by Hung King Fai Kevin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-85 (2nd gp.)). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- OBJECTIVES --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- NEED FOR PATIENT-MONITORING SYSTEM --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Aging Population --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Increasing Population with Heart Diseases --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- ECG BASICS --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- EXISITING ECG-MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- CHALLENGES IN PATIENT-MONITORING --- p.5 / Chapter 1.6 --- DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECG-MONITORING SYSTEM --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Overall Structure --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Considerations --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- EMI FILTERS IN ECG ACQUISITION CIRCUIT --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- OVERVIEW OF NOISE SOURCES IN ECG ACQUISITION --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Other Biopotentials --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Motion Artifact --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Power-line Interference --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- High-Frequency Electromagnetic Interference --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- EMI FILTERS --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction to EMI Filters --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Types of EMI Filter --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- EMI Filters in ECG Monitoring --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- MODELING OF INTERFERENCE IN ECG-MONITORING SYSTEM --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Model and Parameters --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Method --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Results --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- BUILDING AN ECG ACQUISITION CIRCUIT WITH EMI FILTERS --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Purpose --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Experimental Setup and Method --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Results --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Discussion --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- ADAPTIVE FILTER --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- OBJECTIVE --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- INTRODUCTION TO ADAPTIVE FILTER --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- METHOD --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- RESULTS --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- WAP-BASED TELEMEDICINE APPLICATIONS --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION TO TELEMEDICINE --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- INTRODUCTION TO WAP --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3 --- WAP APPLICATIONS --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4 --- SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Overall Structure --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Relational Database --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Program Flow --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- ECG Browsing and Feature Extraction --- p.70 / Chapter 4.5 --- EMULATION --- p.72 / Chapter 4.6 --- EXPERIENCE WITH WAP PHONE --- p.74 / Chapter 4.7 --- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK --- p.77 / Chapter 5.1 --- CONCLUSION --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- FUTURE WORK --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3 --- MARKET ANALYSIS --- p.79 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.80

Les systèmes électroniques embarqués à bord des aéronefs rassemblent des informations sur l’environnement qui les entourent au moyen de différents types de capteurs. À l’heure actuelle, l’acquisition des signaux générés par ces capteurs se fait au moyen de circuits électroniques d’interfaçage dédiés à un type de capteur en particulier, ce qui limite les possibilités d’évolution des calculateurs de bord.Nos travaux visent à remplacer ces circuits d’interfaçage par une interface dite versatile, capable de faire l’acquisition de signaux issus de différents types de capteurs. L’environnement dans lequel les systèmes avioniques sont amenés à fonctionner est particulièrement difficile, notamment par la présence de modes communs parasites importants, supérieures à plusieurs dizaines de volts. Après une exploration détaillée de cet environnement, nous proposons une architecture d’interface versatile, basée sur un ASIC mixte et un FPGA. L’ASIC est chargé du conditionnement analogique des signaux et de leur conversion dans le domaine numérique, et peut-être configuré à plusieurs niveaux (gains, offsets, impédances...). Le FPGA comprend les différents traitements numériques nécessaires à l’extraction de l’information contenue dans les signaux. Nous proposons de plus une méthode mixte permettant de corriger les imprécisions analogiques, telles que les défauts d’appairage, souvent critiques dans l’acquisition de signaux différentiels. Un circuit de test a été réalisé dans une technologie CMOS High Voltage 0.35µm afin de valider les différents principes proposés dans nos travaux. / Avionic embedded systems sense their environment through the use of various sensors. Currently, the electrical signals generated by these sensors are acquired by dedicated interface circuits, which limits the functionalities that can be implemented in the computer and slows down their evolution.Our work aims at replacing these interfacing circuits by a more flexible interface, called versatile