In this thesis I analyse the dynamics of youth, race and rurality by considering the life experiences of young people in relation to race and racism through a small –scale study I have conducted over eight months. The study also investigates the aspirations of eight black and minority ethnic young people living in the Scottish Highlands. The study found that young people’s experiences of racism and racial microaggressions were exacerbated by a ‘conspiracy of silence’ in which institutional actors such as service providers, who are there to support and encourage young people, have knowingly, or inadvertently, contributed to undermining, marginalising and excluding black and minority ethnic young people through misunderstanding or misrecognition of experiences of racialisation in rural areas. I observed how these minority young people engaged in strategies of resistance and resilience as a prevalent response when negotiating racist experiences and racial microaggressions. It was further evident that the deficient practices of institutional actors, such as teachers, youth workers and most service providers play a tangible role in perpetuating racism and racial discrimination in the Highlands. The study recommends that to reduce bias and discrimination against black and minority ethnic pupils requires a range of strategies ranging from enhancing teacher confidence in teaching and addressing different forms of racism, a need for teachers to have training on anti-racist education and pedagogical approaches, recruitment of black and minority ethnic practitioners for different service provision, recognition and promotion of the benefits of multilingualism and opportunities for white majority pupils to have greater exposure to diversity in rural Scotland.

This study aims to compare two Swedish Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations (ENGO:s) in relationship to their international establishment, for the purpose to gain a more nuanced knowledge of how they operate to achieve their goals, and a better understanding of the challenges and benefits the different international establishments can bring. We interviewed two ENGO:s, Naturskyddsföreningen and Jordens Vänner, on the basis of two main issues:- How can work to influence environmental policy differ between a Swedish ENGO and an international ENGO operating in Sweden?- What are the challenges and benefits of influencing Swedish environmental policy for ENGO:s in Sweden that are different internationally established?This study used the method of Most Similar System Design to answer the main issues in the selection of cases, and further a semi-structured interview was used to collect empirical data. The main theory to analyse the data drew from Beyers (2004) conceptualisation of mobilization strategies in from of access and voice.The empirical study shows that the difference in international establishments indeed brings both challenges and advantages to the ENGO:s operationalization. The Swedish established Naturskyddsföreningen could engage in a more local matter, were they influenced both members to be more active and local politicians and political decision-makers. But the inefficient way to combine both access and voice proved to be a challenge in articulating certain core issues. The international established Jordens Vänner showed a different way of conducting environmental policy, by using their international networks as a way of influencing the policy process. But restrains from their internationally management proved limit the space and possibility to operate.Keywords: NGO, ENGO, environmental governance, policy process, mobilization strategies, institutional actors, local engagement, networks

Nos últimos anos a agricultura familiar no Brasil tem tomado novas dimensões. A discussão permeia o meio acadêmico e no campo político programas de fomento são criados. O estudo analisou a articulação dos atores institucionais que fazem parte do processo de desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar no município de Mineiros, na região do Sudoeste Goiano. Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa e formulários padrão para o registro das instituições e ações. Utilizou-se a pesquisa documental a partir de dados obtidos junto às agências e bancos de dados ligados a agricultura familiar no município de Mineiros-Goiás e região, durante o período de 1996, ano de criação do PRONAF a 2013. Nos resultados, identificou-se 32 instituições ligadas à agricultura familiar, representantes do governo, instituições de ensino superior, cooperativas, associações rurais, instituições financeiras, empresas privadas e organizações não-governamentais, desenvolvendo ações extensionistas, de assistência técnica e de pesquisa. Com o estudo concluiu-se que existe uma rede de cooperação local, desenvolvendo ações nas dimensões social, econômica, ambiental e cultural da sustentabilidade. As informações adquiridas poderão subsidiar ações locais e regionais na implementação das políticas públicas direcionadas para o setor da agricultura familiar. / In recent years the family farming in Brazil has taken new dimensions. The discussion permeates academia and the political field development programs are created. The study analyzed the articulation of institutional actors that are part of the process of development of family farming in the county of Mineiros in the Southwest Goiás region. Qualitative approach and standard forms for the registration of institutions and actions was used. We used documentary research from data obtained from agencies and databases connected to family farming in the county of Goiás and Mineiros-region, during 1996, the year of creation PRONAF to 2013. In the results, we identified 32 institutions involved in family farming, government representatives, higher education institutions, cooperatives, rural associations, financial institutions, private companies and non-governmental organizations, developing extension actions, technical assistance and research. In the study it was concluded that there is a network of local cooperation, developing actions in the social, economic, environmental and cultural sustainability. The information acquired may subsidize local and regional implementation of public policies towards family farming sector actions.

