This study contributes to our understanding of the innovation process by bringing attention to and investigating the process by which innovators outside of firms obtain innovation-related resources and assistance. This study is the first to explicitly examine how user-innovators gather the information and assistance they need to develop their ideas and how they share and diffuse the resulting innovations. Specifically, this exploratory study analyzes the context within which individuals who belong to voluntary special-interest communities develop sports-related consumer product innovations. We find that these individuals often prototype novel sports-related products and that they receive assistance in developing their innovations from fellow community members. We find that innovation-related information and assistance, as well as the innovations themselves, are freely shared within these communities. The nature of these voluntary communities, and the "institutional" structure supporting innovation and free sharing of innovations is likely to be of interest to innovation researchers and managers both within and beyond this product arena.(author's abstract)

This thesis deals with the organizational structure of financial supervision in Germany with a view to asses the recently completed institutional integration. First, the overview of theoretical models of financial supervisory agencies is submitted including advantages and disadvantages of such concepts. Being aware of the absence of a sole universal applicable solution of the institutional organization of financial supervision, the fundamental requirements are introduced, generally imposed on every financial regulation system in order to perform its tasks effectively. The emphasis of this paper rests upon presenting the German financial supervision in several terms. The main section surveys the evolution of supervision until the formation of BaFin -- Federal Financial Supervision Agency, the ample scope is devoted to legal issues, the inner organization of BaFin is described in detail and the particular attention is paid to funding. The reality of day-to-day supervisory activities is explored in the passage related to problems of financial supervision, where especially the complex question of mutual cooperation between BaFin and Bundesbank In the field of bank supervision comes to light. The supervision-costs analysis focused on the situation prior to integration and mistakenly assumed course after its implementation supplements the general view. Considering all proposed facts the conclusion offers a review of assumptions ensuring a proper supervisory structure.

Este trabalho faz um resgate histórico e da literatura a respeito das interações entre a dívida pública e a política monetária, para subsidiar a hipótese de que, devido ao uso de instrumentos em comum pelo Tesouro Nacional e pelo Banco Central, a estrutura institucional da dívida pública brasileira tem causado constrangimentos à execução da política monetária. Depois de colhidos os elementos necessários, a hipótese (em seus diferentes desdobramentos) é empiricamente avaliada com o uso de modelos de Vetores Auto-Regressivos (VAR). Os principais resultados encontrados são: oscilações na dívida pública e em sua proporção que é corrigida pela taxa SELIC afetam as decisões de política monetária; as expectativas de inflação também sofrem impacto da estrutura da dívida pública, devido aos efeitos desta sobre a credibilidade da autoridade monetária; a SELIC incorpora parte do prêmio de risco pago pelos títulos públicos e, ao mesmo tempo, afeta as medidas de risco-país; essa interação perversa entre a taxa de juros e as medidas de risco é potencializada pela estrutura da dívida pública, especialmente no que se refere à indexação da dívida à SELIC; finalmente, as variáveis risco e SELIC sofrem influência dos fundamentos fiscais. / This work revisits the historical background and literature on the interactions between the public debt and the monetary policy, in order to support the hypothesis that, due to the use of instruments in common by the Brazilian National Treasury and Central Bank, the institutional structure of the brazilian public debt has led to constraints on the execution of monetary policy. Once the needed elements were collected, the hypothesis (in its different aspects) was empirically evaluated with the use of Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) models. The main results were: fluctuations in the public debt and in its share which is indexed by the SELIC rate affect the decisions of the monetary policy; the inflation expectations are also affected by the public debt structure, due to its effects on the credibility of the monetary authority; the SELIC rate incorporates part of the risk premium charged by the public debt bonds and, at the same time, affects the measures of country risk; this evil interaction between the interest rate and the risk measures is amplified by the public debt structure, specially in what refers to the indexation of the debt to the SELIC rate; finally, both risk and SELIC rate are affected by the fiscal fundamentals.

This article aims to explore the influence of Mainland China's inter-governmental relations to the logistics in the Yangtze River Delta region. In short, research results can be summed up and related to Yangtze River Delta regions relationship between inter-structural governmental factors, to allow readers to understand the status of the logistics industry and policy development in the Yangtze River Delta and it¡¦s obstacles. Through governmental inter-system structure, relating to the Yangtze River Delta region's logistics industry environment review, analysis between local government in Yangtze River Delta, and the existence of competitive behavior, different difficulties, as well as logistics management system of the Government; on the other hand, Central Government policies on logistics development in Yangtze River Delta region and the role it plays, furthermore what means of intervention is necessary. Finally we can conclude that, Under the influence of inter-institutional structure, logistics reforms in the management of the local government and functions of the Central Government policies have been meet with difficulty; on the other hand, tax reform in logistics by means of Central Government macro-control, yet still compressed direct access to tax revenue of the local governments financial capacity, resulting in local governments to rely more on other non-tax revenues, indirect effects of layouts and the operation of the logistics industry chain. Due to these structural factors that affect local government in Yangtze River Delta areas causes a dilemma in choosing to compete or cooperate; reflecting to the effectiveness of the reform policies of the Central Government.