interface, which has the ability to acquire different kind of signals. Avionic embedded systems usually operate in a pretty harsh environment, in which important common mode voltages of more than thirty volts can superimpose to useful signals. After a thorough exploration of this environment and its specifities, we propose an architecture of the versatile interface, based on a mixed signal ASIC and a FPGA. The ASIC includes a programmable analog signal conditioning stage which is able to withstand the high voltages present in the harsh avionic environment. The FPGA processes the different signals and extract the useful information from them. We also propose method which allows to correct the analog imprecisions due to mismatch or temperature drifts. This method uses analog and digital processing, and allow our versatile interface to be immune to process or temperature variations. A test circuit has been realized in a high voltage 0.35µm CMOS technology, in order to validate the different principles that we propose in this work.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d'apporter un regard nouveau sur les principales caractéristiques physiques du Soleil. Avant le développement de l'astrophysique, l'étude d'un astre concernait surtout ses propriétés géométriques. La mesure précise du diamètre du Soleil a été entreprise dès l'antiquité et représente un des plus vieux problèmes en astrophysique. Une partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du diamètre solaire et de ses variations au cours du temps. Un des objectifs est de déterminer si le diamètre du Soleil varie en fonction de l'activité solaire. Les données acquises par les instruments de la mission PICARD ont été utilisées afin d'essayer de répondre à cette question. Cette thèse porte aussi sur la détermination absolue de l'aplatissement solaire et de ses variations au cours du cycle 24. Cette étude s'est basée sur l'exploitation des mesures acquises par deux télescopes spatiaux (PICARD/SODISM et SDO/HMI). Les mesures de l'aplatissement solaire sont importantes et permettent de valider les hypothèses physiques mises en œuvre dans les modèles du Soleil. Cette thèse consiste aussi à déterminer la valeur absolue de l'éclairement solaire total et de sa variabilité au cours du temps. L'éclairement solaire total représente une entrée essentielle pour tous les modèles climatiques. Sa détermination précise est donc fondamentale. La valeur absolue de l'éclairement solaire total a été obtenue à partir des mesures réalisées par le radiomètre PICARD/SOVAP. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse est dédié à l'étude de l'éclairement solaire dans l'ultraviolet et de ses variations au cours du cycle 24. Cette étude s'appuie sur les mesures réalisées par le spectromètre SOLAR/SOSLPEC à bord de la station spatiale internationale. La variabilité du rayonnement ultraviolet au cours d'un cycle solaire (environ 10% à 200 nm) est beaucoup plus élevée que celle de l'éclairement solaire total (environ 0.1%). La détermination précise de la variabilité ultraviolet est donc très importante. Il est aussi de plus en plus évident que les variations de l'éclairement solaire dans l'ultraviolet jouent un rôle significatif au niveau de la chimie de l'atmosphère et du climat de la Terre. Les résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse montrent l'intérêt de réaliser des mesures précises dans l'ultraviolet au cours d'un cycle solaire de 11 ans. / This thesis aims to highlight a new vision on the main physical characteristics of the Sun. Before the development of astrophysics, the study of a star mainly concerned its geometrical properties. The accurate measurement of the solar diameter was carried out since the antiquity and represents one of the oldest problems in astrophysics. Part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the solar diameter and its variation over time. One of the objectives is to determine whether the diameter of the Sun varies with the solar activity. Data acquired by the PICARD mission instruments were used to try to answer this question. This thesis also deals with the absolute determination of the solar oblateness and its variation during the cycle 24. This study was based on the use of the measurements acquired by two space-based telescopes (PICARD/SODISM and SDO/HMI). The solar oblateness measurements are important and allow to validate the physical hypotheses implemented in the solar models. This thesis also consists to determine the absolute value of the total solar irradiance and its variability over time. The total solar irradiance is an essential parameter for all climate models. Its accurate determination is therefore fundamental. The absolute value of the total solar irradiance was obtained from the measurements carried out by the PICARD/SOVAP radiometer during the solar cycle 24. The last chapter of this thesis is devoted to the study of the solar irradiance in the ultraviolet and its variation during the solar cycle 24. This study is based on the measurements carried out by the SOLAR/SOSLPEC spectrometer on board the International Space Station. The variations of the ultraviolet radiation during a solar cycle (10% at 200 nm for a strong solar cycle) are much higher than the variations of the total solar irradiance (0.1%). The accurate determination of the ultraviolet solar irradiance is therefore very important. It is also increasingly evident that the variations of the solar irradiance in the ultraviolet play a significant role in the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and climate. The results obtained during this thesis show the interests to perform accurate measurements in the ultraviolet during a solar cycle of about 11 years. Through this work, we bring a new perspective with respect to the absolute value of the main solar parameters.

