This thesis work has been carried out at the company Saab AB Aeronautics, which manufactures the military aircraft Gripen E. Today, the company uses 3D work instructions for assembly of Gripen E, which is displayed on a computer screen for the shop floor workers. The company has an interest in investigating whether today's work instructions can be visualized in an Augmented Reality interface by reusing available data. This work has been limited to studying wire harness assembly, which is a main part of the final assembly. The methodology case study in combination with the method Requirements Engineering has been used to analyze the company's possibilities. Data collection has been conducted with internal interviews, studying internal materials and internal courses. The result chapter contains two parts, where the first part presents a situation analysis of how today's work instructions are created in the software DELMIA and what data that is needed. The second part presents a requirements specification for an Augmented Reality Work Instruction for assembly of Gripen E. In the discussion, the situation analysis is compared with the requirements to answer which data that could be reused for creating Augmented Reality Work Instructions and what challenges that may arise. This study shows that the company has prerequisites for creating work instructions in Augmented Reality, as there is available data containing 3D models structured according to an assembly sequence with associated descriptive information.

Instruktioner har syftet att förmedla ett arbetssätt eller utförande av en uppgift som användaren sen tidigare inte är bekant med. För att instruktionen ska vara framgångsrik krävs dock att den utformas på ett sätt som gör den enkel att använda och att tolka korrekt. Större efterfrågan på kundanpassning och krav på flexibilitet gör att tillverkande företag i allt större omfattning behöver effektiva metoder för att ta fram instruktioner. På uppdrag av PartnerTech i Åtvidaberg genomfördes under vårterminen 2014 ett examensarbete inriktat mot att underlätta framtagning och revision av instruktioner. Vilka presentationsformer som bäst stödjer användaren var också del av det huvudsakliga målet. Utöver det önskades även en metod för att kategorisera produkter efter monteringskomplexitet, vilket skulle underlätta fördelning av personal. PartnerTech är en kontraktstillverkare som ständigt ställs inför nya produkter och produktionsscenarion, vilket medför löpande behov av nya instruktioner. Bakgrunden till initiativet för projektet ligger i att den nuvarande metoden inte upplevs som tillräckligt effektiv och att kunskap från vetenskapliga studier saknas. Examensarbetet har utförts av en student vid det maskintekniska programmet på Linköpings tekniska högskola. Projektet inleddes med en studie av nuläget och forskningsresultaten inom de berörda områdena. Därefter utvärderades mjukvaran SolidWorks Composer för att se vilka fördelar den skulle kunna bidra till, jämfört med det nuvarande arbetssättet. Ett förslag till en layout för en alternativ form av instruktion utarbetades utifrån fynden under litteraturstudien, vilken senare testades på verkliga produkter. Parallellt utvecklades en metod för att kategorisera produkterna som produceras i Åtvidaberg. Projektet resulterade i en alternativ layout för instruktionerna och ett förslag till ny presentationsmetod. Som framtagningsverktyg föreslås Microsoft Powerpoint, vilket använts under projektet och visat på flera fördelar mot nuvarande program. Istället för att som idag använda utskrivna papperskopior av instruktionerna föreslås presentation via bildskärmar i form av ett bildspel. Utvärderingen av SolidWorks Composer visade att det finns potential för att effektivisera framtagningen av bilder för instruktionerna, förutsatt att ett antal kriterier uppfylls. Metoden för kategorisering av produkterna resulterade i en checklista, baserad i huvudsak på ja/nej-frågor. / The purpose of instructions is to pass a strategy or method for work on to a previously unexperienced person. For an instruction to be successful it must be designed in a manner that allows easy use and correct interpretation. The increasing demand for customer customization and flexibility leads to an ever increasing need for manufacturing companies to create and utilize instructions in an effective way. On the behalf of PartnerTech in Åtvidaberg, a project was conducted as a master thesis during the spring semester of 2014, with the target of facilitating the creation and revision of instructions. How information should be presented to best support the user was also a main objective of the project. Beside this, a method for categorizing the company’s products was requested, to facilitate the allocation of personnel at the assembly lines. PartnerTech as a contract manufacturer is continuously challenged with new products at various development stages. As a consequence, instructions needs to be created regularly. The initiative for the project originates from the dissatisfaction related to the current method. The master thesis has been conducted by a student at the mechanical engineering program at Linköping University. The initial part of the project involved a study of the current method and the company’s needs, as well as research within the concerned areas. Later the software SolidWorks Composer was evaluated to see which possible benefits it could hold. A proposal for a new layout of the instructions was developed, based on the found literature during the research. Instructions was established using the layout and principles, which then was tested on real products. Parallel to this a method for categorizing the products was developed. The project resulted in an alternative layout for instructions and a proposal for a new presentation method. The tool proposed for creating and maintaining the instructions is Microsoft PowerPoint, which was used during the project and showed several benefits compared to the current software. The evaluation of SolidWorks Composer showed that there is potential for more effective creation of images for instructions, given that some criteria is fulfilled. The method for categorizing products resulted in a checklist, based essentially on yes/no-questions.

