Orientador: Jefferson Sidney Camacho / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a análise entre os modelos simplificados de paredes individuais (PI), grupos isolados de paredes (GIP), grupos de paredes com interação (GPCI) e simulações numéricas (elementos finitos) para determinação da distribuição dos esforços verticais na alvenaria estrutural. Para tal, inicialmente foi efetuado uma revisão bibliográfica para estudo do comportamento da distribuição dos esforços verticais nas paredes e suas interfaces de ligação além de conceitos de discretização da alvenaria estrutural em elementos finitos e os modelos simplificados de dimensionamento. A discretização do modelo em elementos finitos foi realizada utilizando o conceito de macromodelagem e as características dos materiais foram adotadas de acordo com as normas vigentes. Em relação aos grupos de paredes isolados, foi possível identificar um comportamento de uniformização das forças verticais de acordo com o número de pavimentos. Buscou-se também, uma caracterização da uniformização das forças verticais relacionadas com as medidas geométricas dos grupos de parede com interação. Dentre os valores obtidos pelo modelo simplificado de grupos de paredes com interação e a simulações numéricas, considerando o modelo arquitetônico adotado, verificou-se que as taxas de interação tendem a valores de 20%, além da identificação de alguns fenômenos que devem ser melhores investigados. / Mestre

Submitted by RAPHAEL SAVERIO SPOZITO null (rspozito@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-16T17:16:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_RSS_Repositorio_R01.pdf: 8416445 bytes, checksum: 2215a4574c53c042840a83c52ddf3b45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-17T12:34:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 spozito_rs_me_ilha.pdf: 8416445 bytes, checksum: 2215a4574c53c042840a83c52ddf3b45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T12:34:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 spozito_rs_me_ilha.pdf: 8416445 bytes, checksum: 2215a4574c53c042840a83c52ddf3b45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-09 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a análise entre os modelos simplificados de paredes individuais (PI), grupos isolados de paredes (GIP), grupos de paredes com interação (GPCI) e simulações numéricas (elementos finitos) para determinação da distribuição dos esforços verticais na alvenaria estrutural. Para tal, inicialmente foi efetuado uma revisão bibliográfica para estudo do comportamento da distribuição dos esforços verticais nas paredes e suas interfaces de ligação além de conceitos de discretização da alvenaria estrutural em elementos finitos e os modelos simplificados de dimensionamento. A discretização do modelo em elementos finitos foi realizada utilizando o conceito de macromodelagem e as características dos materiais foram adotadas de acordo com as normas vigentes. Em relação aos grupos de paredes isolados, foi possível identificar um comportamento de uniformização das forças verticais de acordo com o número de pavimentos. Buscou-se também, uma caracterização da uniformização das forças verticais relacionadas com as medidas geométricas dos grupos de parede com interação. Dentre os valores obtidos pelo modelo simplificado de grupos de paredes com interação e a simulações numéricas, considerando o modelo arquitetônico adotado, verificou-se que as taxas de interação tendem a valores de 20%, além da identificação de alguns fenômenos que devem ser melhores investigados. / This work has the main objective of analyzing the simplified models of individual walls (IW), of isolated wall groups (IWG) and of interacting wall groups (IAWG) and also numerical simulations (finite element) to determine the distribution of the vertical forces in structural masonry. To do this, first, reviewed literature provided a study of the behavior of vertical forces distributed on the walls and their connection interfaces and also concepts for discretization of structural masonry for finite element analysis and simplified models. The concept of macro-modeling was used for model discretization into finite elements and characteristics of the materials were adopted in accordance with current regulations. In relation to the isolated wall groups, it was possible to identify behavior of uniformization of the vertical forces according to the number of floors. Characterization of the uniformization of vertical forces related to the geometric measurements of the interacting wall groups was also looked for. Among the values obtained by the simplified model of interacting wall groups and the numerical simulations for the architectural model adopted, the interaction rates tend to values of 20%. Some other phenomena were also identified that need to be investigated further.