Este trabalho descreve um instrumento microprocessado para a avaliação de clorofila em plantas com a possibilidade da armazenagem de dados até 64 kbytes de 32 posições com tamanho de pixel de 1 a 16 cm2. O instrumento encontra várias aplicações na agricultura, principalmente onde o monitoramento é requerido. As principais aplicações estão em operações de fertilização e irrigação, onde o manejo de eventos são controlados pelas condições críticas como a disponibilidade de nitrogênio no solo. Resultados mostram que a operação individual ou em grupo dos sensores garantem uma adequada acurácia e resolução para aplicações agrícolas. O instrumento possibilita a fazendeiros, pesquisadores ou consultores a oportunidade do manejo localizado para sistemas de tomada de decisão. O instrumento é baseado em uma arquitetura dedicada baseada no microcontrolador 80535 e sua utilização proporciona redução de custos de processos agrícolas e redução de contaminação ambiental. / This work describes a microprocessed instrument for evaluation of chlorophyll in plants, and recording of data up to 64 kbytes at thirty-two positions with pixel size from 2 to 1.420 mm2. The instrument meets different applications in the agricultural science area, where monitoring is required. Also would apply to operations of fertilization and irrigation, where the management of events can be triggered by critical conditions such as soil nitrogen contents. Results have shown that characterization of the instrument and its individual sensors guaranteeing an adequate accuracy and resolution for agricultural application. It provides the farmer or consultant the opportunity to establish localized management rules for decision support systems. The instrument is based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices as well as the 80535 microcontroller. It may be operated in automatic or non-automatic mode.

Xiang Guoliang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-53). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.1 / Abstract --- p.6 / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- The Pulse Detection Sensor --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Pulse Diagnosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Pulse Detection Sensor --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Sensor Design --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Pulse Signal Acquisition --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Experiment Results --- p.21 / Chapter 3 --- Internet Communication --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1 --- Network Basics --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2 --- Java --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3 --- Program Flow Diagram --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.27 / Chapter 4 --- The Haptic Device --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.28 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Design --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The First Design --- p.31 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The Prototype --- p.32 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Kinematics --- p.34 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Dynamics --- p.35 / Chapter 4.5 --- Reproducing Pulses by Position Control --- p.37 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- The Motor Controller --- p.37 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Trajectory Following --- p.40 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Experiment Results --- p.41 / Chapter 4.6 --- Reproducing Pulses by Force Control --- p.45 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- The Desired Forces --- p.46 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- The Force Controller Design --- p.46 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Experiment Results --- p.47 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Future works --- p.49 / Bibliography --- p.51

Ho, Wai-to Antony. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-102). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.I / Acknowledgement --- p.III / Table of Content --- p.IV / List of Figures --- p.VI / List of Tables --- p.X / List of Charts --- p.XI / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Biomedical sensing --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Bone Fracture --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Bone Fracture Treatment --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- LITERATURE SURVEY --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Bone Structure --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Biomechanics in Bone Fracture --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Mathematical Model on Bending and Fracture --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Intramedullary nailing --- p.12 / Chapter 2.5 --- Reaming technique for intramedullary nailing --- p.14 / Chapter 2.6 --- More on reaming technique --- p.16 / Chapter 2.7 --- Existing pressure-monitoring system of reaming operation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.8 --- Biomedical sensation --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- SYSTEM DESIGN: RE-ENGINEERING OF A BONE REAMING SYSTEM --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Mechanical Design-Bone Reaming Guide Rod --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Guide Rod --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Guide Rod: Head --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Guide Rod: Rod Body --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Guide Rod: Tail --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- Connection System --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Connection System: Components --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Connection System: Connection Mechanism --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Connection System: Disconnection Mechanism --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Signal Transmission Mechanism --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5 --- Plastic Case --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6 --- Selection of Microsensor --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- SIGNAL CONDITIONING & PROCESSING --- p.62 / Chapter 4.1 --- Signal Conditioning and Processing --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2 --- Voltage Regulation --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3 --- Instrumentation Amplification --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4 --- Noise Filtering --- p.66 / Chapter 4.5 --- Signal Processing Software --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- EXPERIMENTAL SETUP --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Experiments --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2 --- MEMS Pressure Sensor --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Voltage Regulation Experiment --- p.70 / Chapter 5.4 --- Noise Filtering Experiment --- p.70 / Chapter 5.5 --- Rotating Bearing Signal Transmission System --- p.74 / Chapter 5.6 --- Guide Rod System Calibration Experiment --- p.76 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Calibration Experiment-Stationary --- p.79 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Calibration Experiment-Dynamic --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- Results --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- MEMS Pressure Sensor --- p.80 / Chapter 6.3 --- Voltage Regulation Experiment --- p.81 / Chapter 6.4 --- Noise Filtering Experiment --- p.82 / Chapter 6.5 --- Rotating Bearing Signal Transmission System --- p.83 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Non-rotating experiment --- p.83 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Rotating experiment --- p.84 / Chapter 6.5.2.1 --- Rotating experiment -Unprocessed --- p.84 / Chapter 6.5.2.2 --- Rotating experiment -Noise Filtering --- p.86 / Chapter 6.6 --- Guide Rod System Calibration Experiment --- p.89 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- Calibration experiment-Stationary System Calibration --- p.89 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- Rotating experiment-Rotating Speed Calibration --- p.91 / Chapter 6.6.2.1 --- Influence of rotation motion on fluidic pressure --- p.91 / Chapter 6.6.2.2 --- Calibration Experiment --- p.94 / Chapter CHAPTER 7: --- CONCLUSION --- p.98 / Chapter CHAPTER 8: --- REFERENCE --- p.100 / Appendix --- p.103

Orientador: Cláudio Luiz Carvalho / Banca: Fernanda Catia Bozelli / Banca: Hermes Adolfo de Aquino / Resumo: De acordo com pesquisas em ensino de ciências, nos últimos tempos, os alunos de forma geral, não compreendem e não desenvolvem as tarefas sobre os conceitos básicos de ciências, como por exemplo, relacionar um tema de Física com os acontecimentos rotineiros do dia a dia, assim como relacioná-lo com a Química ou Geografia. Uma possível hipótese está no fato de que o ambiente escolar frequentado pelos alunos, atualmente, está desconexo com os interesses e curiosidades que eles possuem em aprender. Estes interesses estão ligados apenas a conceitos imediatistas. Esta geração de alunos que está se moldando é conhecida como "geração tecnológica". As simples experimentações em si realizadas em salas de aulas não refletem no real aprendizado para que os alunos desenvolvam competências e habilidades na elaboração de saberes científico. Os conteúdos são apenas direcionados para cumprir currículos em espaços de tempo cada vez mais reduzidos. Pela fundamentação teórica de David Ausubel, que relaciona a questão de materiais representativos e significativos no processo de ensino aprendizagem, foi proposta, nesta pesquisa, a discussão dos conceitos de Astronomia, em formatos de oficinas, na qual os alunos foram incentivados a criar o próprio conhecimento de forma construtivista por meio da metodologia mediadora na relação com os outros saberes como a Matemática, Geografia, História, Física incentivando a interdisciplinaridade. Os resultados obtidos nas oficinas foram gravados e transformado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In agreement of recent science education