A liderança consiste na influência de um grupo por um líder que se sobressai por suas ideias e que busca objetivos comuns. Na equipe de saúde, a liderança pode ser exercida por qualquer integrante, incluindo o enfermeiro que é um profissional de referência. A rotina do trabalho do enfermeiro de CTI exige deste profissional domínio do conhecimento, rapidez de raciocínio no sentido de tomar decisões assertivas, coordenando a equipe de profissionais de enfermagem, para que cada integrante contribua com eficiência e competência no atendimento ao ser humano. Estudos que identificam estilos de liderança no Centro de Terapia Intensiva são incipientes na realidade nacional, necessitando-se de maiores evidências científicas para dar subsídio à prática profissional neste cenário de alta complexidade. Encontrar evidências na literatura sobre o tema é essencial para dar sustentação às discussões acerca do papel do enfermeiro, enquanto líder de equipes que trabalham nesses serviços, tanto na lógica tradicional como na contemporânea, propiciando um panorama mais claro sobre o assunto, o que justifica a elaboração desta pesquisa. O estudo objetiva caracterizar as exigências críticas para o desempenho da liderança do enfermeiro que atua nos Centros de Terapia Intensiva de hospitais de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, adotando-se a Técnica do Incidente Crítico como norteadora dos procedimentos metodológicos, realizada com 13 enfermeiros de um hospital público, cinco enfermeiros de um hospital privado e seis enfermeiros de um hospital filantrópico de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados foram agrupados em 61 incidentes críticos extraídos dos relatos. A análise dos dados constou da identificação e do agrupamento de 233 comportamentos e 104 consequências. Os dados coletados foram categorizados, segundo as situações críticas semelhantes, seguidas dos comportamentos e das consequências positivas e negativas decorrentes das diversas situações. Na avaliação das categorias, verificou-se que as falhas no gerenciamento e no processo de comunicação, a forma como é utilizada a autoridade, a supervisão com intuito de fiscalização, a falta de planejamento, de orientação, de educação e de conhecimento teórico e prático, bem como os objetivos do enfermeiro em prol dos objetivos do grupo são tidos como dificultadores do exercício da liderança. Já a comunicação adequada, o conhecimento, a supervisão com o intuito de orientação, o envolvimento do grupo em prol dos objetivos, o planejamento adequado, a orientação e educação da equipe são considerados facilitadores da liderança do enfermeiro no Centro de Terapia Intensiva, evidenciando-se a importância de serem trabalhadas essas questões. Sendo assim, o conhecimento dos enfermeiros, a respeito das teorias contemporâneas da liderança, torna-se fundamental, uma vez que essas teorias valorizam o relacionamento interpessoal, incentivando o grupo no alcance dos objetivos por meio da motivação e focando na transparência e confiança à medida que envolvem os liderados no processo decisório. Facilitam, também, o processo de comunicação, enfatizando os aspectos comportamentais, crenças e valores e apontando para a importância da flexibilidade. O uso da liderança contemporânea e inovadora impacta positivamente nos resultados da organização e, consequentemente, na melhoria da qualidade de atendimento ao paciente / Leadership consists on the influence of a group by a leader that stands out due to his/her ideas and seeks common goals. In the health care team, leadership can be exercised by any member, including a nurse, who is a reference professional. The routine work of a nurse in the Intensive Care Unit requires mastery of knowledge and quick reasoning for assertive decision making when coordinating the nursing team, so that each member contributes with efficiency and competence in caring for the human being. Studies identifying leadership styles in the Intensive Care Unit are nationally incipient; thereby further scientific evidence is required to support professional practice in this highly complex scenario. Finding evidence on the subject in the literature is fundamental to sustain discussions about the nurse\'s role as a leader of teams working in these services, both in the traditional and the contemporary logic, thereby providing a clearer picture on the subject, which justificates the present study. The study aims to characterize the critical requirements to the performance of leadership by nurses working in the Intensive Care Units of the hospitals in a municipality in countryside of São Paulo state. It is an exploratory, descriptive study with a qualitative approach, adopting the Critical Incident Technique to guide the methodological procedures. It was performed with 13 nurses of a public hospital, five nurses of a private hospital and six nurses of a philanthropic hospital in a municipality in the state of São Paulo. The results were grouped into 61 critical incidents extracted from the statements. The data were analyzed by identifying and grouping of 233 behaviors and 104 consequences. The collected data were categorized according to similarities of the critical situations, followed by the positive and negative behaviors and consequences of various situations. In the category assessment, it was found that failures in management and communication process, the way authority is used, supervision with surveillance as an aim, the lack of planning, instructions, education and theoretical and practical knowledge as well as the objectives of the nurse