The thesis describes the concept of municipality institutional structure. Historical development of local government, problems and urgent issues of local government after Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania of 24 December 2002 after which many substantial changes have taken place in the local government structure, one very significant of them being separation of representation and executive institutions and delimitation of their functions, are discussed in this thesis. A summary of changing of institutional structure of Lithuanian municipalities during 1990-2006 is provided, three principal models applied during that period are shortly described and analyzed. New provisions of Law on Local Self-Government and Law on Public Service are compared. Analyzed problems in local government are related with status of director of administration, mayor, member of municipality board, establishment of municipality institutions and enterprises, right of the public servants to work in another positions. Procedure of direct elections of mayor, internal organizational structure of municipalities and other legal aspects of organization of their activity are analyzed, and some problems of legal regulation of activity of these institutions are overviewed. As well the author of thesis submits proposals concerning principal institutional structure models of Lithuanian municipalities and local government election systems which could be chosen and applied in the future... [to full text]

Este trabalho faz um resgate histórico e da literatura a respeito das interações entre a dívida pública e a política monetária, para subsidiar a hipótese de que, devido ao uso de instrumentos em comum pelo Tesouro Nacional e pelo Banco Central, a estrutura institucional da dívida pública brasileira tem causado constrangimentos à execução da política monetária. Depois de colhidos os elementos necessários, a hipótese (em seus diferentes desdobramentos) é empiricamente avaliada com o uso de modelos de Vetores Auto-Regressivos (VAR). Os principais resultados encontrados são: oscilações na dívida pública e em sua proporção que é corrigida pela taxa SELIC afetam as decisões de política monetária; as expectativas de inflação também sofrem impacto da estrutura da dívida pública, devido aos efeitos desta sobre a credibilidade da autoridade monetária; a SELIC incorpora parte do prêmio de risco pago pelos títulos públicos e, ao mesmo tempo, afeta as medidas de risco-país; essa interação perversa entre a taxa de juros e as medidas de risco é potencializada pela estrutura da dívida pública, especialmente no que se refere à indexação da dívida à SELIC; finalmente, as variáveis risco e SELIC sofrem influência dos fundamentos fiscais. / This work revisits the historical background and literature on the interactions between the public debt and the monetary policy, in order to support the hypothesis that, due to the use of instruments in common by the Brazilian National Treasury and Central Bank, the institutional structure of the brazilian public debt has led to constraints on the execution of monetary policy. Once the needed elements were collected, the hypothesis (in its different aspects) was empirically evaluated with the use of Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) models. The main results were: fluctuations in the public debt and in its share which is indexed by the SELIC rate affect the decisions of the monetary policy; the inflation expectations are also affected by the public debt structure, due to its effects on the credibility of the monetary authority; the SELIC rate incorporates part of the risk premium charged by the public debt bonds and, at the same time, affects the measures of country risk; this evil interaction between the interest rate and the risk measures is amplified by the public debt structure, specially in what refers to the indexation of the debt to the SELIC rate; finally, both risk and SELIC rate are affected by the fiscal fundamentals.

The unfolding inclusion process of environmental management as a Government obligation is developed in this article, explaining its context and evolution in Latin America and the Caribbean plus the Peruvian case. The present document also sets some proposals, according to the author pointview, for improvement of the environmental institutional structure in Peru. / El presente artículo desarrolla el proceso de inclusión de la gestión ambiental como una obligación del Estado, presentando el contexto en el quese da esa inclusión, su evolución en América Latina y el Caribe. Para culminar se discute lo ocurrido en el caso peruano y se plantea algunas propuestasque desde la consideración del autor podrían mejorar la institucionalidad ambiental en el Perú.

Title: The relationship between Key Audit Matters and Audit Committees: A quantitative study on 310 Swedish companies.   Level: Master Programme in Business Administration, Accounting.   Author: Albin Eriksson and Emilia Thunell   Supervisor: Asif M Huq   Date: 2023 - May   Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to see how the quality of the audit committee relates to the number of key audit matters in the audit report. The quality of the audit committee will be determined through meeting frequency, independence in the audit committee, size of the committee, diversity in the committee, if the members are getting remuneration explicit for being in the audit committee, how many words that describe the work of the audit committee in the annual reports, and if the committee is separated from the board of directors, so-called dedicated.   Method: This is a quantitative study that has been conducted with descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, VIF analysis, multivariate regression, univariate regression, and a Poisson regression to ensure the result in the multivariate analysis.   Results and conclusions: The result of this thesis shows a significant relationship between our dependent variable key audit matters and two of our independent variables, meeting frequency and remuneration. The conclusion is that the institutional structure can have an impact on the audit committee's effect on key audit matters, since Swedish companies already have a lot of corporate governance mechanisms, which can mean that companies get more ineffective in having an audit committee.    Contribution of the thesis: The theoretical contribution is a broad view on the characteristics effect on key audit matters, and a contribution to the research in a strong institutional structure. The practical contribution is that companies can use this study to evaluate if they need an audit committee or not.    Suggestions for future research: Suggestions for future research is to examine more EU countries, to see if EU regulations have a major impact on companies corporate governance, or if the institutional differences in the different countries have a bigger impact.    Key words: Key Audit Matters, Audit Committee, Agency Theory, Audit committee characteristics, Institutional structure