research, recently, in general, students cannot understand and also can not develop their stuff about basic science concepts, such as make the relationship between Physics and something that happen day-by-day either relation with chemistry or geography. A possible hypothesis can be the fact of the scholar ambient could be disconnected from the interest and curiosities that they should be to learn. These interests are connected just only with immediatist concepts. The students generation that is coming is called "Technological generation". The experiments did in classroom have not been enough to improve their scientific skills. The subjects are just specifically used to fulfill curricula in a short period of time (and this time have been reduced constantly or periodically or frequently). By the theoretical basis of David Ausubel, that related representative and significative materials in the teaching/ learnt process was proposed, in this Project, the discussion of about Astronomy concepts using workshop format, In which students were encouraged to create their own knowledge in a constructivist way through the mediator methodology in relation to other knowledge such as Mathematics, Geography, History, Physics encouraging interdisciplinarity. The results obtained in the workshops were recorded and transformed in media material that it can be shared in web. This material is being used for reference source and studies, providing free access... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Atualmente a ergonomia revela-se em todas as circunstâncias na prática odontológica, desde o local de trabalho a forma como os equipamentos são utilizados, onde variáveis importantes como a postura e o movimento são determinados pela tarefa e pelo posto de trabalho. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar, por meio da atividade muscular (eletromiografia), cinemetria, escalas ergonômicas (RULA e Checklist de Couto) e biofotogrametria, a postura de dezoito profissionais endodontistas, destros, com idade entre 25 e 60 anos (30 ± 3) durante o preparo químico-mecânico do sistema de canais radiculares dos molares 16 e 17, utilizando-se da técnica de instrumentação rotatória e da técnica de instrumentação manual, evidenciando os efeitos que a profissão odontológica e as posturas viciosas adotadas pelos profissionais endodontistas promovem durante as horas de trabalho nas cadeias musculares dos membros superiores e região de tronco. Baseado nos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa pode-se concluir que as variações apresentadas nos valores eletromiográficos normalizados durante a execução das técnicas rotatória e manual sugerem que a ação dos músculos longuíssimo, deltóide anterior, deltóide médio, trapézio - fibras médias, bíceps braquial, tríceps braquial, braquiorradial e abdutor curto do polegar, propiciou adaptações musculares, com a finalidade de promover movimentos funcionais mais precisos. Na cinemetria computadorizada, observou-se que a técnica rotatória apresentou maior exigência postural do que a técnica manual, fato também evidenciado pela análise do posto de trabalho e biomecânica da atividade profissional. A análise estática da postura corporal (biofotogrametria) sugere que a atividade clínica do profissional endodontista pode contribuir para um desequilíbrio postural do quadrante superior do corpo. Concluiu-se que o profissional endodontista apresentou postura corporal comprometida, independente de trabalhar com a técnica rotatória e/ou manual. / Nowadays ergonomics has had different uses in dentistry, from the workplace to how equipments are used; where important variables, such as posture and movement, have been determined by the job and the work position. The objective of this research was to apply electromyography, kinemetry, ergonomic scales (RULA and Coutos checklist) and biophotogrammetry to analyze the posture of eighteen righthanded endodontists, aged between 25 and 60 years old (30 ± 3), during the preparation of the chemical-mechanical system of root canal of molars 16 and 17, using rotary and manual instrumentation, showing the effects of endodontists profession and vicious postures during hours of work on muscle chains of upper limbs and trunk. Based on the results it is possible to conclude that the variations showed in the electromyographic values normalized during the use of rotary and manual techniques, suggest that longissimus, anterior and middle deltoid, trapezium medium fibers, brachial biceps and triceps, brachioradialis and short abducent of the thumb, provided muscle adaptations in order to cause functional more accurate movements. In computer kinemetry the rotary technique was more postural demanding than the manual technique, that was also showed by the analysis of the work position and biomechanics of the profession. The static analysis of the body posture (biophotogrammetry) suggests that the professional activity of the endodontist can contribute for a postural imbalance of upper body. In conclusion, the endodontist presented compromised posture regardless the kind of technique he/she uses: rotary and/or manual.

