Aboriginal Australians have a significantly lower health status than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. To facilitate healthy living practices necessary for good health, a high level investment is currently made in water services, on the assumption that there is a relationship between the volume and quality of water supplied with health outcomes, despite the high economic and environmental cost. This thesis investigates whether the current design supply criteria of 1000-1200 litres per person per day of water, meeting the Australian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines, is both sufficient and necessary to improve the health of Aboriginal Australians. The scope of the thesis is limited to the sufficiency of design guidelines although it necessarily also touches on the broader issues of Aboriginal health. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore current water consumption patterns of consumers at multiple hierarchical levels (community, household and individual) and hence the requirements of physical infrastructure on which consumers depend. Multiple linear regression was used to consider factors correlated with supply volume, while metering was used at both the domestic and appliance level to determine where and how water was used. Meters were installed on fixtures in two houses in a community near Alice Springs. This was then complemented by qualitative information obtained through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and observation in the field. The appropriateness of the supply of high quality water for all uses was addressed by considering the volume of drinking water intake and its impact on the derivation of water quality guidelines. This was achieved by a face-to-face survey involving 57 volunteers. Fieldwork was conducted predominantly in three communities near Alice Springs although some additional data was collected in other communities in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. The results showed that the factors influencing water consumption were highly complex and variable between communities and individuals. However, there were some culturally specific needs identified in Aboriginal communities, such as the need for temperature and dust control, as well as the reduction of losses. The unique characteristics of each community made it difficult to provide a more precise estimate for design supply. As a result, overly conservative guidelines such as those already used are necessary in the short term despite there being no guarantee of improved health. In the long term, issues of community governance and capacity building will start to be addressed, and the realisation that social systems are both complex and dynamic will need to be reflected in policy. These issues were represented in a systemic conceptual model at the end of the thesis, which also highlighted inadequacies of reductionist approaches such as design supply guidelines. The thesis concluded that complex problem situations such as that of health, require a systems approach.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [78]-85).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1994. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 31-35).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2010. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 7, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a recognized measure of biological efficiency in beef cattle. However, RFI determination is expensive, time consuming and not well studied in animals fed forage-based diets. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate infrared thermography (IRT) as method for determining RFI ranking in yearling beef bulls, and to evaluate the effect of diet type on RFI repeatability in consecutive feeding periods. No significant correlations (P > 0.05) were observed between eye or cheek surface temperatures measured using handheld or within-pen stationary infrared camera systems with RFI. Reranking was observed for RFI in all diet treatments, however significant repeatability estimates occurred for the forage and grain diet treatments (r=0.58 and 0.64 respectively; P < 0.01) but not the diet switch treatment (r=0.24; P > 0.05). Extreme cold temperatures experienced in Western Canada influence IRT measurements and energy partitioning, indicating the need for standardized performance testing procedures. / February 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 facina_vb_me_arafcf.pdf: 1022448 bytes, checksum: fccac3737fb0a4e1993b48dc9b30ee8f (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O câncer é um importante problema de saúde pública mundial e, também, em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Dentre os tipos mais frequentes entre as mulheres brasileiras, têm-se os cânceres de mama, de colo de útero e de ovário. Nesta pesquisa foram estudados aspectos relativos à alimentação e nutrição de mulheres acometidas por estes cânceres ginecológicos, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da quimioterapia na evolução do estado nutricional destas mulheres considerando os sintomas gastrintestinais, o consumo alimentar e as alterações nos exames bioquímicos. Participaram do estudo 29 mulheres, sendo 22 acometidas pelo câncer de mama, 4 pelo câncer de ovário e 3 pelo o de colo de útero. Para tanto, no 1º, 3º e 5º ciclos de quimioterapia foram realizadas entrevistas nas quais as pacientes eram inquiridas sobre intolerâncias alimentares, sintomas gastrintestinais e aplicada a Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida Pelo Paciente (ASG-PPP).O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo recordatório do consumo de 24 horas, no dia que precedeu a quimioterapia e no dia do procedimento. No dia da quimioterapia foi realizada ainda a avaliação antropométrica. Os dados de exames bioquímicos e de protocolos de quimioterapia foram coletados dos prontuários. Como resultado se obteve que durante a quimioterapia, os sintomas mais frequentes foram: náusea, disgeusia, obstipação, anorexia, diarreia e mucosite. O consumo alimentar sofreu redução em relação à quantidade de energia e nutrientes ingeridos no período em que a paciente realizava a sessão quimioterápica em relação ao período que antecedia a esta. Houve pequena, mas significativa redução na média geral do peso corporal do primeiro para o terceiro ciclo de quimioterapia. No entanto, a maioria das mulheres com câncer de mama ganhou peso... / Cancer is an important public health problem worldwide, and also in developing countries like Brazil. Among the most frequent type affecting Brazilian women, there are cancers of breast, cervical and ovarian. This research studies the aspects related to feeding and nutrition of women affected by these gynecological cancers, with the goal to assess the effect of chemotherapy on the evolution of the nutritional status of these women considering gastrointestinal symptoms, food consumption and changes in biochemical tests. The study included 29 women, 22 affected by breast cancer, 4 by ovarian cancer, and 3 had cervical cancer. Interviews were conducted, on first, third and fifth chemotherapy protocols, in which patients were asked about food intolerance, gastrointestinal symptoms and applied Subjective Global Assessment Produced by the Patient. Dietary intake was assessed by recall of consumption of 24 hours on the day prior to chemotherapy and the day of the procedure. On the day of chemotherapy was also evaluation anthropometric. The data from biochemical and chemotherapy protocols were collected from medical records. As a result it was found that during chemotherapy, being the most common symptoms were: nausea, dysgeusia, constipation, anorexia, diarrhea and mucositis. Food consumption reduced in relation to the amount of energy and nutrients consumed in the period in which the patient was a chemotherapy session in relation to the period preceding this. There was a small but significant reduction in overall mean body weight from first to third cycle of chemotherapy. However, most women with breast cancer gained weight during the procedure. There was no association between frequency of symptoms with the anthropometric indicators, but rather with the consumption of macronutrients and erythrocytes. The ASG-PPP showed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Fluid intake and regulation are implicated in the control of energy balance and appetite. The studies in this thesis have examined the effects of fluid manipulation on appetite and energy intake. Fifty-eight young, predominantly Caucasian males were recruited to five studies. The age, height and body mass of the subjects were: 24.9 ± 3.8 y, 1.79 ± 0.1 m, 80.1 ± 14.8 kg (mean ± SD) respectively. In Chapter 3, 13 h of hypohydration after exercise in the heat did not influence energy intake at an ad-libitum buffet meal (P=0.436) compared to a euhydrated trial, although greater thirst (P < 0.001) and lower fullness (P < 0.01) was reported in the hypohydration trial. Chapter 4 demonstrated that there was no difference in energy intake or appetite after 24 h of hypohydration either with or without fluid during a semi-solid ad-libitum breakfast. Thirst and fluid intake were greater during the hypohydrated with fluid (HYPO-F; 618 (251) mL) than the euhydrated with fluid (EU-F; 400 (247) mL) trials (P < 0.01). Chapter 5 and 6 showed that a bolus of water (500 mL) immediately before an ad-libitum porridge breakfast reduced energy intake in both healthy and overweight and obese subjects (P < 0.001). The water preload increased fullness and decreased hunger compared to pre-trial in both studies (P < 0.001). In Chapter 7, 75 minutes before an ad-libitum lunch a post-exercise milk (MILK) based drink reduced energy intake (6746 (2035) kJ) compared to an isoenergetic flavoured carbohydrate (CHO) and water based drink (7762 (1921) kJ; 7672 (2005) kJ) (P < 0.05). This thesis has shown that when subjects are hypohydrated, either after exercise or after 24 h of fluid restriction energy intake is not different at an ad-libitum meal. However, there is an increased thirst and subsequent fluid intake before an ad-libitum meal (chapter 3 and 4). This effect was more acutely displayed when a bolus of water was provided immediately before an ad-libitum breakfast meal and subsequently decreased energy intake in both normal and overweight/ obese subjects (chapter 5 and 6). The possible mechanism for this was gastric fill and distension creating satiety before a meal. Chapter 7 has showed that when subjects consume isoenergetic drinks with different energy densities (milk vs CHO and water), before an ad-libitum lunch, energy intake was decreased when milk was consumed. Milk having an increased energy density due to larger protein fractions (casein) may further explain the decrease in energy intake found in chapters 5 and 6 by a similar mechanism. Therefore, gastric fill before a meal decreases ad-libitum energy intake by either the intake of water immediately before a meal or by milk as a more delayed response (75 min). The hydration status however, did not affect energy intake directly in our finding, although it did affect subsequent fluid ingestion, which may have affected findings in chapters 3 and 4.

