Tesis doct.--Departamento de historia moderna--Madrid--Universidad autónoma, 2000. / La page de titre porte en plus : "Facultad de filosofía y letras, Historia moderna" Bibliogr. p. 643-674. Résumés en espagnol et en anglais.

Depuis le retour à la démocratie au Chili en 1990, on assiste à un repositionnement des politiques à caractère social et des politiques qui cherchent à corriger les violations aux Droits de l’Homme commises pendant le régime autoritaire (1973-1990). De cette manière, l’objectif est de mettre en place une série d’instruments qui permettent la validation de la nouvelle démocratie tout au long des années 1990. Ainsi, dans ce contexte de reconnaissance des droits sociaux, le(s) mouvement(s) des femmes réussissent à intégrer dans l’agenda public leur demande de création d’une loi permettant la protection des femmes qui subissent des violences intimes de la part de leur partenaire : la loi de violence intrafamiliale de 1994. Sous une logique de protection sociale et de focalisation des politiques publiques, ce pays développe différents dispositifs qui font irruption de manière timide entre 1994 et 2004. Cependant, en 2005 une réforme du système de justice pénal et familial tout comme de la loi sur les violences intrafamiliales, permet la mise en œuvre d’une politique publique de prise en charge des violences faites aux femmes, qui met au travail différentes institutions et acteurs tant du secteur public que du secteur privé. Malgré ces dernières initiatives, les logiques de type assistanciel propres à un État néolibéral s’imposent peu à peu dans ce champ d’action, comme une manière de répondre aux inégalités. Ainsi, les situations de maltraitance que subissent les femmes seront mesurées en fonction du risque qu’elles représentent pour celles-ci et leurs familles, ou bien en raison de leur exposition aux situations de vulnérabilité.Partant des travaux sur les sciences du gouvernement (Ihl, Kaluszynski, Pollet, 2003), de la sociologie de l’action publique (Hassenteuffel, 2011 ; Lascoumes et le Galès, 2004 ; 2012), de la sociologie du droit et de la justice (Commaille et al, 2000), et des études sur le genre et les politiques publiques (Dauphin, 2010 ; Bereni et al, 2012), ce travail doctoral cherche à interroger la manières dont la politique publique de prise en charge des violences à l’encontre des femmes s’est configurée et légitimée au sein de l’État, notamment à l’intérieur des organismes de protection sociale comme le Service national de la Femme, et des institutions de justice (Tribunaux des affaires familiales, Ministère public, Tribunaux pénaux, entre autres). Grace à une méthodologie mixte de recueil de données, composée par des entretiens semi-directifs (67) réalisés avec des acteurs de la mise en œuvre de la politique publique mais aussi d’observations ethnographiques au sein des tribunaux des affaires familiales, l’étude s’intéresse à la relation qu’établit l’État avec les destinataires de l’action publique, sous l’objectif de comprendre comment les subjectivités des fonctionnaires ont des incidences sur le traitement des violences, s’établissant en elles-mêmes comme un dispositif de gouvernement de ces affaires. Elle rend aussi compte des modèles d’intervention sociale et du gouvernement du domaine social au Chili. / Since Chile has been back to the democratic regime in 1990, we observe a repositioning of both social policies and policies that seek to correct the violations to the Human Rights committed during the authoritarian regime (1973-1990). Indeed, the objective is to set some instruments up in order to validate the new democracy through the 90s. Thus, in this context of recognition of the social Rights, the women movement(s) succeeds at integrating in the public agenda their request for the creation of a law that would enable the protection of women victims of intimate violence from their partner: the 1994 intra-family violence Law. Under a logical of social protection and public policies focusing, this country develops several devices that shyly emerge between 1994 and 2004. Nevertheless, in 2005 a reform of the penal and family system as long as the law about intra-family violence, allow the implementation of a public policy of care taking for the violence committed against women, that put to work several institutions and actors from both public and private sectors. Despite those lasts initiatives, the assistancial type logics proper to a neoliberal State establish themselves in the field of action, as a way to answer inequalities. Therefore, the situations of abuse suffered by women will be measured depending on the risk they represent for themselves and for their families, or for their exposure to vulnerability situations.Starting from the works about government Sciences (Ihl, Kaluszynski, Pollet, 2003), the sociology of public action (Hassenteuffel, 2011 ; Lascoumes et le Galès, 2004 ; 2012), the sociology of Right and Justice (Commaille et al, 2000), and the studies of gender and public policies (Dauphin, 2010 ; Bereni et al, 2012), this PhD piece of work seeks to question the ways the public policy of violence against women care taking has been set up and legitimated within the State, specially within the social protection organism as the National Women Service (SERNAM), and the justice institutions (Family Matters Courts, Public Ministry, Criminal Courts, among others). Thanks to a mixed methodology for data collection, composed by semi-directive interviews (67) made to relevant actors of the implementation of the public policy but also ethnographical observations within the Family Matters court, the study is interested in the relation that the State establishes with the recipients of the public action, with the objective of understanding how the subjectivity of the workers have an impact on the way violence is dealt with, establishing themselves as a government device for those cases. It also reports the models of social intervention and the social field management in Chile.

