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Many cities across the globe are working to facilitate cycling as a sustainable transportation mode through changes to public policy and investments in infrastructure. Examining the costs and benefits of both driving and cycling using the cost benefit analysis (CBA) framework developed in Copenhagen provides an opportunity to identify private and social costs associated with these modes of transport with respect to environmental, social, and economic impacts. This paper outlines the methods used to calculate the per-kilometre costs of driving and cycling in Calgary, Canada, utilizing real-world data and methods from Canadian and global best-practice with the Copenhagen CBA framework as a guide. Transportation costs were calculated for travel time, vehicle ownership, health, collisions, air pollution, climate change, noise, roadway degradation, congestion, and winter maintenance for both driving and cycling. When the costs borne by both individuals and society are calculated for Calgary (in 2015 Canadian dollars) driving costs $0.83 per kilometre and cycling costs $0.08 per kilometre. When the social costs of transport are isolated, the cost of driving one kilometre is $0.10, while cycling one kilometre generates a net social benefit of $0.35. The results of this research show that the Copenhagen CBA framework can be applied in jurisdictions outside Denmark to calculate environmental, social, and economic costs of driving and cycling.

According to the dual valuing process model (Grouzet, 2013), the social context can either facilitate the natural human tendency to pursue intrinsic goals, or thwart it by promoting extrinsic goals. Congruent with this idea, research in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) suggests that parental autonomy support (PAS) is associated with the development of intrinsic goals, whereas more controlling parenting styles, such as conditional regard (PCR), are expected to facilitate extrinsic goals. Results from two preliminary studies suggest that mothers tended to use PAS to promote goals that were more intrinsic, as well young adults were more likely to autonomously internalize these goals, whereas PCR was associated with more extrinsic goals. In the current study, we sought to extend these findings by including a general measure of perceived parenting style, as well as asking participants to recall a goal that was promoted during adolescence (i.e., 13-16 years). Results from this study indicate no difference in the type of goal that was promoted or the way in which it was internalized when mothers used either autonomy support or conditional regard, over and above general parenting style. Results will be further discussed in with respect to parenting, self-determination theory, and the dual valuing process model. / Graduate