Many mammals are social. The most basic social behaviour is when the actions of one conspecific are directed toward another, what we call the dyadic interaction. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors may affect an individuals propensity to interact with other members of a population. I used a social cervid, elk (Cervus elaphus), as a model species to test the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors of sociality on dyadic interactions. Dyadic interactions not only form the basis for social structure and information transfer within a population, but are also routes of pathogen transmission. My objective in this thesis was thus twofold: to improve our understanding of sociobiology, but also to gain insight into how sociality may underlie the transmission of communicable wildlife disease. I used a hierarchical, autecological approach from DNA, through individual, dyad, group, subpopulation, and ultimately population to explore the effects of intrinsic factors (e.g., sex and pairwise genetic relatedness) and extrinsic factors (e.g., season, conspecific density, habitat, and elk group size) on sociality. Elk in Riding Mountain National Park (RMNP), Manitoba, Canada, are exposed to the causal agent of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis; TB); however, spatial variation in apparent disease prevalence suggests that TB can only persist in one subpopulation within the Park. Using the natural RMNP system and a captive elk herd that I manipulated, I explored factors that influence interaction rates and durations (as a proxy for pathogen transmission) among elk. Sexual segregation in elk results in seasonal and sex-based differences in interaction rate and duration; with interactions peaking in autumn-winter for both sexes. Female-female dyads interact more frequently than male-male dyads. However, male-male dyads interact for longer durations than do female-female dyads. Interaction rate and duration did not covary with pairwise relatedness. Conspecific density also had sex-specific results for interaction rate and duration. Whereas male-male dyadic interaction rates increase with density, female-female dyads increase until they reach a threshold and subsequently reduce their interaction rates at high density. I observed density dependence in interaction rates in experimental trials and from field data. Furthermore, social networks revealed that social familiarity (i.e., heterogeneity of interactions) can be both frequency- and- density dependent depending on the strength of the relationship (i.e., number of repeat interactions). Density also affected the likelihood that an interaction would occur; however, this was modified by vegetation association used by elk. My results reveal several ecological and evolutionary implications for information transfer and pathogen transmission. In particular, I show that seasonal inter-sex routes of transfer may exist and that transfer is likely to be density-dependent. Finally, I conclude that such transfer is modified by available resources.

Many mammals are social. The most basic social behaviour is when the actions of one conspecific are directed toward another, what we call the dyadic interaction. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors may affect an individuals propensity to interact with other members of a population. I used a social cervid, elk (Cervus elaphus), as a model species to test the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors of sociality on dyadic interactions. Dyadic interactions not only form the basis for social structure and information transfer within a population, but are also routes of pathogen transmission. My objective in this thesis was thus twofold: to improve our understanding of sociobiology, but also to gain insight into how sociality may underlie the transmission of communicable wildlife disease. I used a hierarchical, autecological approach from DNA, through individual, dyad, group, subpopulation, and ultimately population to explore the effects of intrinsic factors (e.g., sex and pairwise genetic relatedness) and extrinsic factors (e.g., season, conspecific density, habitat, and elk group size) on sociality. Elk in Riding Mountain National Park (RMNP), Manitoba, Canada, are exposed to the causal agent of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis; TB); however, spatial variation in apparent disease prevalence suggests that TB can only persist in one subpopulation within the Park. Using the natural RMNP system and a captive elk herd that I manipulated, I explored factors that influence interaction rates and durations (as a proxy for pathogen transmission) among elk. Sexual segregation in elk results in seasonal and sex-based differences in interaction rate and duration; with interactions peaking in autumn-winter for both sexes. Female-female dyads interact more frequently than male-male dyads. However, male-male dyads interact for longer durations than do female-female dyads. Interaction rate and duration did not covary with pairwise relatedness. Conspecific density also had sex-specific results for interaction rate and duration. Whereas male-male dyadic interaction rates increase with density, female-female dyads increase until they reach a threshold and subsequently reduce their interaction rates at high density. I observed density dependence in interaction rates in experimental trials and from field data. Furthermore, social networks revealed that social familiarity (i.e., heterogeneity of interactions) can be both frequency- and- density dependent depending on the strength of the relationship (i.e., number of repeat interactions). Density also affected the likelihood that an interaction would occur; however, this was modified by vegetation association used by elk. My results reveal several ecological and evolutionary implications for information transfer and pathogen transmission. In particular, I show that seasonal inter-sex routes of transfer may exist and that transfer is likely to be density-dependent. Finally, I conclude that such transfer is modified by available resources.