Malgré sa capacité unique à discerner des détails qu'aucun instrument “classique” ne peut voir, l'interférométrie optique est fortement handicapée par l'atmosphère. Celle-ci limite drastiquement les temps de pose des interféromètres au sol et les empèche d'accumuler suffisamment de photons pour observer des sources toujours plus faibles, limitant de facto l'échantillon des astres observables. Les suiveurs de franges sont des instruments développés spécifiquement dans le but de compenser ces perturbations atmosphériques, et ainsi de repousser les limites de l'univers visible par les interféromètres optiques. Le but premier de cette thèse est d'étudier et d'améliorer ces instruments, dans le contexte des technologies actuelles et des nouvelles générations d'interféromètres combinant 4 télescopes et plus. La seconde grande partie de cette thèse s'attachera quant à elle à montrer l'intérêt de l'interférométrie optique dans l'étude des binaires en interaction, astres en mesure d'apporter des réponses à un vaste panel de champs d'étude du fait de la diversité des processus physiques en jeu en leur sein. / Despite its unique ability to discern details that a “classical” instrument cannot see, optical interferometry is still strongly handicapped by the atmosphere. It drastically limits the exposure time of ground interferometers and prevents them to accumulate enough photons to observe weak sources, limiting de facto sample of observable stars. Fringe trackers are instruments developed specifically to compensate for these atmospheric disturbances, and so push the boundaries of the universe observable with optical interferometers. The primary purpose of this thesis is to study and improve these instruments in the context of the current technologies and of the new generation of interferometers combining four telescopes and more. The second major part of this thesis will show the advantages of optical interferometry in the study of interacting binary, stars able to answer to a wide range of domains because of the diversity of physical processes involved in them.

L'instrument AMBRE 1 (Active Monitor Box of Electrostatic Risks) est un spectromètre de mesure du plasma (ions positifs et électrons) composé de deux têtes de mesure qui a été lancé à bord du satellite Jason 3 en Janvier 2016. A travers la mesure du plasma thermique (énergies comprises entre ~0 et 35 keV) cet instrument permet, d'une part, de déterminer la charge électrostatique des satellites et les populations en étant à l'origine pour répondre à des enjeux opérationnels, et d'autre part, de caractériser les environnements plasma magnétosphériques avec des enjeux scientifiques. La réduction des caractéristiques physiques (poids, consommation électrique et encombrement) des instruments AMBRE est un enjeu clé dans le but de rendre son embarquement systématique sur les plateformes satellites (scientifiques comme commerciales) et ainsi étendre le réseau de ce type de mesures dans l'environnement terrestre. L'objectif de cette thèse porte sur la conception, le développement et la réalisation d'un prototype d'instrument AMBRE 2 répondant à ces enjeux, tout en améliorant les performances scientifiques. Cette nouvelle génération d'instrument repose sur l'utilisation d'une seule tête qui mesure les deux types de population de manière alternée dans le temps. L'étude de chaque sous-système d'AMBRE 2 a permis de trouver les meilleurs compromis permettant de mesurer les deux types de population tout en minimisant les ressources allouées à l'instrument. Un prototype a été réalisé et testé sous vide avec un canon à ions et un canon à électron courant octobre 2017 afin de valider son principe de fonctionnement. / The Active Monitor Box of Electrostatic Risks (AMBER) is a double-head thermal plasma (positive ions and electrons) electrostatic analyser that was launched onboard the Jason-3 spacecraft in January 2016. By measuring the thermal plasma (in the energy range ~0 - 45 keV) the instrument permits, on the one hand, to determine the spacecraft electrostatic charging and the populations at its origin with operational stakes, and, on the other hand, to characterize the magnetospheric plasma environments with scientific goals. Reducing the physical resources (weight, electric consumption, and volume) of the AMBRE line of instrument is key to a potential systematic embarkation onboard various platforms (scientific or commercial), thereby augmenting the constellation of such measurements in near-Earth space. The goal of the present thesis is to conceive, develop and build an AMBRE 2 instrument prototype that meets these goals while augmenting its scientific capabilities. This new generation of instrument relies on the use of a single head which alternatively measures ions and electrons. Each AMBRE 2 sub-system was studied and designed using the best trade-off solution between overall resources and capabilities. A prototype has been built and tested in a vacuum chamber with ion and electron beams in October 2017 in order to validate its functionality.