In 1793, the nascent French republic established its first intellectual property law called droit d’auteur. This statute affected the visual arts and literature in equal measure, such that from a legal perspective, a painting and a manuscript were now treated as equivalent entities. Whereas literary critics have traced the impacts of this legislation on the production of novels and poetry, and legal historians have detailed its ramifications in nineteenth-century case law, art historians have yet to examine how this consolidation of the sister arts under the rubric of the auteur affected the development of the visual arts and aesthetic practices in the same period. Thus, despite ongoing interest in authorship across the humanities, scholars have operated with an only partial understanding of the subject. My thesis documents how French institutions of authorship, which included courtrooms, print shops, publishing houses, post offices, and libraries, coordinated an increasingly transnational field of textual and pictorial activities. More importantly, it analyses how these same institutions led to the creation of historically significant visual forms. Through a series of case studies of five canonical painters and writers, I offer a revised account of the emergence of modern art in France on the basis of the intimacies and antagonisms felt to exist between these differing artistic spheres. Chapter 1 follows the transition from the ancien régime’s system of artistic privilege to the modern administration of artist’s rights in the work of the royal portraitist Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun. By analyzing her 1835 memoirs alongside some of her key post-Revolutionary paintings, I establish the artist as a leading theoretician-practitioner of a new, legitimist aesthetics. Chapter 2 focuses on the classical aesthetic conflict between picture making and writing as it was expressed in the posthumously published diaries of Eugène Delacroix. I interpret his diary’s Romantic notion of pictorial specificity as an early variant of pictorial modernism. Chapter 3 explores the intertwined politics of exile and authorship in Victor Hugo’s enigmatic ink drawings. Tracking their creation in Guernsey to their eventual bequest alongside the writer’s literary manuscripts to the Bibliothèque nationale de France, this chapter also offers the first art history of the French national library, which, months prior to the opening of the Louvre, became the country’s first true public domain of images. Chapter 4 chronicles the emergence of the first global infrastructure for authors of art through an analysis of what I have called Vincent van Gogh’s “postal paradigm.” It demonstrates how the émigré artist substituted traditional academic protocols of education, critical evaluation, and reception with newly internationalized postal instruments and, additionally, how the formation of the Universal Postal Union facilitated the expansion of the international art market in the 1880s. Chapter 5 analyzes writer Émile Zola’s photographs taken in the 1890s in relation to a key aspect of his magnum opus, the Rougon-Macquart series: its conclusion. This chapter charts the consequential overlapping of two significant aesthetic debates in the 1880s and 1890s, both of which have until now been treated as unrelated— (1) the critiques and debates surrounding Zola’s experimental aesthetics; and (2) the contestations over the court’s role in determining photography’s status as authored. The project concludes with an epilogue that utilizes the project’s author concept to re-interpret early art historical theory.

Thesis (LL.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

<p>Korruptionen i Kina beror på flera olika faktorer där de huvudsakliga är ekonomiska, kulturella och kontrollmässiga. Det finns klara korrelationer mellan att Kina är ett relativt fattigt land och det faktum att där finns en utbredd korruption, något som däremot inte är exklusivt för Kina. Något som dock är mer unikt för Kina, och som vi också funnit påverkar korruptionen, är det kulturella fenomenet guanxi som verkar i gränslandet mellan det lagliga och det vi anser korrupt. Den utbredda korruptionen i landet urholkar också det juridiska IP-skyddet och leder till att skyddet måste övervägs på fler plan än bara det rent juridiska. För att förebygga och motverka pågående intrång av IP är goda kontakter med statliga myndigheter både på central och på lokal nivå mycket viktiga. Främst de lokala myndigheterna kan i dessa frågor ha dubbla intressen eftersom de illegala intrången ofta skapar många arbetstillfällen, samtidigt som de då kan skrämma bort de legala arbetsgivarna. Det företag måste vara försiktiga med när det gäller samarbete med myndigheter är var gränsen för korruption går. Företag bör, för att visa att allvar menas med sina ambitioner att skydda sin IP, registrera allt som är möjligt att registrera trots att det legala skyddet ofta är bristfälligt. Att bygga in skydd i produkter är något vi funnit kan vara ett alternativ för att försvåra kopiering men också för att vid intrång enklare kunna bevisa att det verkligen rör sig om kopierade produkter, något som inte alltid är självklart. Olika etableringsformer har för och nackdelar när det gäller skyddet av IP och generellt gäller att ju större kontroll ett företag har över verksamheten desto säkrare är den. Vi har även funnit ett motsatsförhållande mellan skydd av IP och klassisk internationaliseringsteori där låg risk enligt internationaliseringsteorin kan innebära hög risk för intrång i IP. Medvetenheten hos kinesiska befolkningen gällande IP är ofta bristfällig. Att sprida information är därför av högsta vikt och något alla intressenter bör engagera sig i för att på sikt kunna påverka de djupt liggande orsakerna som kultur och värderingar vilka urholkar IP-skyddet.</p>