Alternative Dispute Resolution was developed as an alternative to the traditional dispute resolution mechanism, litigation, which had become costly, time-consuming, did not give the parties control over the outcome of their disputes and was generally cumbersome. ADR refers to a variety of techniques for resolving disputes without resort to litigation in the courts. The concept behind the introduction of ADR methods was, inter alia, to reduce the delays and costs associated with litigation; to introduce relatively less formal methods of dispute resolution; to introduce consensual problem solving and empower individuals by enabling them to control the outcome of their dispute and develop dispute resolution mechanisms that would preserve personal and business relationships. ADR processes were thus intended to produce better outcomes all round. From the time ADR appeared on the scene, its usage has gained international recognition with both common law and civil law countries following the trend. Being faced with similar problems associated with litigation, Zambia has followed the trend and adopted some ADR mechanisms. Most commonly used ADR mechanisms in Zambia are mediation/conciliation, arbitration and negotiation. The legal and institutional frameworks for ADR in Zambia are firmly in place. It is thus, not far fetched to predict a successful future for ADR in which it will enjoy the support of the major stakeholders and play a vital role in justice delivery in Zambia. This thesis has a section on the conceptual framework for ADR and discusses the development of ADR internationally and some processes in use. It examines selected institutions of justice delivery in Zambia with a view to evaluating their operations and contribution to justice delivery in Zambia. It traces the development of institutions of justice delivery in Zambia from colonial times up to the present and assesses their performance. ADR processes currently in use in Zambia are critically examined and their shortcomings reviewed. The legal and institutional frameworks for ADR and the role they play of providing the supporting structure for ADR in the country are evaluated. Future prospects for ADR are indicated and recommendations for successful implementation of ADR in Zambia are given. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

Alternative Dispute Resolution was developed as an alternative to the traditional dispute resolution mechanism, litigation, which had become costly, time-consuming, did not give the parties control over the outcome of their disputes and was generally cumbersome. ADR refers to a variety of techniques for resolving disputes without resort to litigation in the courts. The concept behind the introduction of ADR methods was, inter alia, to reduce the delays and costs associated with litigation; to introduce relatively less formal methods of dispute resolution; to introduce consensual problem solving and empower individuals by enabling them to control the outcome of their dispute and develop dispute resolution mechanisms that would preserve personal and business relationships. ADR processes were thus intended to produce better outcomes all round. From the time ADR appeared on the scene, its usage has gained international recognition with both common law and civil law countries following the trend. Being faced with similar problems associated with litigation, Zambia has followed the trend and adopted some ADR mechanisms. Most commonly used ADR mechanisms in Zambia are mediation/conciliation, arbitration and negotiation. The legal and institutional frameworks for ADR in Zambia are firmly in place. It is thus, not far fetched to predict a successful future for ADR in which it will enjoy the support of the major stakeholders and play a vital role in justice delivery in Zambia. This thesis has a section on the conceptual framework for ADR and discusses the development of ADR internationally and some processes in use. It examines selected institutions of justice delivery in Zambia with a view to evaluating their operations and contribution to justice delivery in Zambia. It traces the development of institutions of justice delivery in Zambia from colonial times up to the present and assesses their performance. ADR processes currently in use in Zambia are critically examined and their shortcomings reviewed. The legal and institutional frameworks for ADR and the role they play of providing the supporting structure for ADR in the country are evaluated. Future prospects for ADR are indicated and recommendations for successful implementation of ADR in Zambia are given. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.