Orientador: Luiz Felipe Mendes de Moura / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T06:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hildinger_Omar_M.pdf: 10658215 bytes, checksum: 96e20fb021b267ab748663b39b048e94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: medição de consumo de óleo lubrificante em motores de combustão interna tem a característica de ser impreciso e demorado quando se fala no procedimento tradicional de drenar e pesar, ainda muito utilizado pela maioria das empresas de autopeças no desenvolvimento de motores e componentes. Neste trabalho mapeamos os fatores que influenciam na medição e estudamos a possibilidade de mensurar o consumo pelo nível de óleo do motor. Tivemos ótimos resultados quando utilizamos um transdutor de pressão para inferir o nível de óleo no cárter, onde se mediu a altura manométrica que o óleo exerce obtendo boa repetibilidade nos resultados, quando trabalhamos com o amortecimento numérico das medições. O tempo de teste para medição de consumo pôde ser reduzido de 60 para 20 horas de teste com a mesma precisão e, o tempo total dos testes de durabilidade pôde ser reduzido de 6 a 13% em função das paradas para pesagem do óleo que não precisam mais ser realizadas. Com o controle correto dos parâmetros que influenciam a medição, podemos considerar que a complexidade do sistema de medição melhorou em relação ao método de drenar e pesar. Também se diminuiu o manuseio de grandes quantidades de óleo com ganhos em segurança e ergonomia para o operador, além de diminuir riscos para o meio ambiente / Abstract: The measurement of lubricant oil consumption in internal combustion engines is known as inaccurate and too time consuming when used the drain-and-weight method, which is still widely used by several auto-parts companies at engine development. During this research, we studied the parameters that have an effect on this kind of measurement and tested the oil consumption measurement technique, based on the oil level in the oil pan. Great results were achieved by using a pressure transducer to assess the engine-oil level and measuring the oil pressure at the bottom of the oil pan. A good repeatability when damping the measurements with numerical averages was observed. The test duration for oil consumption measurements could be reduced from 60 to 20 hours of testing, with the same accuracy, and the total time of durability tests could be reduced from 6 to 13% due to drain and weight pause that no longer need to be made. After this study, as long as the parameters that have strong influence in the oil measurement are properly controlled, we could consider that the proposed system has lower complexity with respect to the drain-and-weight method, We have also detected improvements regarding safety, ergonomics and environment issues due to the large quantities of oil that is no longer need to be handled with the system proposed / Mestrado / Motores / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

O trabalho consiste em análises experimental, teórica e computacional do escoamento dos gases de exaustão através de um conversor catalítico platina-paládio, instalado num motor de combustão interna movido a etanol. Foram realizados ensaios dinanométricos no motor para análise das medidas experimentais no sistema de exaustão e para aquisição de valores das propriedades termodinâmicas, de transporte e de concentrações químicas, os quais serviram de dados iniciais para a simulação computacional desenvolvida com a utilização dos softwares CFX e MFIX. Os programas resolvem um conjunto de equações conservativas que permitem a análise da variação da pressão, temperatura, velocidade e composição química dos gases de escape ao longo do suporte monolítico. Além de avaliar a formação e os níveis das emissões provenientes da combustão da mistura ar-combustível. A eficiência catalítica no primeiro suporte do conversor foi de 11% THC, 100% NOx e 20% CO. Foi verificada uma diferença de 1,23% entre a velocidade média experimental e a simulada. Modelos matemáticos foram aplicados no estudo da perda de carga no conversor catalítico e na relação difusão-reação do consumo e formação das espécies químicas. / The thesis describes computational, experimental, and theoretical analysis of the exhaust gases flow through a Pt/Pd catalytic converter installed on internal combustion engine burning ethanol. The obtained values related to energy properties and mass transport in experimental tests is the base of initial values for development of the computational simulation by using CFX and MFIX software. The programs solves a group of conservative equations that allow to analysis of variation such as pressure, temperature, and also, velocity of exhausting gases along the monolithic support, moreover to evaluate the formation of gases and its emission levels on the incoming air-fuel mixture combustion and its respective chemical reactions of oxidation. The catalytic efficiency through the first monolith of the converter were about of 11% THC, 100% NOx e 20% CO. It was verified also a small difference of 1,2 % between the experimental and the simulated average velocity. In addition mathematical models were applied on the study of the load loss in catalytic converter, diffusion-reaction of the consumption and also formation of chemical species.