towards the group\'s goals are seen as factors that difficult the exercise of leadership. On the other hand, adequate communication, knowledge, supervision aiming at instructing, the group\'s involvement towards the goals, adequate planning, staff instructing and education are considered factors that facilitate nursing leadership in the Intensive Care Unit, thereby bringing into evidence the importance of working on these issues. For that reason, nurses\' knowledge about the contemporary theories of leadership becomes fundamental, since these theories value interpersonal relationships, encouraging the group in achieving their objectives through motivation and focusing on transparency and trust while involving those being led in decision-making. They also facilitate the communication process, emphasizing on behavioral aspects, beliefs and values and pointing out to the importance of flexibility. The use of contemporary and innovative leadership impacts positively on the organization\'s results, thereby improving the quality of patient care

Background: Care of premature infants is challenging for health care professionals. When the preterm infant is separated from its mother the parent-child interaction is impeded. In the last few decades, there has been increasing interest in the effectiveness of massage as an intervention to counter the negative physiological, clinical and behavioral consequences of prematurity and the neonatal intensive care unit environment. Aims: To establish the effectiveness of moderate pressure massage from evidence in the literature and to then explore the cultural, organisational and contextual factors that may act as facilitators and/or barriers for its future implementation in Lebanon. Methods: This thesis utilizes a two-step approach. Two literature reviews were undertaken to establish recent evidence on moderate pressure massage. A qualitative exploratory investigation was adopted as no articles were found that elucidated the contextual barriers and facilitators for massage implementation in the neonatal intensive care unit. The normalization process theory was used as a sensitizing framework to understand implementation issues and address the observed difficulties in implementing new interventions in clinical settings. This study was also concerned with context and culture as moderate pressure massage is not practiced in the Lebanese neonatal intensive care units. A purposive sample of Lebanese health care professionals and parents were recruited from three university hospitals with data generated through focus group discussions and observational notes. Framework analysis was used for the analysis and interpretation of the findings. The study drew on the principles and practice of ethnographic approaches. Findings: The findings from the two literature reviews only revealed randomized control trials that observed mostly the short-term physiological and psychological effects of moderate pressure massage. There were no studies that examined the organizational and contextual issues that need to be understood before any trial could be designed in the neonatal intensive care unit setting. The evidence from this review suggested there is a need to explore the views of health care professionals and parents on the practice of massage in the neonatal intensive care units to provide insight into the subsequent design of an intervention study that would be culturally sensitive, appropriate, and acceptable in practice. The findings from the qualitative study then revealed that despite the participants’ interest in implementing massage intervention, parents’ participation in the neonatal intensive care unit is almost absent except for breastfeeding. Participants in both groups, parents and health care professionals, highlighted the parents’ fear and anxiety. In general, nurses are in charge and parents are passive observers. Transportation difficulties, unavailability of helpful staff, and fear were reported as major barriers to parent-implemented infant moderate pressure massage; health care professionals highlighted staff attitude and resistance, workload and time constraints. Communication, gradual implementation, encouragement and support were identified by parents as potential facilitators. In comparison, having extra staff and a protocol for teaching nurses, training parents and openness to innovation were the main potential facilitators of implementation identified by health care professionals. Conclusion: This study helped to reveal the potential challenges of applying such a complex intervention as moderate pressure massage by the parents in the neonatal intensive care unit. Adopting infant massage in the Lebanese neonatal intensive care unit without preparation of health care professionals and parents would be premature. Good communication between parents and health care providers is a key element to facilitate early bonding and parent-infant interaction. Missing the opportunity to involve parents in neonatal intensive care unit care puts the family in a difficult situation to adapt to the new challenges after discharge. The findings of this study will advance current knowledge in understanding the factors that determine applicability, acceptability and feasibility of massage implementation in the neonatal intensive care unit setting. It will also assist and inform the design of future randomized control trials. The noramalization process theory was a valuable lens to guide the process of inquiry and to make sense of the emergent findings from this exploratory qualitative study.

Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem quantitativa, de corte transversal e retrospectivo, que teve como objetivo analisar a carga de trabalho de enfermagem e os fatores associados a ela, no primeiro dia de internação de pacientes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Os dados foram extraídos de um banco de dados que reuniu informações de 5 UTI(s) de dois hospitais privados, de nível terciário, de grande e médio porte, no município de São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída por 214 pacientes adultos, admitidos nas instituições nos meses de abril de 2002 e outubro de 2004, respectivamente, e que permaneceram na UTI por um período mínimo de 24 horas. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários por meio de três instrumentos: ficha de levantamento de dados que incluiu informações demográficas e clínicas; índice NAS (Nursing Activities Score), para medir a carga de trabalho de enfermagem e SAPS II (Simplified Acute Physiology Score II), aplicado para medir a gravidade dos pacientes. Esses dados foram armazenados e analisados utilizando o programa SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) versão 12.0 (SPSS, 2002), estabelecendo-se as análises descritivas e inferenciais pertinentes ao estudo. A média do escore total do NAS foi de 69,9% e mediana de 68,0%. Verificou-se, segundo a mediana, que 109 (50,9%) indivíduos exigiram alta carga de trabalho de enfermagem e 105 (49,1%) baixa carga. Comparando as médias da carga de trabalho de enfermagem segundo as variáveis demográficas e clínicas, observou-se que as únicas estatisticamente significativas foram a condição de saída e o tempo de permanência na UTI. Ao serem comparadas com os grupos alta e baixa carga de trabalho de enfermagem, constatou-se associação apenas entre a variável tempo de permanência. Conclui-se, portanto, que a gravidade, a idade do paciente e o tipo de tratamento não foram fatores associados à demanda de trabalho de enfermagem, nas primeiras 24 horas na UTI. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de investigar outras variáveis, entre elas o grau de dependência de enfermagem do paciente em estado crítico. / This is a qualitative and retrospective study with transversal cut that aimed both to analyse the nursing workload on the first day of admission in the Intensive Care Unite (ICU) and the factors related to it. The data were taken from a database that gathered information from 5 ICUs from two private hospitals, of a terciary level, large and medium-sized in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The sample was constituted of 214 adult patients, admitted from April 2002 to October 2004, in the large and medium-sized hospitals respectively. They remained in the ICU for at least 24 hours. The data were collected from their recordings through three instruments: A data form which brings information such as demographic, clinical and instruments, NAS (Nursing Activities Score) and SAPS II (Simplified Acute Physiology Score II) respectively applied in order to measure the nursing workload and patients severity. The data were stored and analysed through the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) program, version 12.0 (SPSS, 2002). It was established descriptive and inferential analysis of the study. NAS total score average was 69.9% and the median was 68.0%. According to the median, it was verified that 109 (50.9%) individuals had high nusing workload and 105 (49.1%) low load.. When the nursing workload averages were compared according to clinical and demographic variables, it was observed that the only statistically significative ones were discharge conditions and time spent in the ICU. When compared to the groups with high and low nursing workload, the relation was only observed between the variable time spent in the ICU. Therefore, it was concluded that severity of illness, patient age and kind of treatment were not factores related to nursing workload in the first 24 hours in the ICU. Based on these results, further investigations on other variables considering dependency level of the critical patient are necessary.