Si la question de l'organisation de l'action collective, qui constitue un problème autant scientifique que public, a été largement étudiée notamment en sociologie et en sciences politiques, elle a été peu analysée dans des contextes socio-urbains transfrontaliers. Pourtant, sur le plan opérationnel, la question de l'organisation se situe au coeur de l'aménagement du territoire transfrontalier, en particulier en Europe occidentale. Un travail scientifique sur ce sujet semble d'autant plus pertinent que la question de l'organisation est rendue beaucoup plus complexe par la présence de frontières : démultiplication des acteurs et des échelles,conflits de positionnement, etc. Nous verrons que loin de disparaître, ces frontières sont en mutation et jouent un rôle essentiel dans la manière dont l'action s'organise. Dans cette perspective, ce travail explore de manière fine les mécanismes de coopération entre acteurs institutionnels d'une part, et s'interroge d'autre part sur le rôle des frontières dans la production d'une métropole transfrontalière, à travers le cas de l'agglomération franco-valdo-genevoise / If the question of the organization of collective action, which constitutes a problem at once public and scientific, was largely studied particularly in sociology and political sciences, it remains poorly studied in transfrontier socio-urban contexts. However, operationally, the question of the organization is at the heart of the transfrontier urban planning, especially in Western Europe. A scientific research on this subject seems even more pertinent that the question of the organization is made more complex by the presence of frontiers: multiplication of actors and scales, conflict of positioning, etc. Far from disappearing, these frontiers are changing and play a crucial role in the way that the action is organized. In this perspective, this thesis explores precisely the mechanisms of cooperation between institutional actors on the one hand, and questions the role of frontiers in the production of a transfrontier metropolis on the other hand, through the case of agglomeration franco-valdo-genevoise