La microgéométrie de la surface de la chemise joue un rôle très important dans les pertes par frottement et dans la consommation de l’huile dans un moteur à combustion interne. Une des texturations classiques de cette surface est celle créée par pierrage. Elle se compose de plateaux plus ou moins lisses et de profondes stries croisées. L’´épaisseur du film d’huile est influencée fortement par cette texturation. Un modèle simplifié du contact segment chemise a été créé en la présence de la microgéométrie. Puis, un code de calcul basé sur la méthode numérique multigrille a été développé. Ce code a été utilisé pour des études paramétriques avec des jeux de paramètres très variés. Les calculs quantifient l’influence de cette microgéométrie particulière sur la relation film d’huile - portance. Les résultats mettent en évidence deux mécanismes distincts de génération de portance selon le type du segment. Le segment parabolique porte par son convergent et les stries ne font que diminuer cette portance. Inversement, le segment plat ne porte pas et ce sont les stries qui génèrent la portance. Deux modèles de prédiction ont finalement été déduits, un pour les segments paraboliques et un pour les segments plats. Ces deux prédictions ont ensuite été validées par des calculs sur des surfaces mesurées; / The liner microgeometry influences the friction losses and the oil consumption in IC engines. The cross-hatched texturing, created by the honing process, plays an essential part in the load carrying capacity - film thickness relation. This work studies the influence of the crosshatched groove parameters on the piston ring load carrying capacity. First, a simplified model of the hydrodynamic contact has been created. Thus a Multigrid based code was developed. Calculations with different sets of microgeometric parameters have been performed. These calculations quantify the load carrying capacity for both parabolic and flat rings. The results show that the load carrying capacity is generated differently in both cases. For the parabolic case, the pressure is build up by the wedge in the inlet zone and the grooves decrease the global load carrying capacity. In the flat case the grooves generate the total load carrying capacity. Finally, two prediction models were deduced for the parabolic ring and for the flat ring. These predictions were validated by measured surface calculations.

This diploma thesis describes the design of a suitable filling turbocharger for gasoline engine Honda 1.98L. Includes professional research existing systems used for charged gasoline engines. Another part is a calculation to determine the correct parameters of the compressor and turbine. At the end is a simulation of selected turbocharger and engine work together using GT Power software simulation.

La réduction des émissions de dioxyde de carbone et de polluants réglementés (oxydes d'azote, hydrocarbures, particules...) dans les moteurs à allumage commandé est possible via l'apport de nouvelles technologies comme le downsizing, l'injection directe, la suralimentation, etc... Toutefois, les gains apportés par ces technologies, qui complexifient grandement le groupe motopropulseur, sont réduits du fait qu'elles induisent aussi une augmentation de l'intensité de certains phénomènes tels que les variations cycliques de la combustion (VCC) ou les combustions anormales. La compréhension de ces phénomènes est une clé dans l'amélioration des futurs moteurs à essence. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de permettre la modélisation des phénomènes transitoires et acycliques dans des moteurs à structure de plus en plus complexe grâce au développement, à la validation puis à l'application d'une méthode de couplage entre la simulation aux grandes échelles (SGE ou LES pour Large-Eddy Simulation en anglais) et la simulation système. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis de démontrer qu'il est possible de simuler une configuration moteur et d'en étudier les comportements transitoires en 3D tout en prenant en compte la dynamique de tous les composants du moteur. Les simulations obtenues par cette approche pour le moteur du projet ANR SGEmac ont été comparées avec succès aux résultats expérimentaux et à des simulations tridimensionnelles : ces résultats constituent la dernière étape de validation du couplage et démontrent sa capacité à simuler des systèmes moteurs complets. Les codes couplés développés sont ensuite appliqués à l'étude des transitoires de charge et de régime pour le moteur du projet ANR ASTRIDE. La comparaison simulation/expérience montre que le solveur couplé permet bien de remplir les objectifs fixés de simulation des VCC et des transitoires. / The decrease of greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions (nitrous oxides, carbon oxides, particles...) for spark ignited engines goes through the development of new technologies such as direct injection, turbocharging, downsizing, etc. However, the benefits of these technologies, which complexify the engines, are limited by the phenomena they intensify such as Cyclic Combustion Variability (CCV) and abnormal combustions. A thorough understanding of these phenomena is a cornerstone for the improvement of future engines. The aim of this work is to predict acyclic and transient phenomena in increasingly complex engines through the development, the validation and the use of a coupling method between Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and system simulation. This thesis has demonstrated that simulating a complete industrial engine in 3D with LES to study its transient behavior is possible. The methodology developed in the present work was used to study the engine of the national research agency project SGEmac and a good agreement was obtained between the experiments and the tridimensional simulations. These results are the last validation step of the coupling method and demonstrate the capacity of the coupled solver to simulate the whole engine. The coupling method is then applied to study engine load and regime transients for the national research agency project ASTRIDE. The comparison between simulations and experiments show that the coupled solver can simulate CCV and transients, thus fulfilling its initial goal.