A aplicação de instrumentos que mensuram carga de trabalho de enfermagem prospectivamente é de fundamental interesse, pois a pontuação obtida de forma retrospectiva não reflete em tempo real a carga de trabalho de enfermagem necessária para atender as demandas de cuidados dos pacientes nas horas subseqüentes. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar o desempenho do NAS para a medida prospectiva da carga de trabalho de enfermagem em UTI e comparar as medidas entre o NAS de aplicação prospectiva e retrospectiva. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico desenvolvido em uma UTI geral pertencente a um hospital privado do município de São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída por 104 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, admitidos na UTI e que permaneceram, no mínimo, 24 horas no primeiro dia de internação, no período de setembro a novembro de 2006. Foram coletados dados demográficos e de internação, SAPS II, LODS e o NAS de aplicação prospectiva e retrospectiva. Para comparar as médias do NAS e verificar a correlação e homogeneidade entre o NAS prospectivo e retrospectivo utilizou-se o teste t-student e os Coeficientes de Pearson e de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Para avaliar a concordância entre cada item do NAS nas duas formas de aplicação utilizou-se o índice Kappa. Prevaleceram pacientes do sexo masculino (55,8%), provenientes do pronto-socorro (35,6%) e que internaram por razões clínicas (76,0%). A pontuação média SAPS II e LODS foram de 31,8 e 2,9 pontos, respectivamente, com mortalidade encontrada de 17,3%. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p< 0,001) entre as médias do NAS prospectivo e retrospectivo e correlação moderada (Pearson 0,65; ICC 0,623) entre as duas medidas. Observou-se que do total de 32 itens do instrumento, em 11 não foi possível aplicar o índice Kappa devido à elevada porcentagem de concordância em uma única categoria de respostas e que, dos 21 em que a análise foi possível, 10 itens (47,6%) apresentaram concordância igual ou maior do que moderada, sendo apenas um item nessa última classificação (1a). Quanto a concordância por itens, verificou-se que aqueles com concordância muito forte (itens 5, 10, 12, 14 e 20) e forte (9, 17, 18 e 21), referiam-se a dados mais objetivos, de fácil avaliação e monitoramento pelos profissionais de enfermagem e que geralmente não apresentam discordâncias quanto ao tipo de cuidado que deve ser prestado. Os itens com divisão em sub-itens (a, b e c) apresentaram as concordâncias mais fracas, quer devido às avaliações subjetivas das coletadoras e enfermeiros, quer pela ausência de registros com informações fidedignas. Conclui-se que o NAS prospectivo pode ser usado quando se deseja projetar os cuidados de enfermagem a serem prestados, sobretudo, quando se tem a intenção de distribuir os profissionais de enfermagem necessários para prestar assistência de qualidade no decorrer de um período de trabalho. No entanto, existe a necessidade de uma efetiva uniformização entre os enfermeiros da UTI para que esta projeção seja fidedigna / The using of measuring instruments of nursing workload prospectively is the fundamental interest, therefore the obtained pointing in retrospective way don´t show in real time nursing workload necessary to attend the requirements of patients care on the subsequent hours. The aims of this study were analysis NAS performing for prospective measuring of nursing workload in ICU and comparing them among NAS of prospective and retrospective application. It is methodological study developed in ICU of a private hospital of São Paulo city. The sample was constituted by 104 patients with ages equal or superior 18 years old, admitted in ICU that stayed there at least 24 hours in the first day of internation, during the period of September until November 2006. It has been collected demographic and internation data, SAP II, LODS and NAS of prospective and retrospective application. To compare the average of NAS and check the correlation and homogeneity between NAS retrospective and prospective had been used t-student test, Pearson Coefficients and Intraclass Correlation (ICC). To valuate the concordance among each item of NAS on the two ways of application had been used Kappa index. Patients of masculine sex were superior (55,8%), coming from first-aid clinic (35,6%) and they were admitted for clinical reasons (76,0%). The average pointing SAPSII and LODS were 31,8 and 2,9 points, respectively, with mortality of 17,3%. There was significative