking on assessment and prognosis of these places. To this end, the field work was conducted as an opportunity for the application of the concepts considered.

Esta pesquisa vem ao modo de um diálogo ou ponte entre fenomenologia e ciência geográfica. O percurso tem início com o reconhecimento da ontologia comum entre sujeito e mundo, continua com a experiência da percepção com abertura e fechamento das coisas, numa operação constituinte do meio como mundo e lugar, pela atividade humana, diante daquele instituído, passivo, acabado. Das coisas chega-se ao lugar, deste vai-se ao mundo, até que dele se retorna; um ciclo. A ontologia comum estabelecida como ontologia encarnada permite procurar no recuo ao pré-objetivo, outros atributos normalmente desconsiderados dos lugares, os quais serviram de parâmetro à sugestão de avaliação e prognóstico. Para tanto, foram realizados trabalhos de campo como oportunidade de aplicação das noções consideradas. / This research is the way of dialogue or a bridge between phenomenology and geographical science. The route begins with the common ontology between subject and world, continues with the experience of perception with opening and closing of things, a constituent of operation as a means world and place for the activity, given that up, liabilities, finished. Of the things you get to the place, this go to the world, even if it returns, is a cycle. The ontology established as common ontology makes searching in the red throwback to pre-order, the pre-purpose other attributes normally disregarded, the places, thinking on assessment and prognosis of these places. To this end, the field work was conducted as an opportunity for the application of the concepts considered.

The Master’s thesis deals with the area of conducting process audits in a large multinational corporation focused on manufacturing and distribution of medical devices, which has a subsidiary in the Czech Republic. The thesis discusses the analysis of the current set up of the internal audits‘ system in the corporation and there are changes of the quality system being proposed on the basis of the analysis, whose aim is to achieve a full compliance with the requirements of the US administration FDA, the standard ISO 13485 as well as the recent requirements on performing process audits. The emphasis is also put on the setting of the system such that it provides the highest possible added value for its users, can be easily implemented in practice and is flexible as well.