This study explores the Regional Innovation System (RIS) approach which is an efficient policy tool for the achievement of regional development in the global competition environment and aims to evaluate the social and institutional gains of Mersin RIS following the implementation of Mersin Regional Innovation Strategy (RIStr). An analysis of Mersin RIStr, which is the first and the only RIStr of Turkey, has been taken as a case study. Mersin RIStr, as being a project supported in the context of European Union 6. Framework program, aims to improve the regional innovation infrastructure and capacity of Mersin. RIS is not only technological but is also a social process and accordingly requires intense regional interaction networks. In this context, the impact of RIStr on the improvement of RIS in Mersin has been evaluated through the determinants of new institutional structures, improvements in lobor market conditions, newly occured cooperation networks and newly produced project-products-services-skills. Indepth interview method has been used for the survey. Interviews were carried out with the stakeholders of strategy project. Throughout the survey, gains of the region in general terms and gains of the specified leading sectors / i.e. tourism, logistic and agro-food, have been evaluated from the perspective of stakeholders. Social and institutional achievements of Mersin RIS have been evaluated in detail with the aim of presenting the effectiveness and weaknesses of strategy as being a new model case for the other regions in Turkey.

Cette thèse propose une analyse du développement économique à partir du concept de facteur humain qui apparaît en économie institutionnelle à travers les institutions informelles. Ces dernières sont responsables du caractère spécifique de chaque structure institutionnelle nationale qui forme le cadre incitatif de l'économie. Composée de règles formelles et informelles, la structure institutionnelle représente un ensemble évolutif. L'objectif élargi de cette recherche est donc de comprendre l'évolution et le changement des structures institutionnelles en étudiant particulièrement l'impact international sur ce processus. L'objectif spécifique de ce travail est d'appliquer l'approche développée au cas de la Russie afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la structure institutionnelle russe actuelle, de son efficacité pour le développement économique du pays et de l'impact de l'ouverture économique sur son changement, et notamment sur le facteur humain russe. Avec l'adhésion de la Russie en 2012 à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce cette question est d'intérêt particulier car le pays s'ouvre aux nouveaux attributs de la mondialisation. En mobilisant le cadre théorique croisé entre l'économie institutionnelle, l'économie de développement et l'économie internationale, cette étude nous conduit à présenter la mondialisation en tant que processus institutionnel qui en généralisant les institutions formelles de l'économie de marché et de la démocratie à l'échelle planétaire, a ignoré le rôle du facteur humain local. Cela explique la différence des performances économiques des pays qui ont adopté les mêmes cadres organisationnels. En revanche, la prise en considération du facteur humain dans l'analyse économique permet de développer la vision plus optimiste de la mondialisation. En facilitant le contact direct entre les représentants des structures institutionnelles différentes, elle est capable de stimuler l'évolution des normes de comportement improductif vers les valeurs sociales incitant les actions productives. En appliquant ce constat à l'analyse de la structure institutionnelle russe qui a vu diverger ses institutions formelles et informelles en résultat des réformes de la transition des années 1990, il est possible de conclure que l'ouverture économique de ce pays dans les conditions actuelles favorisera le changement de son facteur humain. Compte tenu de l'incohérence entre le cadre formel et les institutions informelles russes, l'évolution de ces dernières contribuera à l'instauration de l'ordre social formel et impersonnel. / This PhD dissertation analyzes the economic development from the concept of human factor which appears in the Institutional Economics trough the informal institutions. These institutions are responsible for the specific character of each national institutional structure which forms the incentive system of an economy. An institutional framework as a composite of formal rules and informal institutions is an evolutionary set. The wider objective of this thesis is to understand the evolution and change of institutional structures by studying in particular the international impact on this process. The specific objective of this research work is to apply the developed approach to the Russian case in order to better understand the actual Russian institutional structure, its effectiveness for the economic development of the country and the impact of the economic openness on the institutional change, in particular on the Russian human factor. This impact is a highly topical question for Russia because of its greater economic openness due to its accession to the World Trade Organization completed in 2012. Within the theoretical framework formed by Institutional Economics, Development Economics and International Economics, this research leads us to present the globalization as an institutional process which generalized formal institutions of the market economy and the democracy on the global scale but which ignored the role of the local human factor. It explains the differences of the economic performance in the countries who adopted the same formal framework. In contrast, taking into account the role of the human factor in the economic development allows to develop more optimistic views of globalization. By facilitating the direct contact between the representatives of the different institutional structures, the globalization can stimulate the evolution of social norms of unproductive behavior to the social values inciting productive actions. Applying this to the Russian framework which formal and informal institutions became strongly divergent in result of the transition reforms of 1990s, it is possible to conclude that the economic openness of this country in the actual situation will favor the change of its human factor. Considering the incoherence between Russian actual formal framework and Russian informal institutions, the evolution of the last will contribute to establish former and impersonal social order.