statistical difference (p< 0,001) between NAS average prospective and retrospective and moderate correlation (Pearson 0,65; ICC 0,623) between the measures. It had been observed that of the total 32 items of the instrument, at 11 weren’t possible to apply Kappa index due high percentage of concordance on a unique category of answers and that among 21 the analysis was possible, 10 items (47,6%) showed concordance equal or bigger than moderated, it was being only one item on the last classification (1a). In relation to the concordance for items, it was checked that some with high concordance (items 5, 10, 12, 14, and 20) and strong (9, 17, 18 and 21) they were referring to more objective data, with easy valuation and checking of nursery professionals and that generally don´t shown discordances as the type of caring that should be done. The items with sub-items (a, b and c) shown very weak concordance, or because of the subjective evaluation of searchers and nurses. Concluding that prospective NAS can be used when we wish to plan nursing care to will be afford, mainly, when we have the intention of distributing necessary nursing professional to afford assistance of quality during work schedule. However, there is the necessity of an effective uniformation among the ICU nursery for this projection become reliable

As Unidades de Terapia Intensiva atendem pacientes críticos, que demandam cuidados de alta complexidade. Com isso, a freqüente realização de procedimentos invasivos favorece a exposição do profissional e dos pacientes a riscos biológicos. Para diminuir os riscos associados ao trabalho dos profissionais que atuam nessas unidades, é imprescindível utilizar medidas preventivas durante a assistência das quais destacamos as precauções-padrão. Objetivos: Avaliar os fatores individuais, relativos ao trabalho e organizacionais relacionados à adesão às precauções-padrão por profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em terapia intensiva em um hospital universitário do interior paulista. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de dezembro de 2010 a junho de 2011. A população de estudo constituiu-se por 178 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem - enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem- que atuavam na assistência a pacientes em terapia intensiva, de duas unidades distintas da instituição. Os instrumentos para a coleta de dados foram escalas psicométricas do tipo Likert desenvolvidas por Gershon et al. (1995), traduzidas e validadas por Brevidelli e Cianciarullo (2009), somando 57 questões divididas em 10 escalas, que compreendem fatores individuais, do trabalho e organizacionais. A análise estatística foi feita por meio do software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), versão 15.0., utilizando-se estatística descritiva e teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: A maior parte dos profissionais foi do sexo feminino 171 (79,2) com predomínio da categoria de auxiliar de enfermagem com 94 (52,8%). Obteve-se que 79 (44,4%) dos profissionais trabalhavam 50 horas ou mais durante a semana. Na escala de adesão às precauções-padrão obteve-se um escore de 4,45 (DP=0,27) classificado como intermediário para as duas unidades. Houve correlação quando comparada com fatores individuais, para Escala de Personalidade de Risco (r=- 0,169; p=0,024) e fatores relativos ao trabalho representada pela Escala de Obstáculos para Seguir as precauções-padrão (r=-0,359; p=0,000). Para a unidade B os fatores organizacionais com a Escala de Clima de Segurança (r=0,243; p=0,014) apresentaram correlação estatisticamente significante quando comparados com a Escala de Adesão. Conclusão: Para as unidades A e B de terapia intensiva, a adesão às PP foi intermediária entre enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem, ou seja, não ocorreu em sua totalidade. O comportamento individual, a identificação de obstáculos e a organização do trabalho são aspectos que devem ser revistos, pois fatores individuais, relativos ao trabalho e organizacionais influenciaram na adesão às precauções-padrão por profissionais que atuam em terapia intensiva. / Introduction: Intensive Care Units serve critically ill patients requiring highly complex care. Thus, frequent invasive procedures promote the professional and the patients exposure to biological hazards. To reduce the risks associated with the work of professionals working in these units, it is essential to use preventive measures for the assistance of which we highlight the standard precautions. Objectives: To assess the individual factors related to work-related and organizational adherence to standard precautions for nurses working in intensive care at a university hospital in the interior of São Paulo. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, developed at the Hospital das Clinicas of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo in the period of December 2010 to June 2011. The study population consisted of 178 professionals of the nursing staff - nurses, technicians and nursing assistants who worked in patient care in intensive care, two distinct units of the institution. The instruments for data collection were the psychometric Likert scales developed by Gershon et al. (1995), translated and validated by Brevidelli and Cianciarullo (2009), totaling 57 questions divided into 10 scales, which include individual factors, and organizational work. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 15.0., Using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation test. Results: Most professionals were 171 females (79.2) with a predominance of the category of nursing assistant with 94 (52.8%). It was found that 79 (44.4%) of the professionals were working 50 hours or more during the week. On a scale of adherence to standard precautions we obtained a score of 4.45 (SD = 0.27) classified as intermediate for the two units. There was a correlation when compared with individual factors to Risk Personality Scale (r =- 0.169, p = 0.024) and factors related to the work represented by the scale of Obstacles to follow the standard-precautions (r =- 0.359, p = 0.000). For the B unit the organizational factors with Safety Climate Scale (r = 0.243, p = 0.014) showed statistically significant when compared with the adherence scale. Conclusion: For the A and B intensive care units, adherence to SP was intermediate between nurses, technicians and nursing assistants, or did not occur in its entirety. The individual behavior, identification of obstacles and work organization must be reviewed because individual factors, related to work and organizational influence on adherence to standard precautions by professionals working in intensive care.

Audit and feedback (A&F), provision of performance data, can be an effective means to change behaviour. We hypothesize that A&F may be useful in the complex environment of critical care to address routine ordering behaviours. This thesis describes a systematic review assessing the use and effectiveness of A&F for the improvement of intensive care unit laboratory test and transfusion ordering and an analysis of how these interventions adhere to recent suggestions for best practice. The review identified relatively few published studies, almost all of which involved multi-component interventions; these were generally found to be moderately effective. Through development of an evaluation tool, we found recent suggestions for best practice may be underutilized in existing A&F interventions. This work has identified several priorities for future research to aid in the optimization of critical care A&F interventions aimed at improving test and transfusion ordering.

Background: Critical care nurses (CCNs) frequently provide end-of-life care for critically ill patients. CCNs may face many obstacles while trying to provide quality EOL care. Some research focusing on obstacles CCNs face while trying to provide quality EOL care has been published; however, research focusing on family behavior obstacles is limited. Research focusing on family behavior as an EOL care obstacle may provide additional insight and improvement in care. Objective: What are the predominant themes noted when CCNs share their experiences of common obstacles, relating to families in providing EOL care? Methods: A random geographically dispersed sample of 2,000 members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses was surveyed. Responses from a qualitative question on the questionnaire were analyzed. Results: Sixty-seven EOL obstacle experiences surrounding issues with families' behavior were analyzed for this study. Experiences were categorized into 8 themes. Top three common obstacle experiences included families in denial, families going against patient wishes and advance directives, and families directing care which negatively impacted patients. Conclusions: In overcoming EOL obstacles, it may be beneficial to have proactive family meetings to align treatment goals and to involve palliative care earlier in the ICU stay.

Programa de Doctorado de Enfermería: Práctica y Educación.

