For nearly a century the Sami peoples of Norway were subject to colonial policies of assimilation and integration. According to historians of the Sami, colonial processes stigmatized Sami individuals and the Sami culture, producing feelings of shame. The concept of shame, for both individuals and groups, centers on experiencing fear, pain, and/or uneasiness, and requires a judging audience. Honor is about individuals transcending self-interest and the need for individuals and groups to acquire self-esteem for that purpose; it also requires a judging audience. Concepts of shame and honor played an important role during the Alta conflict; a watershed moment in recent history of Sami, Norwegian relations. The conflict arose in the 1970s, when Norway decided to build a hydroelectric power plant on the Alta-Kautokeino River, resulting in the flooding of Sami villages, farmland, and pasture land. Sami individuals of the boarding school generation, now educated in the same manner as Norwegians, organized collectively and protested against the proposed construction of the dam. While Sami individual and group activism failed to halt the project, it did signal a change in the political power structure between Sami peoples and Norway from one based on Sami subordination to one based on mutual respect. This helped change Sami identity from being seen as inferior to one deserving of respect, collectively and individually; which in turn elevated the status of Sami individuals and the Sami culture.

For nearly a century the Sami peoples of Norway were subject to colonial policies of assimilation and integration. According to historians of the Sami, colonial processes stigmatized Sami individuals and the Sami culture, producing feelings of shame. The concept of shame, for both individuals and groups, centers on experiencing fear, pain, and/or uneasiness, and requires a judging audience. Honor is about individuals transcending self-interest and the need for individuals and groups to acquire self-esteem for that purpose; it also requires a judging audience. Concepts of shame and honor played an important role during the Alta conflict; a watershed moment in recent history of Sami, Norwegian relations. The conflict arose in the 1970s, when Norway decided to build a hydroelectric power plant on the Alta-Kautokeino River, resulting in the flooding of Sami villages, farmland, and pasture land. Sami individuals of the boarding school generation, now educated in the same manner as Norwegians, organized collectively and protested against the proposed construction of the dam. While Sami individual and group activism failed to halt the project, it did signal a change in the political power structure between Sami peoples and Norway from one based on Sami subordination to one based on mutual respect. This helped change Sami identity from being seen as inferior to one deserving of respect, collectively and individually; which in turn elevated the status of Sami individuals and the Sami culture.

Pau Casals (1876-1973, better known to American audiences as Pablo Casals) was a notable Catalan cellist, conductor and composer, also widely known as a humanitarian. He was raised in El Vendrell, a small village in Catalonia (Spain). He went into exile in Prades, France in 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War, subsequently relocating to Puerto Rico in 1957. In October 1945, following the end of World War II, the lack of Allied intervention in Spain ignited Casals' international artistic boycott, wherein Casals vowed not to perform in any country recognizing General Francisco Franco's regime. To date, a group of over thirty biographies stand as rich and authoritative sources on Casals' life and legacy. The biographers, however, tendentiously romanticized Casals' persona by focusing on his musical accomplishments and political activism, providing a popular, yet distorted, image which continues to inform a wide audience of new and senior scholars, performers, music teachers, journalists, concert programmers, and music listeners. While a few scholarly works have touched on some biographical deficiencies (Chaitkin, 2001 and Mercier, 2008), nearly four decades after Casals' death, no definitive scholarly biography exists. This dissertation takes a critical look at three facets of Casals' legacy previously undocumented or misrepresented. Through newly discovered sources, Casals' life is discussed on three dimensions of scale: personal, national and international. The first chapter examines Casals' marriage to Susan Metcalfe illustrating the artist's stratagems to regulate his biographical enterprise. This individual realm reveals the deeply personal nature of Casals' vocal works--at the example of En Sourdine (1904). The second chapter features Casals' entanglements with Puerto Rico's cultural development plan (Operación Serenidad), wherein a neocolonialist lens seemed fitting to observe Casals' musical legacy at a national (Puerto Rico) level. The third chapter covers the later part of Casals' life and focuses on his engagements with the United Nations, the production of the "Hymn to the United Nations," and his grandest musical aspiration--to redeem the world through his peace oratorio El Pessebre. At all three levels of analysis, this dissertation demonstrates that Casals enjoyed increasing notoriety through the construction of a positive widespread public image, because he wanted an enduring legacy transcendent of place and time. As an intellectual and cultural product of pre-World War I, however, Casals believed in moral certainty and cultural hierarchy. Being out-of-touch with major social, political and intellectual developments, Casals often served as a carrier of deep-seated social and cultural prejudices. Hence, his legacy is contested and fickle.