In March 1991 the World Intellectual Property Organization held an international symposium attended primarily by lawyers, to discuss the questions that artificial intelligence poses for intellectual property law (i.e., copyright and patents). This is an edited version of a talk presented there, which argues that AI poses few problems in the near term and that almost all the truly challenging issues arise instead from software in general. The talk was an attempt to bridge the gap between the legal community and the software community, to explain why existing concepts and categories in intellectual property law present such difficult problems for software, and why software as a technology breaks several important assumptions underlying intellectual property law.

Korruptionen i Kina beror på flera olika faktorer där de huvudsakliga är ekonomiska, kulturella och kontrollmässiga. Det finns klara korrelationer mellan att Kina är ett relativt fattigt land och det faktum att där finns en utbredd korruption, något som däremot inte är exklusivt för Kina. Något som dock är mer unikt för Kina, och som vi också funnit påverkar korruptionen, är det kulturella fenomenet guanxi som verkar i gränslandet mellan det lagliga och det vi anser korrupt. Den utbredda korruptionen i landet urholkar också det juridiska IP-skyddet och leder till att skyddet måste övervägs på fler plan än bara det rent juridiska. För att förebygga och motverka pågående intrång av IP är goda kontakter med statliga myndigheter både på central och på lokal nivå mycket viktiga. Främst de lokala myndigheterna kan i dessa frågor ha dubbla intressen eftersom de illegala intrången ofta skapar många arbetstillfällen, samtidigt som de då kan skrämma bort de legala arbetsgivarna. Det företag måste vara försiktiga med när det gäller samarbete med myndigheter är var gränsen för korruption går. Företag bör, för att visa att allvar menas med sina ambitioner att skydda sin IP, registrera allt som är möjligt att registrera trots att det legala skyddet ofta är bristfälligt. Att bygga in skydd i produkter är något vi funnit kan vara ett alternativ för att försvåra kopiering men också för att vid intrång enklare kunna bevisa att det verkligen rör sig om kopierade produkter, något som inte alltid är självklart. Olika etableringsformer har för och nackdelar när det gäller skyddet av IP och generellt gäller att ju större kontroll ett företag har över verksamheten desto säkrare är den. Vi har även funnit ett motsatsförhållande mellan skydd av IP och klassisk internationaliseringsteori där låg risk enligt internationaliseringsteorin kan innebära hög risk för intrång i IP. Medvetenheten hos kinesiska befolkningen gällande IP är ofta bristfällig. Att sprida information är därför av högsta vikt och något alla intressenter bör engagera sig i för att på sikt kunna påverka de djupt liggande orsakerna som kultur och värderingar vilka urholkar IP-skyddet.

Thomas Pogge proposes the Health Impact Fund (HIF) as a realistic, feasible reform to the pharmaceutical patent regime that would incentivize pharmaceutical research and reward innovation for medicines based on their impact on the global burden of disease. Pogge advances a human rights-based argument to show that the HIF is a morally required addition to the current pharmaceutical patent regime. One objection to his human rights argument comes from a libertarian appeal to property rights. Pogge’s response to the libertarian leads to the counterintuitive conclusion that libertarianism is incompatible with any system of intellectual property rights. This paper will show how Pogge fails to distinguish between what I call status quo and revisionist libertarian positions on intellectual property. Making this distinction, I maintain, would strengthen the human rights argument and allow Pogge to avoid the counterintuitive conclusion of his response to the libertarian.