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-05-25T11:59:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Ferneda_.pdf: 847337 bytes, checksum: 58f84ffbc310762df76212dddc65705a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-25T11:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Ferneda_.pdf: 847337 bytes, checksum: 58f84ffbc310762df76212dddc65705a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender o processo de adoção de tecnologias da indústria 4.0 por firmas do agronegócio do Rio Grande do Sul. Por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa, foram investigados três firmas do agronegócio e uma firma startup. Através de uma amostragem snowball sampling, também foram investigados outros atores que compõem o Sistema Nacional de Inovação (SNI): instituições, especialistas do agronegócio, especialistas da indústria 4.0, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC) e o Ministério do Desenvolvimento da Indústria e Comércio Exterior e Serviços (MDIC). Ao total, foram realizadas 14 entrevistas semi estruturadas ao longo de 2017, baseadas nas categorias extraídas do referencial teórico em que abordou a adoção de tecnologias pelas firmas, entre elas: escolha tecnológica, tendências, dificuldades /barreiras, características, mão de obra, papel do Estado, atores institucionais, resultados de inovação e resultado econômico. Os resultados da investigação foram interpretados sob a análise de conteúdo, seguindo as orientações de Bardin (2009). Constatou-se que as tecnologias adotadas são: Big Data, Internet das Coisas e Robótica. Essa adoção vem ocorrendo nas firmas multinacionais, de grande porte, localizadas na região metropolitana e atuantes na fase pré porteira, por meio da internacionalização do conhecimento, formalização do departamento de P&D, investimento em mão de obra qualificada, participação dos clientes e fornecedores em testes de protótipos e aplicação de tecnologias, observação das tendências nacionais e internacionais para o setor. A exceção está na firma C, por ser de origem familiar, brasileira, localizada no interior do Estado e investe seus recursos próprios e crédito oriundo de políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento da P&D. Destaca-se o papel de uma startup, como forma de promover e estimular práticas tecnológicas específicas para o agronegócio, visando a flexibilidade, eficiência em custos e em produção, competitividade, comunicação entre máquinas e seres humanos e outros atributos capazes de agregar valor para o setor pré e pós porteira. O papel das instituições foi identificado como fundamental, contribuindo para a qualificação de recursos humanos, tecnológicos e sociais, desenvolvimento nos testes de protótipos, máquinas e equipamentos e na consultoria por meio de projetos em parceria público-privado, como também, as parcerias em que o MCTIC e MDIC estão realizando para a efetivação do desenvolvimento do Plano Nacional de Internet das Coisas e de Manufatura Avançada, onde permite compreender o conhecimento das referidas tecnologias e aplicá-las nas firmas brasileiras. Os resultados das inovações adotadas pelas firmas ocorre através da participação dos clientes e fornecedores nos testes de protótipos, expansão e diversificação da produção, controle e eficiência na tomada de decisão e redução dos custos, assistência técnica e pós venda. Quanto aos resultados econômicos adotados entre as investigadas destacam-se: agregação de valor ao produto final, otimização da força de trabalho, aumento da produtividade e oportunidade de diversificação da cadeia produtiva e eficiência em custos. Conclui-se também, que esforços diversos devem ser feitos por parte de diferentes atores para que o processo de adoção dessas tecnologias seja mais difundido no setor e em firmas com diferentes perfis, proporcionando uma maior agregação de valor e competitividade setorial. / The present study’s objective was to understand the process of technologies adoption of the 4.0 industry in agribusiness firms of Rio Grande do Sul. Through an exploratory and qualitative research, three agribusiness firms and one startup were investigated. Through a sample of ‘snowball sampling’, other actors that compose the National Innovation System (SNI) were investigated too: institutions, agribusiness experts, industry experts 4.0, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and Communication (MCTIC) and the Ministry of Development Industry and Foreign Trade and Services (MDIC). A total of 14 semi-structured interviews were carried out during 2017, based on the categories extracted from the theoretical reference that addressed the adoption of technologies by firms, among them: technological choice, trends, difficulties / barriers, characteristics, labor, role of State, institutional actors, innovation results and economic results. The results of the research were interpreted under the content analysis, following the guidelines of Bardin (2009). It was verified that the technologies adopted are: Big Data, Internet of Things and Robotics. This adoption has been taking place in large multinational firms located in the metropolitan area and which are active in the pre-port phase, through the internationalization of knowledge, formalization of the Research and Development department, investment in skilled labor, participation of customers and suppliers in testing of prototypes and application of technologies, observation of national and international trends for the sector. The exception is in firm C, because it is of Brazilian family origin, located in the interior of the state, and invests its own resources and credit from public policies for the development of research and technology. It highlights the role of a startup, as a way to promote and stimulate specific technological practices for agribusiness, aiming at flexibility, cost and production efficiency, competitiveness, communication between machines and human beings and other attributes capable of adding value to the pre and post market sectors. The role of institutions was identified as fundamental, contributing to the qualification of human, technological and social resources, development in prototype, machine and equipment testing and consulting through public-private partnership projects, as well as the partnerships in which MCTIC and MDIC are realizing for the implementation of the National Internet Plan of Thingsand of Advanced Manufacturing, where it allows to understand the knowledge of the mentioned technologies and to apply them in the Brazilian companies. The innovation results adopted by the company, occurs through the participation of customers and suppliers in prototype testing, production expansion and diversification, control and efficiency in decision making and cost reduction, technical assistance and after sales. Regarding the economic results adopted, the following stand out: aggregation of value to the final product, optimization of the work force, increase of productivity and opportunity of diversification of the productive chain and cost efficiency. It is also concluded that diverse efforts must be made by different actors to make the process of adopting these technologies more widespread in the sector and in firms with different profiles, providing a greater value aggregation and sectorial competitiveness.

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