Afghanistan is a landlocked and mountainous country, the country shares its border with six different countries, namely, Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and China. The longest country to border Afghanistan is Pakistan (at 2,430 kilometers), whereas the smallest is China (at 76 kilometers) . The majority of the population lives in the most remote rural and mountainous areas. The primary health care system has similar problems to other civil sectors of the country due to the last three decades of war. Consequently, most people in the provinces of Afghanistan do not have access to primary health care due to lack of professional health care, hospitals, clinics, poverty, and finally lack of road infrastructure from one province to another province. The Afghan government tried to solve this problem by creating and implementing the Basic Package Health Service (BPHS) and later the Essential Package Health Service (EPHS) which were designed after the fall of Taliban regime in 2001. These programs represent important elements in the development of the health care system of Afghanistan in order to deliver primary health care services to Afghans in every part of the country. However, many obstacles exist that prevent the complete implementation of these programs throughout country. In the authors experience as a medical student in 2008 in 10 hospitals in Kabul, there is lack of security, hospitals, medical equipment, and basic diagnostic and treatment services. In addition, the staffs are poorly managed and there is poor coordination between hospital systems, limited financial resources, and lack of professional personnel, especially female health care workers. In order to solve these problems, the Afghan government must build hospitals in remote areas and allocate enough funds for the health sector in rural areas. In addition, it should provide short-term and long-term training for women in nursing and midwifery in the provinces of rural areas, and provide management training for all new graduate doctors throughout the country. This training should be conducted by the Ministry of Public Health of Afghanistan with the help of national and international experts in health management and leadership. The long-term goal of quality primary health care for all Afghans requires the combination of specific factors including foreign aid, physician specialties, and time. Hiring and engaging more health care workers in remote areas will allow Afghan citizens in rural areas to have access to professional medical care. In addition, The Ministry of Public Health needs to identify problems that professional medical personnel are experiencing, and it needs to establish coordination between the hospitals and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO). Development of good leadership and a management system for all the hospitals in the country is the solution to implement these programs successfully in urban and rural areas of Afghanistan.

The Community Resilience Training (CRT) Project Proposal is a design for the creation and implementation of a multi-level, adaptive curriculum designed to improve community resilience to disasters and other major disruption. Grounded in chaos theory and the complexity paradigm of disaster response, the CRT program is designed to provide information at the community level to promote change throughout the disaster preparedness, response, relief, and recovery process. The CRT project incorporates permaculture technology, wilderness medicine protocols, community organizing skills, and transnational advocacy competencies with traditional community knowledge to create a culturally specific training curriculum. Through the research process, community knowledge and needs will be identified, allowing for the adaptation of the CRT framework to be adapted to local needs. Further, the CRT program would facilitate the transfer of effective community adaptations to disruption to other vulnerable communities.

Reentry Shock had been studied through psychological symptoms and inter-relationship problems. Previous research also focused on quantitative data of post-experience questionnaires. This dissertation examines how reentry support programs help students during the reentry process and how participants integrate the study abroad experience into their academic careers. A case study methodology was employed and qualitative data was gathered from eight students who volunteered to participate in two 90 minute workshops and an individual interview. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data with NVivo. Thematic analysis revealed a reentry process where students became aware of: a) the different ways they changed and reacted to changes in their sense of self, b) changes in their language use, c) their use of coping strategies, and d) how they incorporated the experience in their present educational journeys and future careers. Overall, participants' responses revealed a need for an opportunity and a place where returning students can validate both their study abroad and reentry experiences.

Planting the Seeds of Educational Change Indigenous Voices, Multicultural Education, and the US Democratic Ideal An Exploration of the Potential Roles and Influences of Indigenous Voices in Education on Collective Perceptions of Truth and Democracy

Educational innovation in Gundbala

<p>Over the past fifty years the University of Montana, in conjunction with the United States Forest Service, has been investigating the job demands of wildland firefighters. This document is a combination of three research projects with a connection of health and safety of wildland firefighters.</p> <p>Smokejumpers are unique because they parachute into remote fires and are used primarily as initial attack wildland firefighters. Studies have shown that initial attack is the most energy intensive part of wildland firefighting. The first study identifies maximal and sustainable aerobic fitness possessed by US Smokejumpers. The maximal aerobic characteristic of US smokejumpers is well above average aerobic fitness compared to the general population, and sustainable aerobic fitness is similar to the fitness required for fire line digging during initial attack on wildland fires. There is also no difference between gender and age groups.</p> <p>The second study identifies the relationship between smokejumper core critical tasks (fireline digging, packing loads over 85 lbs, and repetitive lifting/carrying) and the current physical training (PT) test. The smokejumper PT test uses push-ups, pull-ups, sit-ups and a 1.5 mile run to determine if individuals have the minimal fitness required for successful job performance. This study found a relationship between push-ups, pull-ups and the 1.5 mile run to smokejumper core critical tasks, but there was no relationship with sit-ups.</p> <p>While physical fitness helps to mitigate certain risks associated with fire suppression, it alone is not enough, so personal protective equipment (PPE) is also used maximize safety. The majority of specifications used in construction of this equipment considers only the external environment and does not consider the individual as part of the environment. The third study evaluated the thermal stress on the human body with three typical configurations of personal protective equipment. The use of increased layers of PPE was found to increase the thermal stress identified by body temperature and physiological strain index. The use of two layers of PPE compared to one decreased potential work time by half before a critical core temperature was reached.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1996. / Includes vita and abstract. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-130).