The performance of an acoustic filter (or muffler) is measured in terms of one of the following parameters: Insertion Loss (IL), Level difference (LD) and Transmission loss (TL). All these three parameters may be evaluated in terms of the four-pole or transfer matrix parameters. Appropriate experimental setups have been designed and developed and practical considerations are described. Measured values of TL are compared with the analytically predicted values. It is shown that the Two-Source-Location method is relatively the best. To start with, the matrizant analysis of conical concentric tube resonators is validated experimentally. The effect of mean flow is investigated. The experimental setup is specially designed to measure the pressure transfer function across the test muffler. It is shown that there is reasonably good agreement between the predicted values of the transfer function and the measured ones for incompressible mean flow as well as stationary medium. To measure insertion loss of muffler, one needs to calculate the source impedance. The internal impedance of a sound source can be measured using direct or indirect methods. The four-load SPL measurement method is one such indirect method wherein there are three nonlinear equations in terms of two unknowns which makes one of the equations redundant. This leads to erroneous results. To overcome this inherent weakness, two alternatives multi-load methods have been offered in the literature; namely, the least squares and the direct least squares method, to analyze the measured data used for four (or more) different loads. These two methods produce better results than the four-load SPL measurement method used earlier. These measurement methods have been tested on a loudspeaker to measure its source impedance and the results are validated with a known additional acoustic load. Simple expansion chambers, the simplest of the muffler configurations, have very limited practical application due to the presence of periodic troughs in the transmission loss (TL) spectrum which drastically lower the overall TL of the muffler. Many of the present days automobile exhaust systems make use of the extended tube mufflers, often with perforated ducts because of their low back pressure and good acoustic performance. Tuned extended inlet and outlet can be designed to nullify three-fourths of these troughs, making use of the plane wave theory. However, these cancellations would not occur unless one altered the geometric lengths for the extended tube and perforated tube resonators in order to incorporate the effect of the evanescent higher-order modes (multidimensional effect) through end corrections or lumped inertance approximation at the area discontinuities or junctions. This is investigated here experimentally as well as numerically (through use of 3-D FEM software) for a moving medium as well as stationary medium. The effect of temperature on the end corrections is also investigated. These tuned extended-tube chambers, however, suffer from the disadvantages of high back pressure and aerodynamic noise generation at the area discontinuities. These two disadvantages can be overcome by means of a perforated bridge between the extended inlet and the extended outlet. One dimensional control volume approach is used to analyze this muffler configuration. It is validated experimentally making use of the two source-location method, which is proven to be the best method available to us. It is thus shown that the inertance of holes plays a role similar to the lumped inertance generated by evanescent 3-D modes at the terminations of the quarter wave resonators in the case of the double-tuned extended tube chambers. The effect of mean flow is also investigated. The resultant transfer matrix is then used to carry out a systematic parametric study in order to arrive at empirical expressions for the differential lengths as well as the end corrections. Thus, an extended concentric tube resonator can be tuned such that the first three troughs that characterize the corresponding simple chamber transmission loss (TL) curve may be eliminated making use of the proposed procedure. In fact, the entire TL curve at low and medium frequencies may be substantially lifted, making the tuned extended concentric tube resonator a viable design option.