Η ελληνική κατασκευαστική αγορά έχει γίνει πολύ ανταγωνιστική και τα περιθώρια κέρδους λιγοστεύουν όλο και περισσότερο. Αυτοί είναι μερικοί από τους λόγους που ενθάρρυναν τις ελληνικές κατασκευαστικές εταιρείες να αναζητήσουν περαιτέρω ευκαιρίες σε νέες αγορές. Ως εκ τούτου, οι περισσότεροι από τους επενδυτές προσπαθούν να επεκτείνουν τις δραστηριότητές τους, μεταβαίνοντας στο εξωτερικό, για να αναζητήσουν καλύτερες προοπτικές για την εταιρεία. Επιπλέον, αυξάνουν το μερίδιο αγοράς στον τομέα των κατασκευών και αποκτούν ανταγωνιστικά πλεονέκτημα σε σχέση με τους ανταγωνιστές τους. Ο πρωταρχικός στόχος αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι να κατανοήσουμε τη συμπεριφορά των ελληνικών κατασκευαστικών εταιρειών όταν επεκτείνονται σε νέες αγορές καθώς και την επιλογή της μορφής εισόδου που υιοθετούν. Επιπλέον, αυτή η μελέτη ερευνά τους παράγοντες που οδηγούν τις ελληνικές κατασκευαστικές εταιρείες στη διεθνή δραστηριότητα. Οι στόχοι της έρευνας με σκοπό την εξεύρεση απαντήσεων στα ερωτήματα της μελέτης, είναι οι ακόλουθοι: α) Η ανάλυση των κινήτρων που οδηγούν τις ελληνικές κατασκευαστικές να εισέλθουν σε νέες αγορές. β) Η αξιολόγηση των παραγόντων που λαμβάνουν υπόψη όταν επιλέγουν την νέα αγορά στόχο. γ) Ο προσδιορισμός των επιλογών της μορφής εισόδου σε νέες αγορές των ελληνικών κατασκευαστικών εταιρειών. δ) Η διερεύνηση της στρατηγικής ανάπτυξης που υιοθετούν όταν εισέρχονται σε νέες αγορές. Τα πρωτογενή στοιχεία για την διερεύνηση των ερωτημάτων της μελέτης, αντλήθηκαν από τη χορήγηση ερωτηματολογίου στις ελληνικές διεθνοποιημένες κατασκευαστικές επιχειρήσεις. Στη συνέχεια κωδικοποιήθηκαν και ακολούθησε η επεξεργασία τους με το στατιστικό πακέτο SPSS 19.0. Τα ευρήματα της έρευνας μπορούν πλέον να τα χρησιμοποιήσουν οι ελληνικές κατασκευαστικές επιχειρήσεις, οι οποίες είναι πρόθυμες να επεκτείνουν τις δραστηριότητές τους σε νέες αγορές, κατά την χάραξη της στρατηγικής διεθνοποίησης τους. Επιπρόσθετα, θα μπορούσε η παρούσα έρευνα να συνεχιστεί με πεδίο εφαρμογής μία ευρύτερη αγορά όπως αυτή της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. / The Greek construction market has become very competitive and profit margins are dropping off more and more. These are some of the reasons that encouraged the Greek construction companies to seek further opportunities in new markets. Therefore, most of the investors are trying to expand their business, going abroad in search of better prospects for the company. Moreover, they increase their market share in the construction sector and gain competitive advantage over their competitors. The primary objective of this research is to understand the behavior of the Greek construction companies when expanding into new markets as well as the choice of entry mode they adopt. In addition, this study investigates the factors leading Greek construction companies in international business. The objectives of the research aimed at finding answers to the questions of the study are: a) Analysis of the motives that lead Greek construction companies to enter new markets. b) Evaluation of the factors that they take into consideration when choosing a new target market. c) The determination of the entry modes they choose to enter new markets. d) Investigation of the development strategy that they adopted when entering new markets. The primary data for investigating questions of the study were obtained from a questionnaire answered by the Greek internationalized construction firms. Then coded and followed by treatment with the statistical package SPSS 19.0. The Greek construction companies, which are eager to expand their business into new markets, are able to use the research findings when they formulate their internationalization strategy. Additionally, this research could be continued with a broader scope market like the European Union.

The work deals with the concept of conscience in psychology. Firstly it considers whence the concept of conscience in our culture arises and how thought and perception are marked by the subject-object schema, which is particularly evident in such intimate phenomena as the conscience. From this line of thought naturally develops the concept of conscience in those areas of psychology which concern more sensitive topics, focusing on psychology of S. Freud, C. G. Jung, E. Fromm and E. Erikson. A special chapter is devoted to developmental psychology. The final section seeks to highlight the characteristics of conscience in terms of the broader context, taking into account further dimensions in our concept of conscience.

The study was conducted at an organization that experienced a change of corporate ownership. The organization that underwent the change was part of an international company. After the buy-out, the organization became a part of another company, which also is established on the international market. This study aims to explain what composes the socialization process of employees during an organizational change of this kind. During organizational change employees undergo a process of socialization to create an understanding of the new structure that the change brings. The study aims to identify the key elements that compose employee’s socialization process. To identify the key elements a method based on interviews with nine employees was applied. The theoretical perspectives applied on the study were Internalization, Objectification & Externalization (Berger & Luckmann 1966), Sensemaking (Omar, Davis-Sramek, Fugate och Mentzer 2012, & Van Maanen, 1978 & Whelan- Berry, Gordon & Hinings, 2003) and two of the theoretical findings, Hangover and Group Exit (Ebaugh, 1988). The findings reveal five key elements, which make up the socialization process. The key elements are: Information, Expectation, Encouragement, Method of work and Conversation. Employees need explicit and accurate information about what the change entails. They also need to know what is expected of them and the kind of behavior that the organization promotes. Employees are also in need of knowing the specific method of work the organization advocates. The last key element employee’s need is various forms of interaction with colleagues.