<div><b>Background:</b> Bradycardia and hypotension are complications commonly occurring during general anesthesia in small animals. Intraoperative hypotension has been found to be associated with adverse postoperative consequences. </div><div><br></div><div><b>Objectives: </b>The objectives of his study were first, to determine the incidence of bradycardia, hypotension, and bradycardia with hypotension in dogs undergoing general anesthesia, and second, to identify the risk factors associated with these three complications. The third objective was to evaluate the relationship between these three intraoperative complications and the recovery quality in these dogs.</div><div><br></div><div><b>Methods and Materials:</b> A retrospective cohort study was performed using anesthetic records from 250 dogs undergoing general anesthesia between May 23, 2018 and October 1, 2018 at the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Intraoperative bradycardia was defined as heart rate < 60 beats/min for at least two consecutive readings at 5 minutes apart. Hypotension was defined as mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 60 mmHg or a systolic arterial pressure (SAP) < 80 mmHg for at least two consecutive readings. A univariate analysis followed by multiple logistic regression was performed to build the model for bradycardia, hypotension, and bradycardia with hypotension. The relationships between the three complications and the recovery quality were analyzed using the Pearson’s chi-square test.</div><div><br></div><div><b>Results:</b> The study found that out of the 250 dogs, 114 (45.6%) developed bradycardia, 113 (45.2%) developed hypotension, and 32 (12.8%) dogs developed bradycardia with hypotension. The use of dexmedetomidine-based tranquilizers/sedatives, longer duration of anesthesia, and subjection to orthopedic and neurologic surgical procedures were all identified as risk factors for the dogs to develop bradycardia. The use of acepromazine-based tranquilizers/sedatives, young and old age dogs, and dogs subjected to neurologic surgery were associated with the development of intraoperative hypotension. When the length of the anesthesia increased, the chance for developing bradycardia with hypotension increased. There was no significant association between these intraoperative complications and the recovery quality.</div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Conclusions:</b> We found a high incidence of bradycardia or hypotension while a much lower incidence of bradycardia with hypotension in the anesthetized dogs. The risk factors for bradycardia were the use of dexmedetomidine-based tranquilizers/sedatives, the longer duration of anesthesia, and the performance of orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery. The risk factors for hypotension included the use of acepromazine-based tranquilizers/sedatives, the older or younger age of dogs, and the performance of neurosurgery. The risk factor for bradycardia with hypotension was the longer duration of anesthesia. While these adverse events developed intraoperatively, we could not identify a direct influence of these complications on the recovery quality. </div><div><br></div>

Grounded theory methodology has guided the grounded theory methods used to explore the acute care paediatric nurses' perspective of what they do when a child has had a severe accident. The research was initiated from the experience of nursing children in the context of a rehabilitation centre and wondering how acute care nurses promoted a child's recovery after a severe unintentional injury.Many avenues were used to search international and New Zealand literature but the scarcity of literature related to what acute care paediatric nurses do was evident. Therefore this research has the potential of informing the speciality practice of acute care pediatric nursing.Nursing children in the acute care ward after a severe accident is complex. It encompasses nursing the family when they are experiencing a crisis. It is critical that the acute care nurse monitors and ensures the child's physiological needs are met, and the nurse "works with" the child to maintain and advance medical stability. Nursing interactions are an important part of "working with", communication is the essence of nursing. This research has focussed on the nurses' social processes whilst caring for the physical needs of the child and interacting with the family and multidisciplinary team when appropriate.An effective working-relationship with a nurse and family is founded on trust. Trust is an accepted part of our day-to-day lives and how to develop a trusting working-relationship with the child and family has not been explored prior to this research. Grounded theory methods supported the process of exploring the social processes of "building trust" whilst "working with" families in a vulnerable position. Nurses rely on rapport to be invited into a family's space to "work with" and support the re-establishment of the parenting role. The "stepping in and out" of an effective working-relationship with a family is reliant on trust. Nurses build trust by spending time to "be with", using chat to get to know each other, involving and supporting the family to parent a "different" child and reassuring and giving realistic hope to help the child and parents cope with their changed future.A substantive theory of the concept of "building trust to work with" has been developed using grounded theory methods. The theory has been conceptualized using the perspective of seven registered nurses working in paediatric acute care wards that admit children who have had a severe traumatic accident.