A number of strategies to lose weight are available. However, a high inter-individual variability is commonly observed in terms of weight loss and its maintenance in individuals enrolled in different interventions. This high variability is mainly explained by individual differences in the activation of compensatory mechanisms triggered by energy deficits. Increases in appetite ratings as well as the rewarding effects of foods are some of the consequences commonly observed from weight loss induced by caloric restriction. On the other side of the energy balance equation, resting energy expenditure (REE) was also found to decrease as consequence of weight loss. Numbers might in fact decrease beyond what could be expected from changes in body weight and composition, highlighting an adaptation in thermogenesis in some individuals. These changes were previously found to be associated with the magnitude of weight loss. However, it is not clear whether different rates of weight loss have a different impact on the compensatory mechanisms described above. Moreover, other questions regarding weight loss maintenance deserve further investigations. For example, the role of exercise, more specifically resistance training (RT), on weight loss maintenance needs additional attention. Accordingly, the present thesis aimed to investigate the effects of caloric restriction on compensatory mechanisms that occur during and after weight loss. We first aimed to determine whether the rate of weight loss differently influence physiological and psychological variables related to energy balance. Secondly, we aimed to elucidate whether early changes in the above mentioned adaptations in energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake (EI) variables predict final outcomes (fat mass - FM and weight loss). Finally, we aimed to determine whether RT promoted greater weight loss maintenance. In Article I and II, we investigated whether different rates of weight loss play a role in EI and EE related-variables. We noted significant increases in fasting appetite measures, as well as increases in satiety measures. REE decreased over time, as did the relative reinforcing value of fruit. No significant group interaction was observed illustrating that different rates of weight loss has no impact on the magnitude of adaptations in EI and EE after weight loss. In article III we demonstrated that early changes in fasting and postprandial appetite measures in response to caloric restriction were associated with greater body weight and FM loss in women. Indeed, greater increases in fasting appetite were associated with greater FM loss, contrary to our hypothesis. However, increases in postprandial appetite were associated with greater FM and body weight loss, independently of changes in eating behaviours. Taken together, articles I and III demonstrated that caloric restriction has a significant impact on increases in appetite and reduction in REE as soon as the in the first week of intervention. Those changes remain significant until the end of the program. In article IV it was shown that 1-year of resistance training (2x/ week) after 6-month of caloric restriction was not sufficient to promote better weight and FM loss in post-menopausal women. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that RT did not improve the differences between measured and predicted measures in REE observed as consequence of weight loss. The picture that emerges is that, increases in appetite and decreases in REE can be observed since the first week of caloric restriction and remain significant until the end of the program, independently of the rate of weight loss. Feeding-related variables such as fasting and postprandial appetite and RRV of a snack food are better predictors of final FM loss, even after adjusting for changes in eating behaviours. In addition, our study demonstrated that different rates of weight loss do not have an independent aspect on either physiological or psychological aspects related to energy balance.