Overlaps of intellectual property rights are a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood and analyzed; yet it is an increasingly important issue due to development of new hybrid technologies that defy the established structure of the system. Despite the potential adverse effects this phenomenon can have on the integrity of the system, the problem of overlaps has been neglected in judicial and scholarly analyses. This research presents the thesis that all uses of intellectual property rights should be viewed in light of their purposes. In other words, the phenomenon of overlapping intellectual property rights is not a problem per se; instead, it is the use of the rights for incompatible purposes that may be considered objectionable. The analyses use the concept of balance of rights as the measuring rod for assessment of the consequences resulting from use of the overlapping rights. Thus, the dissertation investigates how use of intellectual property rights associated with one segment of the system can affect carefully crafted balance of rights of various stakeholders in an overlapping segment and whether effectiveness of this segment to advance its purposes will be impeded by such use. The analyses are also done with the aim to formulate a uniform answer to identified and potentially objectionable uses of overlapping rights in an attempt to provide the judiciary and law practitioners with analytical framework for resolving disputes involving overlaps in the intellectual property system. An adequate response to the challenge posed by improper use of overlapping intellectual property rights can be found in a properly construed doctrine of misuse of intellectual property rights. Because overlaps in the intellectual property system are a phenomenon that probably cannot be legislated in practical terms, this dissertation advocates adoption of a judicially created doctrine of misuse based on purposive analysis of intellectual property rights.

Intellectual property rights (IPR) have become a major problem in the relationship between the industrialized West and the developing South, primarily because the West demands that developing countries adopt and enforce Western IPR. Since the relationship between US corporations and Chinese businesses is among the most successful and at the center of the current process of globalization, IPR have been a major cause of conflict and controversy between them and serve as an exemplar for this thesis. I argue, first, that the reason that a large number of Chinese businesses, especially privately-owned small and medium-sized enterprises, infringe foreign IPR lies in the nature of the difference between what have been mostly low-tech traditional Chinese businesses and high-tech industrial economies, to which intellectual property laws belong. Second, I demonstrate that the steady improvement of intellectual property protection in the more successful areas of development in the Chinese economy suggests that the solution for improved IPR protection in China and perhaps other emerging nations will follow, not precede, the development and transformation of a low-tech pre-industrial economy into an industrial high-tech economy.

Globalisation and the quest for competitiveness in a global market represents a new era of connectedness within public-private networks of experts in an effort to pursue research objectives in advanced technology industries. Balancing the competing interests of public good and private gain, reducing the barriers in terms of access to knowledge and intellectual property and ensuring that efforts result in socially valuable outcomes in the form of new innovations can be difficult, to say the least. <p>Although widely advocated and implemented, collaborations have not, as yet, been fully examined nor have appropriate performance evaluation models been developed to evaluate them. This dissertation hypothesizes that a history of social relationships or collaborative activity amongst network actors is positively correlated with high performance in networks. Incorporating descriptive statistics with the social network analysis tool, this dissertation proposes and tests a novel framework and compares two distinct Genome Canada funded research networks. Other factors explored are the roles of proximity, institution and research focus in characterizing network structure and in affecting performance.

Overlaps of intellectual property rights are a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood and analyzed; yet it is an increasingly important issue due to development of new hybrid technologies that defy the established structure of the system. Despite the potential adverse effects this phenomenon can have on the integrity of the system, the problem of overlaps has been neglected in judicial and scholarly analyses. This research presents the thesis that all uses of intellectual property rights should be viewed in light of their purposes. In other words, the phenomenon of overlapping intellectual property rights is not a problem per se; instead, it is the use of the rights for incompatible purposes that may be considered objectionable. The analyses use the concept of balance of rights as the measuring rod for assessment of the consequences resulting from use of the overlapping rights. Thus, the dissertation investigates how use of intellectual property rights associated with one segment of the system can affect carefully crafted balance of rights of various stakeholders in an overlapping segment and whether effectiveness of this segment to advance its purposes will be impeded by such use. The analyses are also done with the aim to formulate a uniform answer to identified and potentially objectionable uses of overlapping rights in an attempt to provide the judiciary and law practitioners with analytical framework for resolving disputes involving overlaps in the intellectual property system. An adequate response to the challenge posed by improper use of overlapping intellectual property rights can be found in a properly construed doctrine of misuse of intellectual property rights. Because overlaps in the intellectual property system are a phenomenon that probably cannot be legislated in practical terms, this dissertation advocates adoption of a judicially created doctrine of misuse based on purposive analysis of intellectual property rights.