Published Article / The former Technikon Free State, now the CUT, was concerned about the academic achievements of students and decided to introduce a programme to enhance the outcomes of student learning. The then Technikon initially identified weak performers and advised / compelled them to attend special classes. This programme proved to be unsuccessful due to the potential stigma associated with attending special classes. The Technikon commenced with its first research initiatives to implement supplemental instruction (SI) in 1993. The founders of SI, Profs Diana Martin and Robert Blanc of the University of Kansas City in Missouri, USA, presented demonstrations at joint workshops and also invited attendees to attend SI workshops in the USA. Soon permission was granted to implement SI at this institution in 1993. A new dimension to the concept of SI, namely to record SI lectures for discussion afterwards was added.

Finding the way in known and unknown city environments is a task that all pedestrians carry out regularly. Current technology allows the use of smart devices as aids that can give automatic verbal route directions on the basis of the pedestrian's current position. Many such systems only give route directions, but are unable to interact with the user to answer clarifications or understand other verbal input. Furthermore, they rely mainly on conveying the quantitative information that can be derived directly from geographic map representations: 'In 300 meters, turn into High Street'. However, humans are reasoning about space predominantly in a qualitative manner, and it is less cognitively demanding for them to understand route directions that express such qualitative information, such as 'At the church, turn left' or 'You will see a café'. This thesis addresses three challenges that an interactive wayfinding system faces in the context of natural language generation and understanding: in a given situation, it must decide on whether it is appropriate to give an instruction based on a relative direction, it must be able to select salient landmarks, and it must be able to resolve the user's references to objects. In order to address these challenges, this thesis takes a data-driven approach: data was collected in a large-scale city environment to derive decision-making models from pedestrians' behavior. As a representation for the geographical environment, all studies use the crowd-sourced Openstreetmap database. The thesis presents methodologies on how the geographical and language data can be utilized to derive models that can be incorporated into an automatic route direction system. / <p>QC 20160516</p>

People in unfamiliar environments often need navigation guidance to reach a destination. Research has found that compared to outdoors, people tend to lose orientation much more easily within complex buildings, such as university buildings and hospitals. This paper proposes a category-based method to generate landmark-based route instructions to support people's wayfinding activities in unfamiliar indoor environments. Compared to other methods relying on detailed instance-level data about the visual, semantic, and structural characteristics of individual spatial objects, the proposed method relies on commonly available data about categories of spatial objects, which exist in most indoor spatial databases. With this, instructions like "Turn right after the second door, and use the elevator to go to the second floor" can be generated for indoor navigation. A case study with a university campus shows that the method is feasible in generating landmark-based route instructions for indoor navigation. More importantly, compared to metric-based instructions (i.e., the benchmark for indoor navigation), the generated landmark-based instructions can help users to unambiguously identify the correct decision point where a change of direction is needed, as well as offer information for the users to confirm that they are on the right way to the destination.

The study examined whether an instruction-based strategy (studying the instructions before attempting the task) or a task-based strategy (attempting the task and referencing instructions) was more effective for procedural performance and learning. Four groups of participants learned to perform macram tasks and assembly tasks, and received detailed instructions at different times in the process of attempting the tasks. Performance was assessed at training and a week later by recording task completion time, correctness, and subjective cognitive load. The strategy for using instructions affected initial performance on the macram tasks, where instruction-based strategy was superior, but not later retention or transfer. This pattern of results was not found for the assembly tasks indicating that characteristics of the tasks influenced the effectiveness of the strategy for using instructions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 1997. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-130). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ27296.

Poster paper / The latest developments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have made the concept "Libraries without walls" into a practical reality. This has posed several challenges to the information work force and the information users. At the same time, we have noticed the issues related to the information overload and information quality. At this juncture, efforts are strengthening to develop means to persuade and equip the users and information specialists to achieve maximum efficiency in information services. It was observed that one of the important reasons for the under utilization of electronic information is the lack of requisite level of working knowledge and consumption skills among customers and information intermediaries (Sridhar, 1997). To improve the situation, the conventional user education programmes need be redefined and reengineered, to be it more technology oriented. It should be designed in such a way to provide confidence to the user in locating desired information (Francis, 2005).

Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of MIS, University of Arizona / As in many other applications, the rapid proliferation and unrestricted Web-based publishing of health-related content have made finding pertinent and useful healthcare information increasingly difficult. Although the development of healthcare information retrieval systems such as medical search engines and peer-reviewed medical Web directories has helped alleviate this information and cognitive overload problem, the effectiveness of these systems has been limited by low search precision, poor presentation of search results, and the required user search effort. To address these challenges, we have developed a domain-specific meta-search tool called Cancer Spider. By leveraging post-retrieval document clustering techniques, this system aids users in querying multiple medical data sources to gain an overview of the retrieved documents and locating answers of high quality to a wide spectrum of health questions. The system presents the retrieved documents to users in two different views: (1) Web pages organized by a list of key phrases, and (2) Web pages clustered into regions discussing different topics on a two-dimensional map (self-organizing map). In this paper, we present the major components of the Cancer Spider system and a user evaluation study designed to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. Initial results comparing Cancer Spider with NLM Gateway, a premium medical search site, have shown that they achieved comparable performances measured by precision, recall, and F-measure. Cancer Spider required less user searching time, fewer documents that need to be browsed, and less user effort.

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