Atualmente, no cenário competitivo global, a maioria das nações tem procurado estimular suas empresas a empreenderem atividades de internacionalização de seus negócios como medida importante para a atração de divisas. Obviamente, esta não é uma tarefa das mais fáceis e gera um desgaste elevado tanto aos gestores quanto à própria estrutura organizacional, quando há que se decidir em manter-se atendendo somente ao mercado interno ou abrir novos negócios no exterior. Para ser competitivo no mercado internacional há um elenco de aspectos a serem considerados, especialmente no que diz respeito ao uso intensivo do conhecimento de marketing por meio de suas atividades essenciais, tais como: organização de marketing, segmentação e posicionamento de mercado, sistema de informações de marketing e planejamento de marketing. Desta forma, o presente estudo tem como foco essencial avaliar o grau de utilização das atividades de marketing descritas anteriormente junto ao processo de internacionalização das empresas do norte do estado Paraná por meio da exportação de seus produtos. O estudo também levanta informações importantes sobre elementos que têm se constituído em barreiras ao processo de expansão das atividades de internacionalização, bem como demais particularidades inerentes à decisão de ir para o exterior. O estudo conta com um levantamento na forma de revisão da literatura que aborda os seguintes temas: contexto exportador do Brasil e do estado do Paraná, conceito de internacionalização, marketing global, decisões estratégicas em marketing global, competitividade, estratégias competitivas e colaborativas e o conceito e as implicações das atividades de marketing no contexto global. Para complementar o estudo, conduziu-se uma pesquisa de campo com o objetivo de verificação dos objetivos discutidos. Quanto à metodologia, a pesquisa de campo se classificou como quantitativa e exploratória, sendo a amostragem sistemática com base no cadastro de empresas exportadoras da FIEP (Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Paraná). Os dados coletados foram tratados por meio de testes estatísticos paramétricos (Anova) e não-paramétricos (Qui-quadrado), bem como técnicas multivariadas, como a análise fatorial e demais análises descritivas. Embora a pesquisa tenha sido conduzida na região norte do estado do Paraná, foram revelados dados importantes com respeito ao desenvolvimento das atividades exportadoras, se observada a utilização das atividades de marketing neste sentido. Cabe destacar ainda que generalizações a outros estados e setores podem apresentar certas restrições, porém certamente haverá enriquecimento em torno da análise propiciada pelas informações levantadas, sobretudo diante da dinâmica competitiva das empresas que atuam no mercado global e demandam ferramentas eficazes para obtenção de sucesso. Como contribuição final, o pesquisador apresenta um modelo na forma de roteiro de decisões que em muito poderá contribuir para as empresas que pensam se devem ou não ingressar no mercado internacional. / Now, in the global competitive scenery, most of the nations have been trying to stimulate its companies they undertake it activities of internationalization of its business as important measure for the attraction of exchange value. Obviously, this is not a task of the easiest and it generates a high waste so much to the managers with relationship to the own structure organizational, when there is to decide in to stay only assisting to the internal market or to open new business in the exterior. To be competitive in the international market they don't have enough only attractive costs. There is a cast of aspects they be she considered, especially in what it says respect to the intensive use of the marketing knowledge by means of its essential activities, such as: marketing organization, segmentation and market positioning, system of marketing information and marketing planning. This way, the present study has as essential focus to evaluate the degree of use of the marketing activities described the process of internationalization of the companies of the north of the state previously close to Paraná by means of the export of its products. The study also lifts important information on elements that they have constituted in barriers to the process of expansion of the internationalization activities, as well as other inherent particularities to the decision of going for the exterior. The study bill with a rising in the form of revision of the literature that approaches the following themes: context exporter from Brazil and of the state of Paraná, internationalization concept, global marketing, strategic decisions in global marketing, competitiveness, competitive and associative strategies and the concept and the implications of the marketing activities in the global context. To complement the study, it behaved a field research with the objective of verification of the discussed objectives. With relationship to the methodology, the field research was classified as quantitative and exploratory, being the systematic sampling with base in the companies’ exporters' of FIEP cadastres (Federation of the Industries of the State of Paraná). The collected data were treated by means of parametric statistical tests (ANOVA) and no-parametric (Chi-square), as well as technical multivariate, as the factorial analysis and other descriptive analyses. Although the research has been driven in the north area of the state of Paraná, important data were revealed with regard to the activities exporters' development, if observed the use of the marketing activities in this sense. It fits to highlight although generalizations the other states and sections can present certain restrictions, even so certainly it will have won around the analysis propitiated by the lifted up information, above all before the competitive dynamics of the companies that you/they act in the global market and they demand effective tools for success obtaining. As final contribution, the researcher presents a model in the form of route of decisions that in a lot it can contribute to the companies that think he/she/it owes or not to enter in the international market.