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O presente trabalho realizou o estudo dos principais problemas dos motores movidos a biogás e das principais tecnologias de purificação do biogás em biometano. Para tanto, foram avaliados vários tipos de motores movidos a biogás e estudadas possíveis modificações para aumentar, consideravelmente, sua vida útil. Na purificação do biogás para produção de biometano, foram estudadas as mais diversas tecnologias disponíveis no mercado e na literatura, além da realização de um estudo de caso para melhoria da tecnologia no processo de purificação de biogás, ou seja, a biometanização utilizada na Granja Haacke. A configuração atual de purificação de biogás ocorre via processo físico-químico, utilizando uma coluna de limalha de ferro oxidada, para remoção da fração grosseira, principalmente, do H2S. A ocorrência de falhas ou manutenção desta fase do processo provoca a interrupção da operação. A segunda etapa de purificação consiste na utilização de duas colunas de adsorção tipo Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), cuja função é remover a fração resultante de CO2 da composição do biogás. Pode-se concluir que, a melhor proposta de upgrade para o estudo de caso seria introduzir, no início do processo, uma torre de biodessulfurização de biogás Thiobacillus ferroxidans, seguida de duas colunas de limalha de ferro oxidado, montadas em paralelo, para remoção de H2S e CO2, mantendo toda a configuração posterior para remoção da fração fina. Com isto, o sistema ficará, consideravelmente, ecoeficiente, pois reduzirá a produção de inservíveis, aumentando a vida útil dos filtros. / This investigation aimed to accomplish the study of the major problems of engines operating with biogas and the main purification technologies in biomethane. Therefore, was evaluated several types of engines operating with biogas and studied possible changes to improve significantly the lifetime. In the purification of biogas to produce biomethane, was studied several technologies available in the market and in literature, besides to accomplish a case study to improve the purification process, that is, the biomethanization used in Granja Haacke. The current configuration of biogas purification is via physical-chemical process using a rusty column iron for removal of the coarse fraction mainly H2S. The occurrence of faults or maintenance of this stage of the process causes the stop operation. The second step purification use two Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) columns whose function is to remove the resulting fraction of CO2 from biogas composition. We can conclude that the best proposal to case study upgrade would be introduced at the beginning of the process a biogas desulphurization tower of the Thiobacillus ferroxidans followed by two columns of rusty column iron mounted in parallel for removing H2S and CO2, and thus keep all subsequent setting for the fine fraction removal. With this the system will be considerably ecofriendly because will be reduced the scrap production increasing the lifetime of the filters.

La quantité de gaz résiduels présents dans le cylindre d’un moteur à combustion interne a une influence important sur son fonctionnement (combustion, rendement, émissions,..) particulièrement en allumage commandé. Aujourd’hui, il est possible de modifier cette quantité, notamment grâce à des systèmes de distribution variable. Cependant, la détermination expérimentale de la quantité de résiduels et l’estimation à partir de modèles numériques restent délicates. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer de nouvelles méthodologies pour traiter ces deux problématiques. Un point bibliographique est tout d’abord effectué pour dresser un état de l’art. Il recense les principaux paramètres influençant la quantité de résiduels, les effets des résiduels sur le fonctionnement du moteur, les moyens expérimentaux et les modèles disponibles pour en évaluer la quantité. Un système original est ensuite développé pour mesurer la quantité de résiduels à partir d’un prélèvement gazeux effectué dans le cylindre à la fin de la compression. Les résultats ainsi obtenus sur l’ensemble du champ de fonctionnement d’un moteur automobile atmosphérique à allumage commandé sont ensuite analysés en fonction du régime, de la charge et de la position du déphaseur installé sur l’arbre à came d’admission. Enfin, plusieurs modélisations de la phase de croisement des soupapes en approche 0D/1D sont évaluées. L’approche classique de mélange parfait n’étant pas satisfaisante, de nouvelles approches originales sont proposée et testées. Une approche hybride mêlant mélange parfait et déplacement parfait permet d’obtenir des résultats améliorés, après calibration d’un paramètre en fonction du régime et de la charge du moteur. / The amount of residual gas trapped in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine has a huge influence on its behavior (combustion, efficiency, emission,..), in particular for spark ignition engines. Nowadays, it is possible to modify this amount, in particular with variable valve train. However, the experimental assessment of residual gas content and its evaluation with numerical simulation are still challenging. The objective of this study is to propose new methodologies to improve these two aspects. A bibliographical survey is first proposed to give state of the art. It gathers the main parameters influencing residual gas content, the effects of residual gas on engine behavior, experimental procedures and numerical models available for residual gas content estimation. An original system is then developed to measure the amount of residual gas with an in-cylinder gas sampling triggered at the end of compression stroke. The results, obtained on the whole operating map of a naturally aspirated automotive spark ignition engine, are analyzed with respect to engine rotation speed, load and cam phaser position (intake side). Finally, various modeling of valve overlap with a 0D/1D approach are assessed. The standard “perfect mixing” assumption is not fully satisfactory, so that new assumptions are proposed and tested. A hybrid approach combining “perfect mixing” and “perfect displacement” allows for improved agreement with experiments, after calibration of a model parameter with respect to engine rotation speed and load.