This paper is about introduction of congestion toll in centre of Prague. I look at the toll as an internalization of externalities instrument. Car transport causes high externalities in centres of cities, so there exists a tendency to solve this problem by different arrangements. Altough particular congestion toll project in Prague brings internalization of automobile externalities, this project is not profitable for the society because of high costs.

Erythropietin (Epo), acting through its receptor (EpoR), is an essential hemotopietic growth factor that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid progenitor cells. Perturbations of Epo/EpoR function cause myeloproliferative disease, such as erythrocytosis, or myelodeficient disease, such as anemia. Therefore, defining the mechanisms by which Epo/EpoR control proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cell lineages attracts interest. Ubiquitin-dependent internalization and degradation is a common regulatory mechanisms affecting signaling from a variety of receptors. Although EpoR has been found to be ubiquitinated, the function of EpoR ubiquitination in the regulation of Epo signaling remains unclear. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to define the role of EpoR ubiquitination in regulating Epo signaling activities and erythroid cell growth. We showed that EpoR was ubiquitinated in response to ligand stimulation, and that loss of EpoR ubiquitination reduced signaling activity and biological responses to low dosages of Epo. We also identified two EpoR lysines that were the primary targets for ubiquitination, and showed that either ubiquitination site supported the enhanced activities of wild-type-EpoR. Ubiquitination of EpoR was also associated with a change in the endocytic pathway mediating internalization of EpoR. Specifically, constitutive internalization of non-ubiquitinated EpoR was found to depend on dynamin activity, while internalization of ubiquitinated EpoR was dynamin-independent but could be inhibited by disrupting lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane. Interestingly, inhibiting internalization of ubiquitinated EpoR (by disrupting lipid rafts) specifically reduced signaling from ubiquitinated receptors without affecting signaling from non-ubiquitinated receptors. Conversely, reducing internalization of non-ubiquitinated EpoR (by inhibiting dynamin) reduced its signaling activity without affecting signaling from ubiquitinated receptors. This strong correlation between EpoR internalization and signaling activity suggests a novel regulatory mechanism in which internalization of EpoR facilitates its signaling activity. In this regard, Epo-induced ubiquitination of EpoR promotes more efficient internalization of ligand-activated receptor and may contribute to enhanced responsiveness to low concentrations of Epo.

Banalieva and Dhanaraj argue that digital service multinationals (DSMNCs) possess a new category of firm-specific advantage (FSA), the network advantage, and that, contrary to extant theory, they use networks as a mode of governance. I review the business models used by DSMNCs, compare them to non-digital ones, and explore what we can learn about them from extant IB theory. I conclude that network advantages are not a new category of FSAs, that networks are not a mode of governance, and that their use by DSMNCs is well explained by extant theory.